长白山北坡林线处岳桦年轮年表及其与气候的关系

运用相关函数及响应分析等树木年轮气候学方法,研究了长白山北坡林线处岳桦(Betula ermanii)径向生长及其与气候的关系.结果表明,林线处岳桦年轮宽度年表具有较强的气候敏感性.其径向生长与上年7月和当年3月的温度显著负相关(P<0.05),与上年9月和当年7月的温度显著正相关;同时与上年6月降水量显著正相关.与季节性气候因子的响应分析表明,岳桦径向生长与当年春季(1～3月)和当年生长季前(4、5月)的平均温度呈显著负相关,与当年生长季前的平均最高温度显著正相关,与降水量的相关关系不显著.利用多元逐步回归方法模拟了岳桦年轮宽度指数与气候因子间的关系,并据此预测在温度和降水增加的背景下,林线处岳桦径向生长将降低14.8%.     

A dendroecological study on Pinus nigra Arn. at different altitudes of northern slopes of Kazdaglari, Turkey

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between tree ring widths of Pinus nigra in Kazdaglari having humid and very humid climatic conditions. Sixty two trees were cut from 24 sampled points from different altitudes in Kazdaglari to measure treering widths. To determine the responses to the climate, correlation coefficients between treering widths and climatic data were calculated during biological years from October of the previous year to September of the current year In lower altitudes, where climate type is humid, spring and summer precipitation affect the growth of tree rings, but they are not statistically limiting factors. In higher altitudes, this effect is weaker. As a result, we can conclude that the negative effects of the drought are still not clear on the Pinus nigra trees under humid and very humid climatic conditions and at the northern slopes in submediterranean mountainous regions in Turkey.     

Experimental evidence for herbivore limitation of the treeline

The treeline ecotone divides forest from open alpine or arctic vegetation states. Treelines are generally perceived to be temperature limited. The role of herbivores in limiting the treeline is more controversial, as experimental evidence from relevant large scales is lacking. Here we quantify the impact of different experimentally controlled herbivore densities on the recruitment and survival of birch Betula pubescens tortuosa along an altitudinal gradient in the mountains of southern Norway. After eight years of summer grazing in large-scale enclosures at densities of 0, 25, and 80 sheep/km2, birch recruited within the whole altitudinal range of ungrazed enclosures, but recruitment was rarer in enclosures with low-density sheep and was largely limited to within the treeline in enclosures with high-density sheep. In contrast, the distribution of saplings (birch older than the experiment) did not differ between grazing treatments, suggesting that grazing sheep primarily limit the establishment of new tree recruits rather than decrease the survival of existing individuals. This study provides direct experimental evidence that herbivores can limit the treeline below its potential at the landscape scale and even at low herbivore densities in this climatic zone. Land use changes should thus be considered in addition to climatic changes as potential drivers of ecotone shifts.     

Energy content and fecundity of capelin (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mallotus villosus</Emphasis>) along a 1,500-km latitudinal gradient

Capelin is a planktivorous key fish species in many subarctic ecosystems representing the link between lower trophic levels and apex predators. Little is known, however, of capelin in Greenland waters, but it has been suggested that size and growth increases due to difference in food availability and temperature conditions along a 1,500 km south–north gradient on the west coast. It is presently unknown how the qualitative state of capelin energy content is affected along this gradient. Based on 2007 and 2008 samples, we show that energy content increases with capelin length in both spawning and non-spawning fish and that it varies with latitude in spawning fish along West Greenland (60–71°N). Combining our results on energy content with information on capelin growth along the same latitudinal climate gradient demonstrates that less and lower-quality food is available to capelin predators in the south than in the north.     

祁连山青海云杉群落物种组成及α多样性垂直分布

通过对祁连山自然保护区青海云杉群落物种组成及α多样性垂直分布格局的研究,结果表明：祁连山自然保护区青海云杉群落内有维管植物25科51属96种,其中乔木4种,灌木29种,草本62种;植物种相对集中分布于海拔2 680～2 890 m的阴坡;随海拔梯度升高,群落内植物种数减少,且相邻样地的共有种数呈不明显的先减少而后增加的趋势,Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数呈降低趋势;不同林型的植物种的丰富度依次为：青海云杉混交林〉草类-青海云杉林〉苔藓-青海云杉林〉灌木-青海云杉林〉马先蒿-青海云杉林。     

青藏高原东部亚高山森林草甸植被地理格局的成因探讨

森林和草地在亚高山带的阴阳坡上形成的交错分布现象,呈一弧型分布在青藏高原东部本文在综合分析了造成这种现象的生理生态因素之后,重点从火的作用、放牧作用和历史时期人类活动的影响等方面,讨论了青藏高原东部亚高山带植被地理格局的形成原因结果表明,自然生态因素和人类活动的影响在植被地理格局的形成过程中起着同等重要的作用,其中火灾的作用以及气候变化造成的人口迁移压力作用十分明显．在这一弧形区域内,林线以下的亚高山灌丛或草甸多属次生类型,人类有目的的烧荒和长期放牧阻滞了植被的顺向演替,维持了亚高山（灌丛）草甸的偏途顶级状态．     

Growth release and growth inhibition of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the Loess Plateau of western Shanxi Province,China北大核心CSCD

There has been increased focus on the impacts of climate change on vegetation growth, and human activities that interfere with the vegetation. Discussing the effects of climate change and thinning activity on forest growth is essential to expand plantation areas. In this study, the dendroecological method was used to analyze the radial growth of Pinus tabulaeformis to reveal the impacts of climate change and human activities on forest stand growth. These samples were derived from three different density areas of P. tabulaeformis forest at the Linfen City of Shanxi Province (the east of Loess Plateau). The correlation analysis between tree ring width index and climatic factors indicated that the growth of P. tabulaeformis was negatively related to precipitation in January and the monthly maximum temperature in December of the previous year, whereas positively correlated with precipitation in July and the monthly maximum temperature in October in that year. The phenomena of growth release and inhibition could be attributed to the impacts of climate change and thinning during 1978-2003. However, growth inhibition was closely related to unsuitable climatic conditions. Plot 1 showed a moderate growth inhibition period when the growth variation was less than -50%, and growth release was caused by thinning. The growth variation was greater than 47% in the period of growth release. Moreover, a slight growth release occurred due to tending in plot 2, and the rate of growth change exceeded 39%. A slight growth suppression induced by uncomfortable climatic condition caused growth variation less than -32% and a moderate growth release by the interaction of cutting and comfortable counterpart made variation rate larger than 75% in plot 3. The release effects of thinning can last for about 5 years. In summary, inappropriate climatic conditions can inhibit the growth of trees, and thinning can promote tree growth by about 5 years. The results can provide a reference for local forest management. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Climate determines upper, but not lower, altitudinal range limits of Pacific Northwest conifers

Does climate determine species' ranges? Rapid rates of anthropogenic warming make this classic ecological question especially relevant. We ask whether climate controls range limits by quantifying relationships between climatic variables (precipitation, temperature) and tree growth across the altitudinal ranges of six Pacific Northwestern conifers on Mt. Rainier, Washington, USA. Results for three species (Abies amabilis, Callitropsis nootkatensis, Tsuga mertensiana) whose upper limits occur at treeline (> 1600 m) imply climatic controls on upper range limits, with low growth in cold and high snowpack years. Annual growth was synchronized among individuals at upper limits for these high-elevation species, further suggesting that stand-level effects such as climate constrain growth more strongly than local processes. By contrast, at lower limits climatic effects on growth were weak for these high-elevation species. Growth-climate relationships for three low-elevation species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla) were not consistent with expectations of climatic controls on upper limits, which are located within closed-canopy forest (< 1200 m). Annual growth of these species was poorly synchronized among individuals. Our results suggest that climate controls altitudinal range limits at treeline, while local drivers (perhaps biotic interactions) influence growth in closed-canopy forests. Climate-change-induced range shifts in closed-canopy forests will therefore be difficult to predict accurately.     

天津植被指数对气候因子响应的敏感性分析

探索植被覆盖与气候变化相互关系是全球环境变化研究领域的重要内容之一,研究特定区域植被对气候变化响应特征对植被重建和生态恢复具有重要意义。然而,目前植被对气候因子响应的敏感性研究还十分缺乏。利用1982—2003年8km×8km的NASA/GIMMS半月合成的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和同期气候数据,研究了天津地区NDVI对气候因子响应特征及其敏感性。结果表明：植被NDVI与气温及降水均有显著非线性正相关关系（P〈0.0001）;在半月平均气温低于0℃时,植被NDVI与气温没有显著性相关,而从气温高于0℃,一直到高于22℃,NDVI与气温的关系均达到显著性水平（P〈0.05）,但相关性是逐渐降低的;当半月平均气温高于23℃及以上时,NDVI与气温没有显著的相关关系（P〉0.05）;当半月降水量〉0mm时,NDVI与降水存在极显著正相关关系（P〈0.0001）,随着降水量的增加,相关关系减弱,在降水量大于50mm时,NDVI与降水没有显著相关关系（P〉0.05）;研究结果证实,天津地区植被指数对气候的响应存有明显的非线性特征,在低温和低降水量条件下植被的响应更为敏感,23℃和50mm分别是该地区影响植被生长的气温和降水阈值。结合1982—2003年逐半月气候条件分析发现,气温的影响主要是春、秋两季,而降水的影响主要表现在春、秋及夏初。     

浑善达克沙地油松树轮宽度与气候因子的关系

为探讨不同径级油松对气候因子敏感度的差异,利用树木年轮学方法研究浑善达克沙地油松林40株油松样本建立的大径级(平均胸径34.5 cm)和小径级(平均胸径15.5 cm)油松的年轮宽度年表与气候因子的关系.结果表明:油松的平均敏感度与胸径大小呈线性负相关;不同径级油松的标准年表对气候因子的响应存在一致性,均表现为与春季温度正相关而与夏季温度负相关,并与降水呈正相关关系;其中与当年1~2月、当年9月的平均温度和最高温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与当年6月的平均温度和最高温度呈显著负相关(P<0.05);与当年1~2月和8~9月的最低温度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与上年10月、当年5月和当年7月的降水呈显著正相关(P<0.05);同时,不同径级油松的标准年表对气候因子的响应还具有一定的差异性,即仅小径级油松表现为与当年6月的降水呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与当年7月的最高温度呈显著负相关(P<0.05).因此,利用树木生态学研究时应该考虑不同径级油松树轮年表对气候因子的响应差异.     

Impacts of daily weather variability on simulations of the Canadian boreal forest

This study examines the importance of climate variability when simulating forest succession using a process-based model of stand development. The FORSKA-2V forest gap model, originally developed for forcing with monthly mean climate data, was modified to accept daily weather data. The model's performance was compared using different temporal resolutions of forcing along a bioclimatic transect crossing the boreal region of central Canada, including the aspen-parkland and forest-tundra ecotones. Forcing the model with daily weather data improved the simulation of key attributes of present-day forest along the transect, particularly at the ecotones, compared to forcing with monthly data or long term averages. The results support the hypothesis that climatic variability at daily time-scales is an important determinant of present-day boreal forest composition and productivity. To simulate boreal forest response to climatic change it will be necessary to create climatic scenarios that include plausible projections of future daily scale variability.     

Analysis of PCB levels in snow from the Aconcagua Mountain (Southern Andes) using the stir bar sorptive extraction

This paper presents a first result of an investigation of the presence of anthropogenic pollutants named polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, sum of 25 congeners) in snow samples in the Aconcagua Mountains in the Andean Range, along an altitudinal gradient. Samples were taken during an expedition in 2003 and analysed by using a specific technique of thermodesorption and GC-MS adapted to small amount of sample. Mountain ecosystems could be efficient natural trap of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) transported by the atmosphere, and it is shown in this note that PCBs are also present in snow samples but at low concentrations, levels ranged from 0.02 to 0.190 ng/L. The detected congeners were those more persistent (PCB 138, PCB180) and compared to other mountain and cold areas around the world, detected levels are in the low range indicating that pollution levels are lower in the southern hemisphere. This results points out the need of investigating with some more detail the role of mountains in the trapping of POPs and the associated risks including the climate change.     

Holocene forest development and maintenance on different substrates in the Klamath Mountains, northern California, USA

The influence of substrate on long-term vegetation dynamics has received little attention, and yet nutrient-limited ecosystems have some of the highest levels of endemism in the world. The diverse geology of the Klamath Mountains of northern California (USA) allows examination of the long-term influence of edaphic constraints in subalpine forests through a comparison of vegetation histories between nutrient-limited ultramafic substrates and terrain that is more fertile. Pollen and charcoal records spanning up to 15000 years from ultramafic settings reveal a distinctly different vegetation history compared to other soil types. In non-ultramafic settings, the dominant trees and shrubs shifted in elevation in response to Holocene climate variations resulting in compositional and structural changes, whereas on ultramafic substrates changes were primarily structural, not compositional. Fire activity was similar through most of the Holocene with the exception of declines over the last 4000 years on ultramafic substrates, likely due to the reduction of understory fuels and cooler wetter conditions than in the middle Holocene. These results suggest that the tree and shrub distributions were more responsive to past climate changes on non-ultramafic substrates compared to those on ultramafic substrates. The combination of these dynamics may help explain high levels of plant diversity in the Klamath Mountains and provide insights for managing these complex ecosystems.     

生物多样性的海拔分布格局研究及进展

生物多样性的海拔分布格局受制于气候、空间、环境等多种因子的影响,综合大量研究发现,无论是动植物还是微生物,环境因子对其影响与驱动的作用最明显.海拔梯度是决定分布格局的重要因素之一,因此探讨生物多样性在环境因子驱动下的海拔分布格局具有重要意义.文章分别探讨了植物、土壤动物和土壤微生物多样性沿海拔梯度的变化规律,揭示了温度...     

西大别山百战坪黄山松径向生长对气候因子的响应

研究基于标准的树轮年代学研究方法（样芯经固定、晾干、打磨、交叉定年、测量和标准化等处理）,首次建立了大别山西部的黄柏山百战坪的黄山松树轮宽度标准年表。研究发现,黄山松宽度年表有较高的信噪比SNR和样本解释总量EPS,表明树轮宽度年表中含有较多的气候信息,适合做树轮气候学研究。树轮宽度年表与气象因子关系的研究结果显示,黄山松树轮宽度与上一年10月、12月及当年的5月至9月的气温（包括月均最高气温、月均温和月均最低气温）呈较高的负相关,且在上一年的12月和当年7月月均最高气温和月均温的限制作用较强,而上一年10月月均温限制作用最大,这表明上一年生长季末和当年生长季中的高温通过对水分的影响限制黄山松的生长。树轮指数与当年2月、4月至7月的月降水及月相对湿度（6月份除外）均呈较高正相关,说明在进入生长期前后充足水分对黄山松生长有促进作用,但当降水或相对湿度过大时（如上年8月与当年6月）对黄山松生长就起到一定的限制作用。本研究结果填补了大别山西段树木年轮研究的空白,为该区域树木年轮气候重建研究提供参考和基础数据,也为黄柏山自然保护区今后的森林培育和森林管理提供了一定的理论依据。     

Assessing the past and future distribution and productivity of ponderosa pine in the Pacific Northwest using a process model, 3-PG

Climate variability at decadal scales influences not only the growth of widely distributed species such as Pinus ponderosa, but also can have an effect on the timing and severity of fire and insect outbreaks that may alter species distributions. In this paper, we present a spatial modelling technique to assess the influence of climatic variability on the annual productivity of P. ponderosa in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of North America over the past 100 years and infer how a sustained change in climate might alter the geographic distribution of this species across defined ecotones. Field observations were used to establish criteria for P. ponderosa dominance including: (1) maximum summer leaf area index (LAI), ranges between 1.5 and 2.5; (2) 80% of available soil water is depleted during summer months; and (3) soil water will return to full capacity at least once during the year. Where these three criteria were not met, eventual replacement of P. ponderosa would be predicted. We utilized a simple physiological model, Physiological Principles for Predicting Growth (3-PG) to predict annual variation in LAI from climatic data provided by the Oregon Climate Service over the period from 1900 to 2000 and from broad scale 0.5°-spatial resolution future climate projections produced by the Hadley Climate Center, UK. From these simulations we produced a series of maps that display predicted shifts of zones where ponderosa pine might be expected to contract or expand its range if modeled climatic conditions at annual and decadal intervals were sustained. From the historical simulations, the most favorable year for pine dominance was 1958 and the least favorable, 1924. The most favorable decade was in the 1900s and the least favorable in the 1930s. The future predictions indicate a reduction in the current range of the P. ponderosa type along the western Cascade Range however, an increase along the east side and inland PNW. The model predicts that pine dominance should increase between 5 and 10% over the next century, mainly in inland Oregon, Idaho, and Washington.     

Weak climatic control of stand-scale fire history during the late holocene

Forest fire occurrence is affected by multiple controls that operate at local to regional scales. At the spatial scale of forest stands, regional climatic controls may be obscured by local controls (e.g., stochastic ignitions, topography, and fuel loads), but the long-term role of such local controls is poorly understood. We report here stand-scale (<100 ha) fire histories of the past 5000 years based on the analysis of sediment charcoal at two lakes 11 km apart in southeastern British Columbia. The two lakes are today located in similar subalpine forests, and they likely have experienced the same late-Holocene climatic changes because of their close proximity. We evaluated two independent properties of fire history: (1) fire-interval distribution, a measure of the overall incidence of fire, and (2) fire synchroneity, a measure of the co-occurrence of fire (here, assessed at centennial to millennial time scales due to the resolution of sediment records). Fire-interval distributions differed between the sites prior to, but not after, 2500 yr before present. When the entire 5000-yr period is considered, no statistical synchrony between fire-episode dates existed between the two sites at any temporal scale, but for the last 2500 yr marginal levels of synchrony occurred at centennial scales. Each individual fire record exhibited little coherency with regional climate changes. In contrast, variations in the composite record (average of both sites) matched variations in climate evidenced by late-Holocene glacial advances. This was probably due to the increased sample size and spatial extent represented by the composite record (up to 200 ha) plus increased regional climatic variability over the last several millennia, which may have partially overridden local, non-climatic controls. We conclude that (1) over past millennia, neighboring stands with similar modern conditions may have experienced different fire intervals and asynchronous patterns in fire episodes, likely because local controls outweighed the synchronizing effect of climate; (2) the influence of climate on fire occurrence is more strongly expressed when climatic variability is relatively great; and (3) multiple records from a region are essential if climate-fire relations are to be reliably described.     

山地垂直带谱研究评述

山地垂直带谱研究是地学地域分异规律研究的重要内容之一,垂直带谱受土壤、气候和生物条件的影响,呈现不同的分布特征.在气候变化的影响下,垂直带谱也发生着剧烈的变化,并对气候变化起指示作用.本文通过梳理山地垂直带谱研究的主要历程,就山地垂直带谱的成因和格局以及研究方法的革新进行了探讨,并对我国的山地垂直带谱研究以及落基山脉和阿尔卑斯山脉等其他地域的研究状况进行综合论述.分析认为利用现有的观测数据,如气象、生物、土壤和地形等方面资料,研究山地垂直带谱的演替过程以及格局变化,关注未来气候变化情景下垂直带谱对于生态安全和环境保护显得尤为重要.同时,多学科的介入和交叉知识的融合对山地垂直带谱研究有着重要的意义,如研究带谱的形成,需要对地质构造、气象成因、植物生理、土壤生态等各方面的知识,在大尺度的研究中,遥感技术以及计算机信息工程要纳入其中.目前山地垂直带谱的理论基础也无法满足科学研究的需求,理论化研究需要进一步推进.综述期望为我国山地科学研究、综合地域分异、地理区划和环境变化研究提供-定的参考.