丹江镇城市污水处理类项目建设运营实例分析

以佛山市南海区丹江镇的三个城市污水处理项目(横江污水厂一期、横江污水厂二期和城区污水厂新建)为例,从横江污水厂一期运营队伍的建设、项目的生产运营情况及期间存在的问题、横江污水厂扩建和城区污水厂新建及配套管网建设管理以及金沙城北污水厂新建的管理这三个方面进行实例分析。目的是为今后丹江镇城市污水处理类项目在建设、运营提供经验与建议。     

广元市乡镇污水厂处理工艺适用性分析

广元市乡镇污水厂位置分散,进水水质和水量波动较大,采用常规污水处理工艺难以满足当地政府和环保部门要求,在确保出水水质达标的情况下,需采用投资省、运营管理简便、运行费用低的污水处理工艺。     

小型污水处理工艺及其应用前景

小型污水处理设施作为投资省见效快的方法对我国今后污水厂建设具有重要指导意义，需要各级主管部门和广大专业人员更多的关注，本文探讨了小型污水处理工艺的类型及其应用，并对我国小型污水处理厂的建设谈了几点看法。     

DEST工艺在城市污水处理中的应用

选择合适的污水处理工艺对污水处理厂的建设与运行有着关键的作用,通过对DEST工艺原理进行了介绍,同时结合某县污水厂工程实例对该工艺的设计参数、工艺特点进行了详细介绍和分析,并提出了该工艺的适用性以及设计中应注意的一些问题。     

浅谈A~2/O池的操作控制

关于城市污水处理工艺的选择有多种方法可供选择,不同的污水处理工艺对城市污水的处理效果各有不同。利用脱氮除磷工艺进行市政污水处理是当前的主流工艺之一。基于此,本文将着重围绕A~2/O池的操作控制来浅谈一下市政污水厂关于A~2/O池的处理污水操作控制要点。     

污水处理厂前期工作中有关技术问题的探讨

对葫芦岛市污水处理厂前期前期准备工作中涉及到的基本技术问题及工艺方案的选择进行了调查和比较，特别对SBR工艺运用进行了实际的论述，并就污水厂厂址选择，截污管制式，地埋式污水处理设备应用进行了探讨。     

影响小城镇污水处理厂正常运行的因素分析

根据已投入运行的小城镇污水处理厂存在的各种影响正常运行的因数分析,从污水厂日常工艺运行的技术层面上,就小城镇生活污水处理过程中曾出现的问题和解决措施,以及影响处理效果的原因提出了相应的整改措施,并介绍已实施成功的几点经验做法,供污水处理厂方参考。     

运用层次分析法对株洲霞湾污水处理厂污水处理工艺方案择优

应用层次分析法对霞湾污水厂污水处理工艺方案择优,取得满意的结果,证明在多因素、多层次的工艺方案评优问题中,运用层次分析法分析、解决问题是一种非常有效的方法和手段。     

碳中和趋势下数学模拟在污水处理系统中的发展与综合应用

数学模拟技术在污水处理方面被广泛应用,为了系统总结相关技术,本文回顾了污水处理系统中数学模拟技术的发展历程;综述了活性污泥模型(ASM)与机器学习(ML)在水质预测及参数工况优化领域中的应用;重点探究了污水处理系统中温室气体排放模型,以及多目标优化模型在污水处理系统中温室气体排放(GHG)、出水质量(EQI)和运行成本(OCI)的权衡问题;归纳了数学模拟技术在实现污水厂能量自给与资源回收的应用发展.研究结果表明数学模拟技术能准确预测出水水质、快速优化工艺参数、权衡温室气体排放、出水水质与运行成本之间的关系、以及提高资源回收效率等.因此,数值模拟技术可有效指导污水处理工艺的运行优化以及管理,为污水处理行业减污降碳协同增效提供技术支撑.     

中欧污水处理条例和工艺对比研究——以意大利特洛维索污水厂和泰安第二污水厂为例

本文以意大利特洛维索污水厂和泰安第二污水厂为例,介绍了欧洲和中国是如何进行水处理并解决日益严重的水资源不足的问题.本文从污水处理工艺和排放条例方面进行对比研究,表明一些生态的、社会的和经济的指导方针和处理工艺还需要加强和推进.     

Every product casts a shadow: but can we see it,and can we act on it?

This article presents a conceptual exploration of the use of environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) in environmental product policy. Environmental LCA is a scientific technique for evaluating the potential environmental impacts of a product, process or activity along its physical life cycle, i.e. from raw materials extraction to the disposal of released materials to nature. The utilization of LCA in environmental policy is evaluated here with the use of concepts from the research tradition of social studies of science and technology (SST). Three different ways of using LCA are identified: a definitive approach, a conceptual approach and a facilitative approach. Examples of each approach are presented and discussed. The strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches are analyzed, leading to the tentative conclusion that LCA works better as a conceptual or facilitative instrument than as a tool for gaining definitive support for specific policies. Finally, LCA is discussed as an illustration of the problems inherent in the current cause-oriented, integrative trend in environmental policy.     

废铁屑强化污泥厌氧消化产甲烷可行性分析

有关全球气候变化的《巴黎协定》落槌,预示着污水处理追求碳中和运行的时代已经来临.碳中和狭义理解即能源自给自足,这就要求污水处理厂应最大程度转化污水中有机物或产生的剩余污泥所蕴含的有机能源,并将其生成可再生能源——甲烷.然而,剩余污泥能源转化率较低一直都是限制厌氧消化技术广为应用的瓶颈.在污泥预处理技术之外,向厌氧消化系统中投加废铁屑强化甲烷生产有望成为另一个提高能源转化率的突破口,继而实现"以废促能、变废为宝"的目的.本综述从铁腐蚀析氢现象入手,在描述铁腐蚀析氢原理、析出H2对产CH4过程影响的基础上,对铁在厌氧系统ORP减少方面的作用、对厌氧微生物生理、生化特性的影响、对涉及微生物酶活的影响等进行了全面的介绍.最后,还通过生命周期评估(LCA)评价了基于废铁屑的污泥厌氧消化技术对环境的影响及经济合理性.     

Life cycle assessment of sunflower and rapeseed as energy crops under Chilean conditions

An option for the agriculture and energy sectors in Chile is the cultivation of energy crops, but environmental studies are first needed in the framework of a sustainable national energy policy.In this study, we used a cradle-to-farm gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare environmental impacts and energy and water demand of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Chile, as potential oleaginous crops for first-generation biodiesel production. National agricultural data are used for the LCA inventory and process data of international databases are adapted to local conditions. The effect of field N₂O emissions and land use change is evaluated. The results indicate that, compared to sunflower, rapeseed production has a better environmental performance in 9 out of the 11 impact categories evaluated, and lower water consumption. The energy demand of rapeseed is 4.9 GJ/t seed, 30% less than that of sunflower. Mineral fertilizers cause the highest environmental impact in both crops. The analysis of the life cycle of fertilizers indicates that extraction of raw materials and its production are key stages. Attempts to reduce the environmental impact and energy requirement of both crops should be mainly associated with the evaluation of other types of fertilization. In addition, particularly for sunflower, low impact herbicides should be evaluated, seed yield improved and cultivation practices optimized. If the crops are produced on degraded grasslands, the greenhouse gas emissions may be reduced.     

Life Cycle Assessment of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Chinese pear production

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was performed to analyze environmental consequences of different pear production chains in terms of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in China. The assessment identified hotspots that contributed significantly to the environmental impacts of pear production from the cradle to the point of sale. The results showed that GHG emissions and fossil energy use varied in the different production chains because the environmental performance does not associate with the farming systems (i.e. organic vs. conventional), but is co-determined by farm topography and thus machinery use, by market demands to seasonality of products and thus the need for storage, and by local farming practices including manure management. The LCA could be used as a tool to guide selections of agricultural inputs with the aim of reducing environmental impacts. The results of the LCA analysis indicate that a list of choices are available to reduce energy use and GHG emission in the pear production chain, namely substitution of the traditional storage systems by an efficiently controlled atmosphere storage system, using manure for biogas production, conversion from the conventional farming to organic farming, and reduction of mechanical cultivation.     

滇池流域水污染防治收费政策实施绩效评估

分析了滇池流域现行的排污收费制度、污水处理收费制度和阶梯水价政策的实施效果,采用DEA方法的C2R模型和BC2模型对2001~2012年滇池流域水污染防治收费政策实施绩效进行了评估.结果表明:排污收费制度、污水处理收费制度和阶梯水价政策对降低滇池流域废水和污染物的排放以及提高流域用水效率均起到了较好的促进作用,且各政策实施绩效水平较高,综合效率值均值为0.902;影响滇池流域水污染防治收费政策的主要因素为单位COD排放工业增加值,可通过提高排污费征收标准或者排污费改税等措施,以进一步降低企业污染物的排放量;作为有效实施的环境经济政策,适当调整政策的征收标准,有利于提高各政策的实施效率.     

Development and environmental improvements of plastics for hydrophilic catheters in medical care: an environmental evaluation

Single-use medical devices have been under close scrutiny for several years, especially the choice of plastic materials. Many different requirements such as medical safety, treatment functionality and efficiency, environmental performance, etc. have to be fulfilled. Today, the most commonly used materials for hydrophilic urinary catheters are polyvinylchloride (PVC) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). In this research study, these two materials' environmental performance was evaluated. In light of the knowledge gained in that study a new plastic material for use in urinary catheters was developed. The aim of the development of this new material was to design a high performance material with superior environmental performance. The newly developed plastic material is a polyolefin-based elastomer. The ecological environmental performance of the new material was evaluated and compared to the existing plastic materials. The study focused exclusively on the choice of plastic materials and their ecological environmental performance.The analysis has been performed using a system perspective and a life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The functional unit has been set to the treatment of one patient during one year. The results from the LCA models have been presented both in terms of direct inventory data, such as energy use and formed emissions, and in terms of the results from four different impact assessment methods. Analysis of the results based on direct inventory data, i.e. common inventory results such as energy resource uses and emissions of CO₂, NO_x and SO₂ show an overall better environmental performance for the new polyolefin-based elastomer compared to the existing PVC and TPU plastic materials. The normalization and weighting steps in the analyzes have indicated the importance of energy resource uses and global warming as indicator for the environmental performance even if other impact categories also can play a role. In the environmental impact assessment, the polyolefin-based elastomer showed a clearly better environmental performance than the TPU material. Compared to PVC plastic material the new polyolefin-based elastomer showed an almost equivalent environmental performance. This can be mainly explained by the different materials' energy use. The new material has thus also shown to be an environmentally good alternative to PVC if a PVC-free material is requested. Basing the plastic formula, on simple bulk plastics with low energy use in the production of single-use medical devices, has been shown to be a successful method of producing high quality products with superior environmental performance.     

Relating manufacturing system configuration to life-cycle environmental performance: discrete-event simulation supplemented with LCA

To meet the increasing need for practical life-cycle thinking in manufacturing, this paper proposes a method that includes the life-cycle perspective in manufacturing decision making. This method combines discrete-event simulation (DES) – commonly used for the conceptual evaluation of manufacturing systems – with life-cycle assessment (LCA). This combination captures the dynamic interrelationships between manufacturing processes in order to analyse systemic responses to configuration changes, something static LCA modelling cannot do. The method evolved when a bearing production line at SKF was being examined to relate manufacturing decision making to environmental consequences. This was done using DES to investigate how parameters normally used to optimize traditional manufacturing system performance influence energy use and material losses in manufacturing systems. The environmental consequences of this material loss and energy use are further calculated using LCA methodology. Results indicate that while the combination of the two methods increases the data collection workload, it uncovers previously hidden environmental consequences of manufacturing decision making and introduces a way to assess an industrial actor’s manufacturing system using relevant LCA scenarios.     

A comparative study on milk packaging using life cycle assessment: from PA-PE-Al laminate and polyethylene in China

A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach was used to compare the environmental impacts in the life cycle of two milk packaging systems, PA-PE-Al laminate—a laminated foil made from paper, polyethylene and aluminum foil—and polyethylene. The data for the mass, energy fluxes and environmental emissions were obtained from published literature and from site investigations, for the two systems being analyzed for environmental impacts. The application of LCA using Eco-Indicator 99 has made the comparison of the environmental impacts of the two milk packages possible. The results of this LCA study are discussed and the results reveal that the composite packaging has a slightly higher environmental impact than the plastic one. In addition, the environmental impact of raw material extraction is the highest in all of the life cycle stages except for disposal. The environmental impact of composite packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels, land use and respiratory inorganics categories, while the plastic packaging mainly comes from the fossil fuels category. However, the composite packaging has a greater environmental impact because it has not been well recycled and reused. This environmental impact could be decreased by developing the technology to separate out polyethylene and aluminum from the packaging.     

Influence of impact assessment methods in wastewater treatment LCA

Facing the increase of environmental concern in the water treatment field, stakeholders need reliable decision support tools to assess environmental performances of urban and industrial wastewater systems. To discuss how life cycle assessment (LCA) can be applied to wastewater treatment projects, such an assessment has been performed through a case study on a full-scale plant. Methodological issues that had to be dealt with are briefly exposed. Five life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) methods have been used: CML 2000, Eco Indicator 99, EDIP 96, EPS and Ecopoints 97. Consistent assessment between these methods has been obtained for greenhouse effect, resources depletion and acidification. Eutrophication is correctly estimated if one looks at the potential impact of a treatment scenario but not at the characterization of the eutrophication state of a specific receiving stream. Work is needed concerning human toxicity as large discrepancies are noticed between the impact assessment methods.     

Eco-labelling of wild-caught seafood products

Several eco-labels for wild-caught seafood have been developed during the last decade. This article describes and analyses the criteria applied by four different eco-labelling schemes for seafood products from capture fisheries, and discusses the criteria in terms of environmental impacts, based on the ISO 14040 standard for life cycle assessment.It is concluded that the most widespread eco-label, the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), mainly addresses the fishing stage, in particular the overexploitation of marine resources. LCA studies confirm that the fishing stage represents the most significant environmental burden, but energy consumption and emissions of anti-fouling agents at the fishing or harvesting stage contribute with significant impacts that are not being addressed by international labelling initiatives for wild-caught seafood.LCA studies show that significant environmental impacts are related to the life cycle stages after landing. This includes fish processing, transport, cooling and packaging (especially for highly processed seafood products). Hence, another challenge would be to include criteria related to the post-landing consumption of energy, certain materials and chemicals, waste handling and wastewater emissions. Minimizing product losses throughout the product chain would also be an important area for future criteria in order to avoid fishing at high environmental costs only to produce something that is later wasted.The analysis shows that the Swedish KRAV is the only one that currently addresses a range of issues that include energy and chemicals in the whole life cycle of the products. International initiatives such as MSC cover fish products from many parts of the world emphasizing ‘overexploitation of fish resources’. It is recommended, however, that international initiatives such as MSC develop criteria related to energy use and chemicals – at least at the fishing stage. Over time, other life cycle stages could be addressed as well to the extent that this is manageable.