西南地区高校冬季室内二氧化碳浓度的测试研究

以西南科技大学为研究对象,用便携式红外线二氧化碳分析仪对其冬季室内CO2浓度进行测试分析,测试大学教室课前课后及寝室有人状态下CO2的浓度,包括普查检测以及连续监测。普查检测结果显示20％的样本CO2超过国家规定的上限值（0．10％）,且超标的样本在检测时都处于通风状态不佳时;连续监测则反映出室内CO2的增长与室内人数、房间体积以及通风情况的关系,建议尽量减小室内人员密度,增强通风,以此来确保高校师生身体健康。     

Educational issues, school settings, and environmental psychology

This paper reviews selected research on classroom and school environments, using a framework that views schools from three perspectives—as places for learning, as places for socialization and as places for psychological development. Studies are included that deal with the impact of noise and classroom design on learning; the relationship between seating position, achievement and status; spatial cognition; the classroom environment and sex role stereotyping; privacy; and density. The need for classrooms to enhance children's feelings of competence, security and self-esteem is also stressed. The goal of the paper is to point out ways in which environmental psychologists can contribute to the improvement of the educational system and to the quality of life in schools.     

Lighting and discomfort in the classroom

Aspects of classroom lighting and décor that can promote discomfort and impair task performance through glare, and imperceptible 100 Hz flicker from fluorescent lighting, were examined in a sample of UK schools. In 90 classrooms, across eleven secondary schools and six local education authorities variables measured included flicker, illuminance at desks, and luminance of whiteboards. Results showed that 80% of classrooms are lit with 100 Hz fluorescent lighting that can cause headaches and impair visual performance. Mean illuminance (from excessive day- and artificial lighting) was in excess of recommended design illuminance in 88% of classrooms, and in 84% exceeded levels beyond which visual comfort decreases. Lighting could not be adequately controlled due to classroom design and infrastructure. Ceiling-mounted data-projectors directed at whiteboards mounted vertically on the wall resulted in specular reflection from the whiteboard, visible as a glare spot with luminance high enough to cause discomfort and disability glare. The intensity of the glare spot varied between different brands of whiteboard. Ambient lighting, needed for close work at pupils' desks, reduced image contrast. Venetian blinds in 23% of classrooms had spatial characteristics appropriate for inducing pattern glare. There was significant variation between schools and local authorities. These findings may provide insights into small-scale reports linking pupils' attainment, behaviour and learning to classroom lighting, and may also help explain some of the benefits of coloured overlays for pupils' reading.     

室内环境空气污染对人体的危害及其防治

“室内空气污染”被认为是继“煤烟性污染”、“光化学污染”后的第三大类污染。依据《GB／T18883—2002室内空气质量标准》,本文对标准中规定的4类化学物质共19项监测指标,就其种类、来源、特点及危害进行了分析,对如何监测进行了说明,并对预防室内环境空气污染提出了对策和建议。     

THE CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE PRACTICE OF TEACHERS

This study concerns the design of classroom environments and the impact of these environments on the practice of teachers. It involves data gathered from primary and secondary schools, using lesson observations and teacher interviews. Behavioural mapping instruments were developed for the school-based data collection, and subsequent analysis is both qualitative and quantitative. A number of constructs have been developed, defined and used to evaluate what happens within classrooms. Some of these constructs are physical (modes of layout), some are pedagogic (child-centred), and some involve combinations of data. The findings from the analysis of teachers’ classroom behaviour have been related to the issues emerging from their interviews. This enabled examination of behaviour alongside statements of attitudes and beliefs about the role of the classroom environment. These data inform questions about teachers’ awareness of their surroundings; the extent to which this awareness impacts on their teaching, and the extent to which teachers feel they have control over the features of their classrooms. The article concludes by making the case for the importance of environmental awareness in the training and retraining of teachers. Environmental competence is an important constituent of the skilled teacher.     

Growth and yield responses of potato to mixtures of carbon dioxide and ozone

Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere can stimulate plant growth and yield, whereas ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations cause the opposite effect in many areas of the world. Recent experiments show that elevated CO2 can protect some plants from O3 stress, but this has not been tested for most crop species. Our objective was to determine if elevated CO2 protects Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) from foliar injury and suppression of growth and yield caused by O3. An O3-resistant cultivar (Superior) and an O3-sensitive cultivar (Dark Red Norland) were exposed from within 10 d after emergence to maturity to mixtures of three CO2 and three O3 treatments in open-top field chambers. The three CO2 treatments were ambient (370 microL L(-1)) and two treatments with CO2 added to ambient CO2 for 24 h d(-1) (540 and 715 microL L(-1)). The O3 treatments were charcoal-filtered air (15 nL L(-1)), nonfiltered air (45 nL L(-1)), and nonfiltered air with O3 added for 12 h d(-1) (80 nL L(-1)). Elevated O3 and CO2 caused extensive foliar injury of Dark Red Norland, but caused only slight injury of Superior. Elevated CO2 increased growth and tuber yield of both cultivars, whereas elevated O3 generally suppressed growth and yield, mainly of Dark Red Norland. Elevated CO2 appeared to protect Dark Red Norland from O3-induced suppression of shoot, root, and tuber weight as measured at midseason but did not protect either cultivar from O3 stress at the final harvest. The results further illustrate the difficulty in predicting effects of O3 + CO2 mixtures based on the effects of the individual gases.     

室内污染控制方法及相关标准

本文论述了室内环境质量对人体健康的重要性，室内污染物的主要种类及来源，室内污染的三种经典控制方法，即污染源控制、通风、空气净化，并介绍了与室内环境质量相关的各种标准。     

秦皇岛室内甲醛污染现状调查及其防控

选取典型小区,对秦皇岛市室内甲醛污染现状进行了调查,调查结果表明秦皇岛市住宅内甲醛污染严重,并将全过程控制理论应用于住宅装修过程中,有效降低了室内甲醛污染,提出了通过通风、选材、加温加湿、负离子功能产品、室内净化设施等多种措施来有效控制室内甲醛污染。     

Health and behavior of children in classrooms with and without windows

The aims of the study were to assess the effects of light on the production of stress hormones, classroom performance, body growth, and sick leave, of school children. About 90 children were investigated in their school environment for a duration of one school year. The children were situated in four classrooms differing in respect to the access to natural daylight and artificial fluorescent light. The results indicated the existence of a systematic seasonal variation with more stress hormones in summer than in winter. The children situated in the one classroom lacking both natural daylight and fluorescent daylight tubes demonstrated a marked deviation from this pattern. High levels of morning cortisol were associated with sociability, while moderate or low levels seemed to promote individual concentration. Annual body growth was smallest for the children with the highest levels of morning cortisol. Possibly, the production of cortisol had some influence on sick leave. It may be concluded, that windowless classrooms should be avoided for permanent use.     

室内甲醛释放规律及控制方法探讨

本文以某单位新建住宅楼内同一户型装修大致相同的四套住宅作为测试点，对其室内空气中甲醛浓度在不同工况下约3个月的监测数据进行对比分析，探讨了甲醛释放的影响因素及可行的控制方法，提出甲醛是室内主要空气污染物并建议采用绿色建筑装饰材料和保持室内的通风等措施减少污染，具有很强的现实意义。     

Air quality impact of carbon monoxide emission from diesel engine electric power generators

An emissions inventory and the AERMOD View dispersion model were used to estimate the concentrations and the potential effects of carbon monoxide (CO) from diesel engine electric power generators operated by and providing electricity to a textile factory in Nigeria on its host air shed. The CO emissions from simultaneous operations of all of the electric power generators in the factory resulted in: 1‐hr average CO emissions of 4.2 to 54.5 micrograms per cubic meters (μg/m³) and 24‐hr average CO emissions of 0.3 to 20.9 μg/m³. The estimated 1‐hr averaging period maximum ground‐level concentrations of CO were deposited within the factory, while the 24‐hr maximum ground‐level concentrations are estimated at a distance 90 meters (m) from the factory in a southeast direction. The ground‐level concentrations of CO emanating from the textile factory are within the stipulated ambient air quality standards.     

The classroom setting as a source of expectations about teachers and pupils

The major purpose of this research is to examine the impact of classroom spatial arrangement (open versus traditional) and orderliness (messy versus neat) on observers' impressions of teachers and pupils. In experiments 1 and 2, samples of college students were shown color slides of vacant elementary classrooms which varied on these two physical dimensions. Subjects were asked to indicate their impressions of the teacher and the pupils who used each room by completing a set of bipolar adjective scales. Data analysis indicated that teachers in neat classrooms were rated more positively than their counterparts in disorderly classrooms on measures of kindliness, inventiveness, and organization. Pupils associated with neat classrooms were judged to be happier and better behaved. Open classroom teachers received higher ratings than traditional classroom teachers on kindliness and inventiveness. In experiment 3, the same procedure was used to obtain ratings from fifth-grade students. Their judgements of teacher and pupil characteristics were also positively affected by neatness, but classroom arrangement had no impact.     

Environmental personalization and elementary school children's self-esteem

Prior research indicates that the physical classroom environment has the potential to affect children's behaviors, academic performance, and cognitive development. However, less is understood about the effect on the socio-emotional development of children. This study investigates the potential role of one aspect of the classroom's physical environment, personalization displays, on children's self-esteem. The study employed a classroom intervention in a quasi-experiment to examine the effects of increasing environmental personalization on children's self-esteem. Thirty-eight kindergarteners and first graders in six classrooms of two elementary schools in a rural community of a north-eastern state were assessed on pretests and post-tests of the Self-Esteem Index (SEI) scale and the Children's Inventory of Self-Esteem (CISE) scale. The findings were mixed but encouraging. On both measures of self-esteem, there was a significant positive effect of classroom personalization for first graders. However, for kindergarteners there was a significant positive effect for only one measure, the CISE. Although there are limitations with the study design, the findings suggest that young children's self-esteem may be influenced and enhanced by specific aspects of the classroom's physical environment.     

Environmental site assessments and audits: Building inspection requirements

Environmental site assessment criteria were originally developed by organizations that focused, almost exclusively, on surface, subsurface, and pollution source contamination. Many of the hazards associated with indoor environments and building structures were traditionally not considered when evaluating sources and entities of environmental pollution. Since a large number of building materials are potentially hazardous, careful evaluation is necessary. Until recently, little information on building inspection requirements of environmental problems has been published. Traditionally, asbestos has been the main component of concern. The ever-changing environmental standards have dramatically expanded the scope of building surveys. Indoor environmental concerns, for example, currently include formaldehyde, lead-based paint, polychlorinated biphenyls, radon, and indoor air pollution. Environmental regulations are being expanded and developed that specifically include building structures. These regulatory standards are being triggered by an increased awareness of health effects from indoor exposure, fires, spills, and other accidents that have resulted in injury, death, and financial loss. This article discusses various aspects of assessments for building structures.     

An inequality study of ambient nitrogen dioxide and traffic levels near elementary schools in the Tampa area

Environmental equity has been identified as a challenge and goal of national to global air quality management. Here, relationships between traffic-related air pollution measures and the social demographics of elementary schools are investigated. Ogawa passive samplers were used to measure ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) levels near 75 randomly selected elementary schools in the county containing Tampa, FL over one week in March 2008. Concentrations were determined using colorimetric reaction using Hach nitrite reagent and photometric detection at 545 nm. NO(2) levels, two metrics of traffic (highest annual average daily traffic count within 500 m and 1000 m), and school enrollment data by demographic subgroup (racial/ethnic and socioeconomic) were then compared. Data were analyzed for distribution statistics, linear correlations, and differences in subgroup category means. Weighted average values of NO(2) and traffic count were also calculated for each subgroup. All measured NO(2) levels were low, with a mean of 2.7 ppbv and range from 0.8 to 4.7 ppbv. Values were largest at sites near downtown. Results from all analyses show comparatively higher potential exposures to measured NO(2) and traffic count for black school children, and lower values for white and Asian or Pacific Islander school children. The economically disadvantaged and Hispanic subgroups were also associated with higher levels of NO(2) and traffic counts, but the relationship was not as strong or robust. Although measured NO(2) levels were low and the differences between groups are small, results suggest disparities by racial/ethnic and economic status in children's exposures to air pollution for the Tampa area.     

Determinants of noise annoyance in teachers from schools with different classroom reverberation times

A high proportion of school teachers report that they are disturbed by noise during teaching. The aim of the study was therefore to identify determinants of self-reported noise exposure and disturbance attributed to noise among secondary school teachers (n = 419) in 10 schools in Copenhagen, Denmark. The schools were selected to show contrasts in classroom reverberation times (RT), and were classified as “Short RT” (3 schools, mean RT 0.41–0.45 s), “Medium RT” (3 schools, mean RT 0.51–0.55 s) and “Long RT” (4 schools, mean RT 0.62–0.73 s). Significant determinants of self-reported noise exposure were a high number of children in the class, young age of the children, and low teacher seniority. “Long RT” classification was of borderline significance. Significant determinants of disturbance attributed to noise from children in the class were teacher seniority and “Long RT” acoustic classification of the school. The associations between work characteristics and noise disturbance measures were attenuated by low self-rated work capacity, suggesting that the consequences of noise and poor acoustics may not be limited to disturbance attributed to noise, but may have a wide negative impact on the perceived working environment.     

Effects of TiO2 based photocatalytic paint on concentrations and emissions of pollutants and on animal performance in a swine weaning unit

The beneficial effect of a TiO2-based photocatalytic treatment on the indoor air purification of a swine farm has been evaluated in a trial performed in two identical mechanically ventilated traditional weaning units, with 391 animals lodged in each of them. One unit was used as reference, whereas the walls of the second unit (260 m2) were coated with ca. 70 g m(-2) of TiO2 and irradiated with ten UV-A lamps. The environmental parameters (i.e. the ventilation rate, the internal and external temperature and relative humidity), together with NH3, CH4, CO2 and N2O concentrations in the exhaust ducts and PM10 emissions, were monitored in the two units throughout all of the production cycle (75 days). Significant decreases in CH4 concentration (ca. 27%, P < 0.05) and PM10 emission (ca. 17%, P < 0.01) were observed, together with an increase of the piglets' productive performance in the treated unit with respect to the reference one. Indeed, the ADG (Average Daily Gain of piglets) was 424 g vs. 414 g for the piglets lodged in the two units, respectively, with a significantly better feed conversion ratio (FCR, ratio between the food ingested by the animals and their weight gain) of 2.18 vs. 2.44 (P < 0.001). Therefore, the photocatalytic treatment with TiO2 coating had positive effects not only on methane concentration and particulate matter concentration and emission, but also significantly improved the feed conversion ratio of growing piglets, very likely due to the increased quality of indoor air, with positive economic repercussions for the farmer. Internal photocatalytic treatment in swine husbandry could thus be considered as a potential Best Available Technology (BAT).     

低温等离子体技术净化室内VOCs的研究进展

低温等离子体技术作为一种新型室内净化技术,能够有效降解室内挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）。本文首先简要介绍了室内VOCs的主要来源和对人体的危害,以及传统治理技术的不足,详细分析了低温等离子体净化VOCs的优势和机理,并对低温等离子净化VOCs存在的问题以及研究现状做了引证阐述,最后提出了有待解决的难题。     

The benefits and costs of reducing emissions from the electricity sector

Recent federal policy proposals to reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)), nitrogen oxides (NO(x)), and mercury from the US electricity sector promise important improvements in air quality and reductions in acid deposition. The cost of achieving these reductions depends on the form and stringency of the regulation. In this research, we analyze the economic benefits and costs of the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) as characterized in the supplemental rule proposed in June 2004, and the Clean Air Mercury Rule (CAMR) as proposed in February 2004. The assessment integrates a model of the electricity sector, two models of atmospheric transport of air pollutants, and a model of environmental and public health endpoints affected by pollution. We model explicitly the emissions of SO(2), NO(x), mercury and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and the effects of changes in emissions of SO(2) and NO(x) on environmental and public health. The manner in which mercury emissions are regulated will have important implications not only for the cost of the regulation, but also for emission levels for SO(2) and NO(x) and where those emissions are located. We find the economic benefits of CAIR and CAMR are far greater than the costs. Recent estimates of benefits of reductions in mercury and acidification indicate that our model captures the lion's share of quantifiable benefits. We also find that the EPA would have been justified on economic grounds in pursuing additional SO(2) emissions reductions beyond the requirements of CAIR.     

住宅装修室内环境污染状况调查

随着国家经济发展和人民生活水平、生活质量的不断提高,人们更加注重在住房装饰装修上的金钱投入以圆梦中家居。但是,由于现实生活环境的多方因素制约,伴随住宅装修过程形成的室内环境污染也给人们希望获得健康环保的高质量生活带来严重影响。通过对新装修住宅（客厅、主卧室、次卧室）进行室内环境污染检测,获得了非常有益的实测数据。通过统计分析该数据,发现新装修住宅室内空气中的甲醛、苯及TVOC存在普遍超标,且有的情况非常严重,应当引起人们的高度关注。为此建议：装修时要明确目的,树立环保理念,综合规划设计;注意材料质量优选控制污染源头,加强施工监督和检测验收;对污染超标住宅采取必要的治理措施,加强室内通风换气,室内空气质量检测达标后才居住使用,确保居室环境的健康环保。