Performance of two biofilters with neutral and low pH treating o -gases

Two different functional biofilters were carried out and compared for the treatment of off-gas containing multicomponent odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this study. The effects of pH values and the empty bed retention time (EBRT) on the performance of the bioreactors were studied; and the characteristics of microbial populations in the two biofilters were also determined. The experimental results indicated that the removal effciencies of hydrophilic compounds such as butyric acid and ammonia ...     

Performance of two biofilters with neutral and low pH treating off-gases

Two different functional biofilters were carried out and compared for the treatment of off-gas containing multicomponent odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in this study. The effects of pH values and the empty bed retention time (EBRT) on the performance of the bioreactors were studied; and the characteristics of microbial populations in the two biofilters were also determined. The experimental results indicated that the removal effciencies of hydrophilic compounds such as butyric acid and ammonia ...     

化学洗脱法去除生物过滤塔中菌体的研究

研究生物量控制技术对于提高生物过滤法处理VOCs气体的长期运行性能具有重要意义.用4套平行的生物过滤塔处理甲苯气体,考察了NaOH溶液对生物过滤塔中菌体的去除效果及其对过滤塔去除甲苯性能的影响.NaOH循环洗脱的试验结果表明,在0.2%～0.8%的NaOH浓度范围内,适宜的循环洗脱持续时间为2～3 h.在4个试验浓度下,浓度为0.4%的NaOH溶液对菌体的去除效果最佳,此时菌体洗脱以脱附作用为主.对不同化学洗脱方式进行综合比较发现,循环洗脱是较为适宜的化学洗脱方式.对过滤塔甲苯去除性能的监测表明,洗脱后过滤塔的去除性能可在3～4 d内恢复,不同浓度NaOH对去除性能的影响差别不大.     

Investigation of factors on a fungal biofilter to treat waste gas with ethyl mercaptan

IntroductionOff gasescontainingVOCandodorsmaydogreatharmtoenvironmentandpeople’shealth .Therearemanymethodsfortreatingthem ,suchasphysicalmethods ,chemicalmethodsandbiologicalmethods.Biologicalmethodsarewidelyappliedintheprocessofoff gasespurificationfor…     

Biodegradation of methanol vapor in a biofilter

IntroductionWithincreasingpublicconcernaboutdeterioratingatmosphericairquality ,stringentregulationsarebeingenforcedtocontrolaircontaminants .Volatileorganiccompounds (VOCs)areamongthenewclassofairpollutantsgeneratedfromavarietyofindustrialsources,whichareattractingseriousattentioninrecentyears.Methanolvaporsaremainlyemittedfromchemicalindustrieswheremethanolisusedasasolventandisalsoformedasaby product.Theglobalannualproductionofmethanolisapproaching 2 0millionmetrictonnesperyear(Shareefdeen…     

典型工业源VOCs治理现状及排放组成特征

基于长三角典型城市大气VOCs排放清单识别的8个VOCs主要排放行业,选择11家代表性企业,实测研究了VOCs治理装置、排放现状、排放组成特征,并计算相关行业排放的臭氧生成潜势.结果表明,不同净化技术对非甲烷总烃(NMHC)的去除效率差异大,存在净化后浓度增加的现象,目前的环保装置对废气的处理有待优化.本次采样的大部分企业存在NMHC、苯、甲苯、二甲苯超标现象,其中甲苯的超标情况最严重.对于筛选的8个主要行业,芳香烃和含氧VOCs,是最主要的排放化合物,芳香烃是对臭氧生成贡献最大的化合物.在不同行业中,VOCs组成存在显著差异,因此在制定VOCs减排控制措施时,应优先减排对臭氧生成贡献大的行业.     

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.     

不同载体生物滤池对渗滤液污染物的处理效果

以陈垃圾和煤渣作为生物滤池反应器填料,分别构建了单一陈垃圾、煤渣以及复合该2种填料的生物反应器,对渗滤液中的污染物进行了去除效果实验.结果表明,煤渣生物滤池对于渗滤液中COD和氨氮的去除效果高于陈垃圾滤池,但是总氮的去除率低于陈垃圾.复合填料滤池对于负荷和低温变化具有较好的耐受能力.电镜观察和微生物计数结果表明,2种载体适合微生物挂膜生长.粒径分析结果表明,2种载体的颗粒粒径组成对于滤池通透性能以及污染物去除有重要影响.     

汽车零配件涂装过程VOCs排放特征与案例分析

VOCs（挥发性有机物）现已被列为我国大气环境领域的核心污染物.随着汽车零配件制造行业减排要求的提出,于2018年6月选取典型汽车零配件制造企业,采用美国TO-15方法分析VOCs物种,采用FID（氢离子火焰检测器）对NMHC（非甲烷总烃）进行实测,分析汽车零配件涂装过程的VOCs排放特征.结果表明:①由于分析方式的不同,有组织排放的ρ（NMHC）比ρ（VOCs）高1.3~1.9倍,其中末端未安装VOCs处理设施的排气筒排放的ρ（NMHC）最高.②汽车零配件涂装过程排放的主要VOCs物种质量浓度占比范围分别为46.72%~98.33%（芳香烃）、1.20%~52.90%（含氧VOCs）,其中ρ（二甲苯）、ρ（苯系物）超标（DB 31/933—2015《大气污染物综合排放标准》）情况较为严重.③未进入VOCs处理装置前的VOCs物种组成与原辅料中VOCs物种组成一致,二者主要VOCs物种的质量分数大致相同,说明生产工艺的不同对VOCs的排放组成影响较小.④比较RTO（蓄热式热力燃烧装置）和活性炭吸附装置处理VOCs前、后废气组成的差异发现,活性炭吸附装置处理对VOCs排放的组成基本无影响,经RTO处理后排放物种以芳香烃和含氧VOCs为主,但是w（芳香烃）和w（含氧VOCs）变化不一致,说明RTO对芳香烃和含氧VOCs处理效率不同.研究显示,为满足国家对汽车零配件制造行业VOCs的减排要求,源头使用高固分涂料或水性涂料替代溶剂型涂料,优化过程收集系统,增强末端处理技术的净化效果、安全性和稳定性,是实现汽车零配件制造行业全过程减排的重要手段.      

低温下间歇式生物过滤系统去除高负荷H2S的效能

以鸡粪堆肥和PE混合物为填料的生物过滤系统,在较低温度下进行生物去除H2S废气的性能研究.采用间歇式运行方式,当在较高气速条件下,即EBRT为39s、32s、24s和13s,入口浓度3000mg/m3时,去除率可分别达100%、100%、100%和65%.整个系统的入口负荷为812 g/(m3·h)时,去除负荷为528 g/(m3·h).且在较低的实验温度(9~16.5℃),入口浓度50~3000 mg/m3条件下,当EBRT为39s、32s、24s时,H2S的去除率为100%;当EBRT为13s时,去除率为62%~88%.结果表明,在较低温度下,高气速,高负荷条件下,间歇式生物过滤系统对H2S具有较高的去除性能.     

速分球生物滤柱处理低C/N比废水脱氮除磷研究

速分球生物滤柱是速分技术与曝气生物滤池技术的结合。具有污泥消化和无需反冲洗等优点。实验采用速分球生物滤柱实验装置,以低C/N比生活污水为处理对象,考查了单污泥前置反硝化A2/O系统的脱氮除磷特性。实验结果表明,在平均C/N比为1.6,内回流比R为100%的条件下,平均进水COD、氨氮、TP分别为440.7、274.0和13.6 mg/L,平均去除率分别为77.0%、19.2%和42.4%。系统对氨氮的去除率较低,对总磷的去除率要明显高于对氨氮的去除率。结论得出,系统脱氮除磷的效果不理想。     

炼油废水高效处理的工艺流程和操作方法

本文论述了采用组合式隔油与两级混凝气浮串联工艺处理某炼油厂的含油废水的运行情况。由于各个处理单元及整套工艺的设计合理、操作方法正确 ,该套废水处理系统出水中的油类浓度降至 5～ 8m g/ L,COD浓度降至 45～ 5 5 mg/ L ,SS降至 3 1～ 5 1mg/ L,去除率分别超过 98%、92 %与 83 %。工程实施两年多来 ,运行稳定 ,能回收油类 ,具有良好的经济效益。     

水质净化生物滤池工艺的微生物群落特征及运行效果研究

为探讨水质净化生物滤池(生物强化滤池和生物活性炭滤池)工艺的微生物群落特征和运行效果,采用Biolog和PCR-SSCP (单链构象多态性)技术分析生物滤池中的微生物群落代谢功能与结构,测定生物滤池进出水NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₂-N、高锰酸盐指数、UV₂₅₄和BDOC等指标,考察其净水效果. 结果表明,原水经过生物滤池后,出水微生物群落代谢活性显著降低,说明生物滤池截留了原水中的活性微生物. 工艺运行6个月后,2个生物强化滤池中微生物群落代谢特征相似,其碳源利用率分别为73.4%和75.5%. 2个生物活性炭滤池中微生物群落代谢特征存在明显差异,颗粒活性炭生物滤池微生物群落碳源利用率79.6%高于柱状活性炭生物滤池的53.8%(p>＜0.01). PCR-SSCP分析表明各生物滤池微生物群落呈多样性,优势菌群基本一致. 研究还发现,生物强化滤池中的填料对微生物群落结构和代谢功能的影响较小,2种生物强化滤池净水能力无统计学差异(p>＞0.05);而生物活性炭滤池的颗粒活性炭填料有利于微生物群落生长繁殖,微生物群落有较强的代谢活性,其滤池对NH⁺₄-N、高锰酸盐指数、BDOC的去除效果优于柱状活性炭生物滤池(p>＜0.05);这也提示生物滤池运行效果与滤池中微生物群落代谢能力有关.     

后置固相反硝化滤池工艺沿程微生物特性

为解决现有低碳源污水处理工艺能耗高、工艺复杂和脱氮效果不佳等问题,提出一种新型的混凝沉淀/后置固相反硝化滤池工艺.为了从微生物角度来解释该工艺的宏观脱氮效果,采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）技术研究了工艺中生物滤池沿程微生物群落结构的变化规律及脱氮功能菌的类型.结果表明,硝化滤池内生物膜中微生物的多样性和丰度沿上向流方向呈逐渐上升的趋势,且硝化细菌在顶端富集,而固相反硝化滤池呈先上升后下降的趋势,反硝化菌在中部富集.硝化滤池中的优势菌株为硝化细菌Nitrosomonas sp. Nm47和Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii;固相反硝化滤池中的优势菌株为反硝化菌Rubrivivas gelatinosus和固体碳源降解反硝化菌Myxobacteria.     

自养型生物过滤器硝化氧化一氧化氮

采用一种新的工程材料多孔碳作为填料,在3个φ50.8mm填充着不同孔径多孔碳和驯化培养好的自养型亚硝酸盐硝化菌的生物过滤器中,进行了净化气体中NO的探索性研究.实验采用亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源,在多孔碳的表面培养生物膜,采用超声波气溶胶发生器来维持过滤器内的湿度并保持多孔碳表面液膜的厚度较小.液相硝化试验用来比较3种不同孔径的多孔碳之间硝化性能的潜力和差异结果表明,在亚氮(NO₂^--N)进口负荷约200～800g/(L·min)的范围内.24孔/cm(Pores Per Centimeter,PPC)多孔碳过滤器的硝化速率最大,达到94%～98%;8PPC和18PPC多孔碳过滤器的硝化速率分别达到15%～21%和30%～40%.气相试验表明,在NO空床停留时间3.5min、进口浓度66.97～267.86mg/m³的范围内,24PPC多孔碳过滤器对NO的去除效率为41%～52%左右,表明了该自养硝化系统在NO废气治理中的应用潜力.     

溶剂使用源有组织排放VOCs监测方法及组成特征

以上海2家大型修造船企业、3家大型汽车制造企业、2家大型涂料生产企业、1家大型油墨生产企业以及1家大型包装印刷企业为例,研究不同监测方法对溶剂使用源有组织排放废气VOCs(挥发性有机物)监测的适用性;并在此基础上初步探讨溶剂使用源排放VOCs的组成特征.结果表明:Summa罐可以很好地采集和储存溶剂使用源排放的有机物,废气在Summa罐采集、储存1周后,其中NMHC(非甲烷总烃)质量浓度与企业现场测试结果一致性很好,二者相关系数高达0.99,平均比值为1.04±0.09.采用GC-FID/MS(气相色谱-氢离子火焰/质谱)联用技术分析Summa罐采集的废气发现,VOCs可定量组分的质量浓度平均值占ρ(NMHC)的61.0%(以碳计);不同溶剂使用源排放的NMHC中可定量组分所占比例在29.2%～95.7%之间,行业之间存在一定差异.溶剂使用源排放的废气中可定量的VOCs组分主要是芳香烃和含氧VOCs;修造船和汽车制造等喷涂过程排放的VOCs中芳香烃贡献最大,其次是含氧VOCs;在涂料油墨生产及包装印刷过程排放的VOCs中,含氧VOCs贡献最大,特别是包装印刷源排放的VOCs中有85.0%是乙酸乙酯.研究结果对溶剂使用源VOCs物质排放清单编制有一定的支撑作用.      

Removal characteristics and kinetic analysis of an aerobic vapor-phase bioreactor for hydrophobic alpha-pinene

Biofiltration is considered an effective method to control volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pollution. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential use of a bacterial biofilter packed with wood chips and peat for the removal of hydrophobic α-pinene. When inoculated with two pure degraders and adapted activated sludge, a removal efficiency (RE) of more than 95% was achieved after a start-up period of 11 days. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of 50 g/(m³. hr) with RE of 94% was obtained at empty bed retention time (EBRT) of 102 sec. When higher α-pinene concentrations and shorter EBRTs were applied, the REs and ECs decreased significantly due to mass-transfer and biological reaction limitations. As deduced from the experimental results, approximately 74% of α-pinene were completely mineralized by the consortiums and the biomass yield was 0.60 g biomass/g α-pinene. Sequence analysis of the selected bands excised from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that the inoculated pure cultures could be present during the whole operation, and others were closely related to bacteria being able to degrade hydrocarbons. The kinetic results demonstrated that the whole biofiltration for α-pinene was diffusion-limit controlled owing to its hydrophobic characteristics. These findings indicated that this bacterial biofiltration is a promising technology for the remediation of hydrophobic industrial waste gases containing α-pinene.     

生物渗滤池运行参数优化研究

实验针对间歇投配污水的生物渗滤池处理生活废水的一些基本运行参数进行了优化研究。通过对生物渗滤池的出水量、不同填料性质、不同填料粒径以及不同进水水质与污染物(COD)去除率影响的研究,证实该系统的水力负荷与污染物去除率成反向关系,即当水力负荷减少时,污染物去除率会相对增加;研究还表明选用粒径为0.9～2mm自然河沙作为系统填料时,系统COD去除率较高,这时填料不易被堵塞且即使堵塞也较易恢复;运用生物渗滤池处理城市生活污水能使处理后污水COD达到城镇污水处理厂出水排放标准的一级标准。提高污水中营养物质的配比以及采用多级生物渗滤池联用,能高效处理高浓度污水,甚至使出水达标排放。     

填料生物滴滤池处理餐厨废水性能研究

为进一步探讨不同生化处理餐厨废水的优缺点,采用生物滴滤池工艺处理相对较低污染的餐厨废水,以提高其处理效果。实验通过研究滴滤池内不同填料,考察了对污染物去除效果,中试结果表明,在反应器启动并稳定运行后,该生物滴滤池对COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷去除率分别为85％、80％、60％和50％,结果表明了不同填料的生物滴滤池均能有效降解餐厨废水,且以松枝处理效果最佳。     

Biological removal of air loaded with a hydrogen sulfide and ammonia mixture

The nuisance impact of air pollutant emissions from wastewater pumping stations is a major issue of concern to China. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are commonly the primary odor and are important targets for removal. An alternative control technology, biofiltration, was studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of unit systems packed with compost in terms of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions treatment, and to establish optimal operating conditions for a full-scale conceptual design. The laboratory scale biofilter packed with compost was continuously supplied with hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gas mixtures. A volumetric load of less than 150 gH2S/(m^3.d) and 230 gNH3/(m^3.d) was applied for about fifteen weeks. Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia elimination occurred in the biofilter simultaneously. The removal efficiency, removal capacity and removal kinetics in the biofilter were studied. The hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency reached was very high above 99%, and ammonia removal efficiency was about 80%. Hydrogen sulfide was oxidized into sulphate. The ammonia oxidation products were nitrite and nitrate. Ammonia in the biofilter was mainly removed by adsorption onto the carrier material and by absorption into the water fraction of the carrier material. High percentages of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia were oxidized in the first section of the column. Through kinetics analysis, the presence of ammonia did not hinder the hydrogen sulfide removal. According to the relationship between pressure drop and gas velocity for the biofilter and Reynolds number, non-Darcy flow can be assumed to represent the flow in the medium.