工业化进程中环保促调的实践探索——以嘉兴市秀洲区为例

以环境保护促进经济结构调整、发展方式转变(简称环保促调)是缓解工业化进程中环境经济矛盾的趋势之—.选取嘉兴市秀洲区为对象,结合该区“环保促调”模式的成功案例,阐述该区在工业化进程中,通过环保责任的倒逼机制.整治工业污染、发展清洁农业、培育新兴产业,逐步转向生态化、高新化、轻型化的发展模式,并成功首创初始排污权有偿使用制度、积极探索政产学研合作的高新技术发展机制,为其他地区提供了宝贵的经验,最后提出了排海与排河标准一体化、排污权有偿使用制度一体化等政策建议.     

浙江省排污权交易制度及其对碳排放交易机制建设的启示

介绍了浙江省排污权交易制度概况,分析了中国碳排放交易市场现状及存在问题,结合浙江省实际,提出了浙江省建立碳排放交易机制的总体思路,指出碳排放权的配额发放、有偿取得、监测核证、交易监管机制可借鉴排污权交易体系进行构建,碳排放交易可依托排污权交易综合管理平台进行.     

排污权交易中污染源排污核算技术方法的分析

从实际操作层面出发,总结和分析污染源排污核算现状和存在的问题,提出适合排污权交易的污染源排污核算方法体系,力求准确掌握污染源排污情况和监控排污权使用情况,为科学建立排污权交易制度、维护公平和公正的排污权交易秩序、有效推进各项环境经济政策提供技术支撑.     

电力行业SO_2排污权有偿使用和排污交易探讨

面对日益严格的环境总量控制制度以及有限的环境容量资源,电力行业需要寻求高效的环境管理手段,以解决未来发展的环境约束.针对电力行业SO2排放现状,分析了电力行业建立SO2排污权有偿使用机制的必要性、可行性以及与现有政策的兼容性,从中揭示了排污权有偿使用机制对电力行业健康发展所起的积极作用.     

在环境保护制度创新推进会上的讲话(摘选)

(一)<关于开展排污权有偿使用和交易试点工作的指导意见>(简称<指导意见>) 2009年,财政部和环境保护部正式把浙江省作为污权有偿使用和交易试点省,并于3月2日举行了启动仪式.     

江苏省太湖流域水污染物排污权有偿使用政策评估研究

回顾了江苏省太湖流域水污染物排污权有偿使用政策的试点实施进展,构建了政策的评估框架,并从政策目标、政策实施机制、政策效益等方面对政策实施效果进行了评估。结果表明,江苏省太湖流域水污染物排污权有偿使用政策已获得了正面效益,但在排污指标初始分配、排污权有偿使用费的初始定价及资金运转等环节还存在缺陷,应进一步加强有偿使用费的收缴、管理,保障政策的公平性及合理性。     

挥发性有机物排污权定价研究及应用——以浙江省石化行业为例

梳理了中国排污权有偿使用与交易价格体系现状及存在问题。以建立科学合理的污染治理回报机制为目标,基于市场供给和需求双方的决策博弈构建了博弈定价模型。实证研究表明,浙江省石化行业挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染治理平均成本为8 744元/(t·a),模型计算所得排污权最优定价为33 500元/(t·a)。在最优定价情形下,排污权交易政策能同时促进VOCs排放量的减少与污染治理技术的提升。研究结果对建立反映市场供求、减排激励和最优效益的排污权价格机制,深入推动中国排污权市场机制建设具有借鉴意义。     

氮氧化物排污权有偿使用价格研究——以河南省为例

排污权有偿使用初始分配定价是排污权有偿使用和交易制度建设的关键环节与核心技术之一。在对排污权价格核算方法研究分析的基础上,立足于环境容量的自然资源属性,根据其为社会发展和工业生产提供原材料的功能,利用经济学中经典的柯布—道格拉斯生产函数法核算环境容量的社会经济价值,综合考虑供求关系系数与价格影响系数,构建氮氧化物排污权有偿使用价格的确定机制,并对河南省氮氧化物排污权有偿使用定价进行了研究。     

基于总量控制的中国点源环境管理体系构建

近年来,随着总量控制、排污许可证、排污权有偿使用和交易等政策的逐步推进,中国的点源环境管理体系已经初具雏形。对中国的点源环境管理体系构建开展了研究,认为其制度定位应当是对点源全过程进行管理,并明确了构建点源环境管理体系需要解决责任归属与监管重点两大问题。点源环境管理体系以总量控制为抓手,其核心是排污指标与实际排放量两套数据的核定,而这两套数据则成为串联总量控制、排污许可证、排污权有偿使用和交易等相关环境管理政策的重要线索。此外,要构建点源环境管理体系,还需要综合的环境管理平台、一证式环境管理要求以及专业的第三方技术团队。     

新西兰氮排放配额与交易制度对中国的启示——以奶牛养殖业为例

近年来,排污权有偿使用与交易制度在中国部分省份开展了试点工作,许多大型的规模化畜禽养殖场也进行了排污许可证的申领。针对新西兰奶牛养殖业的污染治理措施进行了研究,梳理其开展污染防治工作的措施体系,以陶泊湖周边施行的氮排放配额与交易为主要对象,阐述了新西兰在养殖业排放配额与交易制度方面的工作实践,其配额基准核定方法、"资源许可证"申领制度、配额交易体系、相关支撑措施在一定程度上具备优势和先进性,对中国的畜禽养殖污染减排工作具有借鉴意义。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.