深埋突出煤层深孔控制爆破致裂机理和防突效果研究

基于理论分析和数值模拟,探究深孔控制爆破技术在深埋低透高瓦斯煤层防突方面的适用性。考虑爆炸波、爆生气体、煤层原始瓦斯压力、煤层地应力对裂隙的作用。研究深埋低透高瓦斯煤层深孔控制爆破裂隙的扩展的过程、机理及防突效果。对比了理论分析结果和典型的现场试验结果。得出的结论是,煤层深孔控制爆破致裂,是在爆炸波的动态冲击震裂和爆生气体及煤层瓦斯压力的尖劈压裂作用下共同完成的;深埋高应力煤层深孔控制爆破机理与常规浅孔采掘爆破机理不同;控制孔在高应力煤层中的导裂作用并不显著,其主要起到卸压孔和抽放孔的作用。几个典型的高应力低透突出煤层的工程实践表明,采用深孔控制爆破技术后,均获得良好的增透效果,且均未发生煤与瓦斯突出事故。     

拆除爆破实践

1990年底,应河南省周口市造纸厂的委托,我队承担一项用控制爆破拆除旧厂区的地下构筑物和烟囱等任务.其中定向爆破高45m 砖结构烟囱一座,水压控制爆破地下纸浆池18个,利用钻眼爆破混凝土结构池10个、钢筋混凝土结构的球罐体6座,切割、松动爆破大块体12个。总共施爆78次,钻凿爆眼1550个,总长558m,加工起爆药包1767个.     

液态CO2相变爆破孔网参数优化研究

为优化液态CO₂相变爆破钻孔布置参数，研究双孔同时起爆应力波的传播特征、控制孔对煤体裂隙扩展规律的影响，基于LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟分析单孔爆破、双孔不同孔间距爆破及添加控制孔爆破的裂隙扩展特征，并在山西某矿15号煤层进行液态CO₂相变致裂现场试验。结果表明：液态CO₂单孔爆破的有效致裂半径为2.16 m;双孔爆破有效致裂半径为2.54 m,较单孔有效致裂半径提高了17.59%。随着炮孔间距的增大，两炮孔中间连线贯通区由完全贯通演化至非连续贯通，当孔间距为5 m时，致裂效果最好。含控制孔爆破较双孔爆破有效致裂半径提高了8.27%,控制孔主导了爆生主裂隙的定向扩展及孔壁环向裂隙的生成，裂隙扩展速度和影响范围均有显著增加。液态CO₂相变致裂后，平均瓦斯抽采体积分数提高了2.68倍，平均瓦斯抽采流量提高了6.09倍。     

浅析烟囱定向爆破的安全问题

今年4月,南平市爆炸物品服务公司成功地对建瓯市建材厂一座高53米的烟囱成功地实施了定向倒塌控制爆破.实施爆破的建材厂烟囱地处水南古城街边,是建瓯繁华地段,爆区四周构筑物密集.仅有南面为可利用厂房内空坪;必须定向爆破拆除该烟囱.东面建瓯市酒厂;西面为四排五层砖混民房;北面一排五层砖混民房,并有高压线、通讯线、福汾公路.     

装药位置对深孔聚能爆破数值模拟与应用研究

为研究不同装药位置对深部聚能爆破增透的效果,构建了不同装药位置的数值模型,运用理论分析、数值模拟和现场应用相结合的方法,分析了深孔聚能爆破不同装药位置周围的应力分布和裂隙发育状态,开展工程试验考察了周围抽采钻孔瓦斯浓度和瓦斯纯量的变化。研究结果表明:不同装药位置相比,中端装药时爆破有效影响范围较大、应力作用时间较长,里端装药时较小,外端装药时最小;聚能爆破中端装药,其爆轰波和应力波作用于煤体的时间较长且应力值更大,爆破产生的裂隙深度主要在轴向上加深,轴向裂隙和径向裂隙比其他装药方式均有增加;爆炸产生的爆生气体与空气波二次作用产生反射波,延长了作用时间,有助于裂隙扩展,加速了赋存瓦斯解吸和流动,爆破效果更好;深部聚能爆破中部装药能够有效地提高煤层的透气性和瓦斯抽采率。     

煤层液态CO_2相变致裂半径范围的影响因素研究

为提高煤层瓦斯抽采效率,减少矿井瓦斯灾害事故掌握不同因素对液态CO_2相变致裂半径范围的影响特征,以液态CO_2气爆能量释放的三硝基甲苯(TNT)当量转化为基础构建煤体爆破损伤演化模型;利用LS-DYNA软件模拟煤层物性参数(煤层地应力σ、煤体抗拉强度S_t、瓦斯压力P_g)和孔径d对液态CO_2相变致裂半径L范围的影响;运用灰色关联分析理论,结合数值模拟结果分析爆破影响因素主次顺序。结果表明:液态CO_2相变致裂半径范围与瓦斯压力和钻孔孔径呈递增关系与煤层地应力呈递减关系;地应力对致裂半径范围的影响程度最强,钻孔孔径次之,瓦斯压力影响程度相对较弱,煤体抗拉强度变化对致裂半径范围的影响甚微。     

瓦斯压力对煤体爆破应力影响规律试验研究

为研究瓦斯压力对煤体爆破应力的影响规律,开展了不同瓦斯压力条件下煤体爆破试验,对煤体爆破应力进行测试与分析,并利用LS-DYNA3D模拟软件对试验结果进行了验证。结果表明:煤体中瓦斯压力的能够增加煤体爆破应力波峰值,应力波的作用时间延长大约200us;随着瓦斯压力增加,煤体爆破应力波峰值也随之增大,从而更利于煤体爆破裂纹的扩展;煤体中瓦斯压力对煤体爆破中远区影响较大,在爆破近区,瓦斯压力基本可以忽略;当瓦斯压力存在时,煤体爆炸应力波均将出现两个完整的波形。     

隔爆水幕对瓦斯爆炸传播规律影响的试验研究

为研究自制隔爆水幕抑制瓦斯爆炸的有效性,采用大直径瓦斯爆炸试验管道系统,在不同瓦斯浓度和不同水幕流量条件下进行瓦斯爆炸试验,利用数据采集系统测量瓦斯爆炸特性参数并对其变化规律和隔爆效果进行分析。结果表明:瓦斯浓度9.5%时经过隔爆水幕抑制作用,瓦斯爆炸压力峰值由64 kPa下降到39 kPa,衰减了39%;温度峰值由969 K下降到498 K,衰减了49%;速度最大值由136 m/s下降到73 m/s,衰减了15%。虽然隔爆水幕对不同浓度瓦斯产生的爆炸起到良好的抑制效果,但隔爆之后的传播规律依然受到瓦斯浓度影响。隔爆水幕对瓦斯爆炸的抑制效果取决于喷水流量的大小,随着流量的增加,水幕的隔爆效果增强,喷头最佳的工作流量为16.4 L/min。     

魏伴云

1959年毕业于北京地质学院探矿工程专业。现在中国地质大学（武汉）任教，教授、博士导师。长期以来，以工程爆破、爆炸与防爆为主攻方向，辅以火灾控制技术研究。毕业后即随原苏联爆破专家H·A奥斯托洛马什柯教授进行深孔爆破与提高炸药装药密度研究。其后参加国家科委三峡爆破科研组进行定向爆破筑坝科研。lop年，参加了当时全国最大的广东南水定向爆破筑坝工程。70年代末至叨年代初，结合起爆器材中的导爆管、导爆索传爆机理研究和国家自然科学基金项目中爆炸冲击波发生器研制，展开了混合气相。因气相等多相爆轰机理和防爆装备的应用研…     

大型烧结厂房爆破拆除设计与施工

所爆厂房由主厂房、环冷、除尘器、抽风机房组成，建筑面积近2万m^2，最大标高为43．5m，东边主厂房与高架通廊连为一体，东南8．6m为高压变电所；南边1．8m为80m高烟囱，2．5m处为架空管道，地下和地表运料通廊东西贯穿厂房，周围环境复杂。提出了先爆环冷和除尘器再处理抽风机房，最后爆破主厂房的总体爆破方案，采用爆破切割技术分离主厂房保留部分及高架通廊。采用了原地坍塌、定向倒塌和折叠爆破技术和施工工艺。爆破达到了预期效果，可供类似工程参考。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。