某航空公司飞行员飞行认知能力状况调查与分析

飞行员作为一项特殊职业,从客观上要求飞行员具备良好认知能力。从飞行认知能力入手对某航空公司的37名飞行员进行了飞行综合素质测试,分析年龄、职位、飞行时间和疲劳等因素对某航空公司飞行员飞行认知能力的影响。测试结果表明某航空公司飞行员在飞行认知能力上整体表现较好,但年龄、工作时间和疲劳等对飞行认知能力有所影响。建议航空公司对飞行员群体进行大规模测试,制定相应的培训计划并加强管理保障措施,对飞行员人为差错进行主动的风险管理,为民航飞行员飞行综合素质评估提供数据支持,为科学、合理的机组搭配和排班提供依据,对改善飞行安全、提高安全管理水平具有重要意义。     

A comparison of special category light-sport and corresponding type-certificated aircraft safety

IntroductionThe special category light sport airplane (light sport) sector of general aviation has grown 10-fold in as many years with solo operations requiring only a sports pilot's certificate. With little research on light sport airplane safety, the study objective was to compare light sport and type-certificated airplane accident rates.MethodAccidents were identified from the National Transportation Safety Board database. Statistics employed Poisson distribution/proportion analyses/Mann–Whitney U-tests.ResultsFor the 2009–2015 period, the light sport airplane accident rate (fatal/non-fatal combined) was > 15-fold higher than comparable type-certificated aircraft, undiminished over time. The excessive light sport airplane accident rate was associated with inferior airman experience (time-in-type, certification). Mishaps were most frequent during landing (40%) and, of these, nearly half were due to a deficiency in the flare. There were a dis-proportionate number of trainees involved in landing accidents compared with mishaps for other phases of operations.ConclusionTowards improving safety, additional light sport training with emphasis on landings and a focus on the flare and directional control is warranted.Practical applicationIn the confines of the present study considering that landing mishaps, the most common accident cause, are often related to deficiencies in the flare and loss-of-directional control, instructors should ensure that airmen have mastered these aspects of landing and, for trainees, acquired the appropriate visual monocular cues.     

Characteristics of pilots who report deliberate versus inadvertent visual flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions

Aircraft accidents and incidents associated with visual flight into instrument weather conditions continue to account for a significant proportion of fatalities involving general aviation aircraft. The aim of this study was to examine pilot recounts of flights involving inadvertent or deliberate flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC). Of the 251 responses that were examined, 145 pilots indicated that they had entered IMC inadvertently during a visual flight, while 93 had done so deliberately. Amongst non-instrument-rated pilots, two cohorts were identified whereby pilots who deliberately entered instrument conditions tended to have experienced the conditions previously, possess a comparatively greater tolerance of risk, experienced less anxiety during the event recounted, and perceive the risks associated with the transition into instrument conditions as relatively lower than those pilots whose entry into instrument conditions was inadvertent. These results are interpreted as confirmation of the need to address the problem of visual flight into instrument conditions from a number of different perspectives, taking into account experience and individual differences in risk tolerance.     

Duty hours and incidents in flight among commercial airline pilots

Introduction. Working long duty hours has often been associated with increased risk of incidents and accidents in transport industries. Despite this, information regarding the intermediate relationship between duty hours and incident risk is limited. This study aimed to test a work hours/incident model to identify the interplay of factors contributing to incidents within the aviation industry. Methods. Nine hundred and fifty-four European-registered commercial airline pilots completed a 30-item survey investigating self-report attitudes and experiences of fatigue. Path analysis was used to test the proposed model. Results. The fit indices indicated this to be a good fit model (χ²?=?11.066, df?=?5, p?=?0.05; Comparative Fit Index?=?0.991; Normed Fit Index?=?0.984; Tucker–Lewis Index?=?0.962; Root Mean Square of Approximation?=?0.036). Highly significant relationships were identified between duty hours and sleep disturbance (r?=?0.18, p?r?=?0.40, p?r?=?0.43, p?Discussion. A critical pathway from duty hours through to self-reported incidents in flight was identified. Further investigation employing both objective and subjective measures of sleep and fatigue is needed.     

The influence of trait mindfulness on incident involvement among Chinese airline pilots: The role of risk perception and flight experience

Introduction The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between trait mindfulness, risk perception, flight experience, and incident involvement among Chinese airline pilots. Method The study used a sample consisting of 295 commercial airline pilots from China Southern Airlines Ltd. Results The results show that trait mindfulness has a direct and negative effect on airline pilots' incident involvement, and an indirect effect on incident involvement through influencing risk perception. Flight experience was also found to strengthen the negative and direct effect of trait mindfulness on incident involvement. Practical applications The practical implications of the study include recommendations as to injury prevention efforts in incident involvement. Future research directions are also discussed.     

The effects of Crew Resource Management (CRM) training on flight attendants' safety attitudes

IntroductionA number of well-known incidents and accidents had led the aviation industry to introduce Crew Resource Management (CRM) training designed specifically for flight attendants, and joint (pilot and flight attendant) CRM training as a way to improve teamwork and communication. The development of these new CRM training programs during the 1990s highlighted the growing need for programs to be evaluated using research tools that had been validated for the flight attendant population.MethodThe FSAQ (Flight Safety Attitudes Questionnaire—Flight Attendants) was designed specifically to obtain safety attitude data from flight attendants working for an Asia–Pacific airline. Flight attendants volunteered to participate in a study before receiving CRM training (N = 563) and again (N = 526) after CRM training.ResultsAlmost half (13) of the items from the 36-item FSAQ showed highly significant changes following CRM training. Years of experience, crew position, seniority, leadership roles, flight attendant crew size, and length of route flown were all predictive of safety attitudes.Practical applicationsCRM training for flight attendants is a valuable tool for increasing positive teamwork behaviors between the flight attendant and pilot sub-groups. Joint training sessions, where flight attendants and pilots work together to find solutions to in-flight emergency scenarios, provide a particularly useful strategy in breaking down communication barriers between the two sub-groups.     

Arabian,Asian, western: a cross-cultural comparison of aircraft accidents from human factor perspectives

Introduction. Rates of aviation accident differ in different regions; and national culture has been implicated as a factor. This invites a discussion about the role of national culture in aviation accidents. This study makes a cross-cultural comparison between Oman, Taiwan and the USA. Method. A cross-cultural comparison was acquired using data from three studies, including this study, by applying the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework. The Taiwan study presented 523 mishaps with 1762 occurrences of human error obtained from the Republic of China Air Force. The study from the USA carried out for commercial aviation had 119 accidents with 245 instances of human error. This study carried out in Oman had a total of 40 aircraft accidents with 129 incidences. Results. Variations were found between Oman, Taiwan and the USA at the levels of organisational influence and unsafe supervision. Seven HFACS categories showed significant differences between the three countries (p?<?0.05). Conclusion. Although not given much consideration, national culture can have an impact on aviation safety. This study revealed that national culture plays a role in aircraft accidents related to human factors that cannot be disregarded.     

基于TEM模型的民航不安全事件关联规则挖掘与分析*

为了预防民航不安全事件的发生,应用机组威胁与差错管理（TEM）模型分析2014—2020年民航事故/征候的航空安全报告资料,提取事件里存在于民航运行风险中潜在的情况、威胁、机组差错等因素,通过改进的关联规则方法挖掘其中的关联关系,包括挖掘与事件严重程度有关的因素,找到TEM模型中的关键因素和影响航空器结束状态的致因因素,并进行关联网络图分析。研究结果表明:手动操纵/飞行控制差错、缺少/不足的飞行培训和安全管理、飞行员之间沟通差错与程序执行错误是造成事故/征候的显著因素;关联规则能够有效利用航空安全报告信息,通过定量的方法挖掘事故/征候的特征,找到影响民航不安全事件的强关联因素,为民航安全管理人员提供决策依据。     

基于k-SC聚类的飞行操作模式及危险性分析

为挖掘飞行数据中的高危险性操作模式,采用k-SC时间序列聚类算法,并基于K-W检验分析聚类结果与不安全事件之间的关系。以特定条件下某机队着陆阶段的驾驶杆操作数据和长着陆事件为例进行模型验证。结果表明:机队有5类不同的驾驶杆操作模式;不同操作模式的着陆平飘距离分布具有显著性差异,且长着陆的危险性最高可达68.18%。研究结果可为提升航空公司飞行员操作能力、分析飞行员操作特性及其他不安全事件（如重着陆、擦机尾等）提供理论参考。     

西锐整机降落伞系统设计研究

随着通航产业的蓬勃发展,轻型飞机已成为通用航空市场中非常具有发展潜力的机型,保障飞行安全对于轻型飞机的长远发展而言至关重要。弹道式整机降落伞救生系统作为飞行安全的最后一道防线,可大大提升驾驶员和乘客的旅程安全性。本文以西锐公司飞机配备的整机降落伞系统为研究对象,详细介绍了CAPS系统的设计验证、结构、工作程序、适用情况、使用条件和着陆考虑因素等方面,以期使相关专业设计人员对CAPS系统有一个较全面的认识,更好地把握整机降落伞系统的研究和发展方向。     

人因(HF)事故与事故征候分类标准及近十二年 中国民航HF事故与事故征候的分类统计报告

事故与事故征候分类标准和统计方法是民航飞行安全的一项基础性安全管理内容。笔者运用Reason的事故链模型制订了人因 (HF)事故与事故征候分类标准 ,并成功地运用于36 1起HF事故征候和 35起飞行事故的统计分析之中 ,获得了以下一些有实用价值的结果 :①不良的机组资源管理 (CRM )技能是影响我国民航飞行安全的主要因素 ;②基本驾驶术较差引起的事故征候率较高 ;③滑行阶段和巡航阶段发生的征候次数和所占百分比高于起飞、爬升、下降以及进近阶段 ;④主要征候类型为偏出、冲出跑道 ,危险接近 ,擦机尾、翼尖、发动机以及地面撞障碍物 ;⑤排在前三位的飞行事故为机组原因造成飞机失控、撞山以及冲出跑道 ;⑥发生次数和百分比排在前四位的机组错误分别是操纵不当、违反规章程序飞行、迷航及飞错高度     

Accident models and organisational factors in air transport: The need for multi-method models

Event analysis is needed to learn and improve safety. In air transport, ‘occurrences’ are routinely reported by pilots and air traffic controllers, and in-flight data analysis systems automatically monitor aircraft system behaviour and capture parameter threshold exceedances. The safety analyst of a large airline has to analyse dozens of occurrences each day. To understand why events happened the analyst has to go beyond the given information and make causal inferences. The analyst is able to do this for causal factors closely related in time and space to the event itself by applying individual knowledge and expertise. But typically the result of the analysis is ad hoc reaction to each individual event. Systematic analysis is needed to find areas of improvement for factors that are further removed from the event (latent factors). New tools are needed to help the analyst in this respect. There is a need for models that represent possible causal event sequence scenarios that include technical, human, and organisational factors. Building such models is a huge task, and requires the combination of detailed knowledge of all aspects of the system, processing huge amounts of data, a substantial mathematical background and the ability to capture this all in a user friendly software tool to be used by the safety analysts. Experience in Causal Modelling of Air Transportation System (CATS) in the Netherlands and similar projects in FAA and Eurocontrol in aviation shows that this is indeed a formidable task, but it has to be done to further improve safety.     

基于ARIMA与LS-SVM组合模型的飞行事故征候预测

应用差分自回归移动平均模型(ARIMA)和最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的组合模型,对某航空公司的月度事故征候万时率进行了预测分析。对2008—2016年某航空公司的事故征候、飞行小时、航空器数量等历史数据建立ARIMA模型,应用SPSS软件进行模型拟合,获得事故征候万时率的线性部分;随后利用LS-SVM分析ARIMA模型的残差,获取非线性部分,最终通过二者之和获得ARIMA+LSSVM组合模型。对2017年1—3月的月度事故征候万时率进行了预测,并用实际数据验证。结果表明:ARIMA(1,1,1)(1,1,1)12模型较好地拟合了事故征候万时率的历史序列,LS-SVM模型对残差的拟合获得了较好的精度;组合模型的短期(3个月)预测值与航空公司事故征候万时率的趋势完全一致,且预测精确度可接受。     

不同类型压力对飞行员安全绩效的影响规律研究

为探究各类型压力对飞行员安全绩效的影响规律,为飞行员日常工作管理提供依据,选取某航空公司200名飞行员进行压力测试,并调取其近6 a的飞机品质(QAR)数据,通过相关性分析和线性回归分析将飞行员压力数据与其QAR数据进行对比分析,探究飞行员压力对飞行安全绩效的影响规律。研究结果表明:工作负荷压力、家庭压力、人际关系压力和组织管理压力会显著负向影响飞行员安全绩效;角色压力和专业发展压力会显著正向影响飞行员安全绩效。     

An analysis of human factors in fifty controlled flight into terrain aviation accidents from 2007 to 2017

Introduction: Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) account for a considerable amount of fatalities when compared to other accident categories. Human factors are deemed significant contributory causes in these accidents. This paper aims to identify the human factors involved with aviation accidents that resulted in CFIT. Method: The study used the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework to determine the factors involved in 50 CFIT accidents from 24 counties over a 10 year period, i.e. 2007–2017. Interviews with five senior aviation safety experts were used to provide a better comprehension of the human factors affecting the flight safety. Results: The study identified 1289 individual causal and contributory human factors with unsafe actions and preconditions for unsafe actions being the main subcategories of the accidents. The study found that CFIT occur across a range of pilot experience and 44% of accidents occurred in cruise flight. Distraction, complacency and fatigue are all elements that flight crews may experience as contributors to CFIT during cruising. Conclusions: Human factors represent a major component of CFIT accidents. The analysis revealed a similar pattern of contributory and causal human factors across the various flight categories, with some noteworthy isolated variations. The prevalent factors were decision and skill-based errors along with communication, coordination and planning issues. Practical applications: Provision of specific CFIT awareness, pilot training focusing on improved decision-making and revision of basic flight skills, development of specific Global Positioning System routes for transiting high terrain areas are necessary to prevent CFIT accidents. Installation of Terrain Avoidance and Warning System and Ground Proximity Warning System and appropriate equipment training, specific CFIT Crew Resource Management training and improvement of organizational knowledge on the elements involved in CFIT are also recommended.     

文化对机组资源管理的影响

针对国内民航机组资源管理(CRM)及训练中忽视文化的作用和影响的现状,在调研和分析国外CRM与文化影响的基础上,笔者结合国内民航的运行特点,总结、分析了民族文化、组织文化,以及职业文化对机组协作与配合,CRM训练等方面的积极与消极影响,提出中国民航应根据自身的文化特点调整CRM训练的内容和实施方式,并应从3个层面采取措施来提高CRM及其训练的效果,即航空公司CRM训练的设计、实施与评估;飞机制造商在进行驾驶舱人-机界面设计,以及政府部门在对航空器进行适航审定时,应充分识别不同文化的差异、在强化各种文化类型积极影响的同时,努力降低或消除其消极影响。     

基于蒙特卡洛方法的着陆擦机尾风险预测

为解决对航班和机队着陆时擦机尾风险客观预测问题，基于飞行QAR数据和蒙特卡洛模拟方法，建立擦机尾风险预测模型，将某航空公司Boeing737-800机队的380套QAR数据作为样本数据，运用MATLAB编程进行5 000次模拟抽样试验，得到不同机队着陆时俯仰角的分布和擦机尾风险预测曲线。研究结果表明:当着陆俯仰角大于4.5°时，机队2擦机尾风险较大；运用蒙特卡洛模拟预测的飞机着陆俯仰角更为稳定和准确。该模型可进一步软件化，为航空公司的擦机尾超限事件管理提供可靠性指标参考，实现对飞行员操作风险的动态管理。     

Pilot see,pilot do: Examining the predictors of pilots’ risk management behaviour

Decision-making under uncertainty, known as risk management, is common in many professions including medicine and the military. Within general aviation, it is a skill that pilots are largely expected to acquire through experience. This study sought to determine if there are known markers (i.e., attitude and risk perception) and or personal characteristics (i.e., flight experience and age) that predict the acquisition and utilization of this skill. Fifty-six participants were presented with a risky flight which involved searching for a wayward parachutist with minimal fuel on board their aircraft. A clear distinction in terms of ‘risk perception’ was evident between those pilots who elected to undertake the risky flight (36 participants) and those pilots who did not (20 participants). There was also evidence of attitudinal and demographic differences between the two groups. The results have implications for the selection and training of pilots.     

基于飞行剖面的航空器试飞活动空管风险研究

为明确空中交通管理风险对航空器适航试飞活动不安全事件的影响,首先,依据航空器试飞科目绘制相应飞行剖面;其次,基于试飞活动飞行剖面,分析管制单位试飞保障流程,提取管制运行风险对试飞活动的影响因素;采用事故树分析法(FTA)分析事故发展过程,将事件和逻辑关系映射至贝叶斯网络(BN),依据国内外民航空管不安全事件分类统计结果...     

基于知识地图的民用航空安全信息事件分析

安全信息的深入分析是数据驱动的安全管理基础。为深入挖掘民航安全信息的价值,分析不安全事件的发展和演化过程,预测事件可能引发的后果及可能性,以2011—2015年民航安全信息网收集的390起重着陆事件为样本,结合事件链因果关系分析,运用知识地图分析法,按照事件发展演化过程建立样本信息中包含知识信息及其因果关系、各事件链间的相关关系、不同后果事件演化的可能性的重着陆事件知识地图。结果表明,该知识地图能够获取重着陆事件在时间、地点、机型、运行阶段、原因、后果及可能的预防及管控重点,可以实现一起或多起重着陆事件信息的知识分析,发现可能存在的安全风险,预判引发严重后果事件的可能性,为有效实施风险管理提供依据。