Regulatory attitudes and environmental innovation in a model combining internal and external R&D

The extent to which environmental regulatory institutions are either ‘green’ or ‘brown’ impacts not just the intensity of regulation at any moment, but also the incentives for the development of new pollution-control technologies. We set up a strategic model of R&D in which a polluter can deploy technologies developed in-house, or license technologies developed by specialist outsiders (an ‘eco-industry’). Polluters exert R&D effort and may even develop redundant technologies to improve the terms on which they procure technology from outside. We find that, while regulatory bias has an ambiguous impact on the best-available technology, strategic delegation to systematically biased regulators can improve social welfare.     

树立全局观念充分发挥环境监测中心的中心作用

本文结合天津环境监测工作实际，在改革开放强化管理的新形势下，环境监测工作面临着新的机遇和挑战。本文从转变思想，树立全局观念出发，着重论述了制定规章，明确职责，提高监测水平，加强自身建设等方面的问题，充分发挥监测中心的中心作用。     

开发研制预防污染的绿色化学产品

文章叙述绿色化学在环境保护中的应用,绿色化学是一门从源头上彻底阻止污染的化学,简介了几种开发研制的对人类健康和环境安全的绿色化学产品及研究开发进展。     

论行业协会的产业安全阀功能

经济全球化背景下，产业安全问题成为影响中国产业竞争力的重要因素．行业协会对产业具有特殊的安全阀功能．发展中国行业协会，关键取决于政府对其的推动和扶持．     

关于贸易与环境关系的几点认识及其对我国的启示

环境与贸易是环境与发展的热点问题之一。环境与贸易的主要关系问题包括贸易活动本身与环境的关系问题 ,以及贸易规则与环境的关系问题。环境成本外部化是这些问题的根源。我国在新形势下针对这些问题应当采取相应的对策措施。     

Scarcity, growth and R&D

The limits to economic growth due to resource scarcity can be alleviated only by the development of backstop substitutes. This paper combines resource-based economic growth with R&D to reduce the cost of backstop technologies. Characterizing the entire dynamics of optimal growth and R&D processes, we find that an economy's growth prospects depend on its type, as determined by its production technology and learning ability, and by its knowledge–capital endowment. A wide variety of growth patterns emerges, ranging from cases in which an economy that without R&D eventually stagnates (converges to a steady state) is diverted by R&D onto a path of sustained growth, to cases in which R&D is not warranted. Resource scarcity is shown to encourage R&D due to the increased reliance on the backstop technology.     

药物在碳基材料上的共吸附和竞争吸持动力学

本研究考察了两种药物磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和卡马西平（CBZ）在活性炭（AC）、单壁碳纳米管（SC）和氧化石墨烯（GO）上的单一吸附、共吸附和竞争吸持动力学特性,用拟一级动力学（PFOM）和修正后的拟二级动力学（PSOM）两种模型对实验数据进行了拟合。研究结果表明,单一吸附体系中SMX和CBZ在3种吸附剂上的吸附速率为GO>AC>SC,吸附速率与吸附剂的形貌和表面性质有关;与SMX相比,CBZ由于具有强疏水作用和较强的π-π 作用而具有更高的竞争吸附能力;在两种竞争体系中,SMX和CBZ在碳基材料上的吸附速率和吸附容量都会有所降低,竞争物质在吸附剂上形成的空间位阻是造成吸附速率降低的主要原因。     

亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种间的竞争效应与竞争反应

运用邻体干扰模型及其野外工作方法,初步研究了缙云山亚热带次生常绿阔叶林优势种马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、大头茶(Gordonia acumenata)和白毛新木姜子(Neolitea aurata var. glauca)3个种群间的竞争效应与竞争反应.结果表明(1)种内竞争效应排序为马尾松＞大头茶＞白毛新木姜子;(2)种间竞争效应排序为白毛新木姜子＞马尾松＞大头茶;(3) 种间竞争反应排序为大头茶＞马尾松＞白毛新木姜子;(4)白毛新木姜子与大头茶之间的竞争强度最大,达到1.05;大头茶与马尾松之间的竞争强度最小,仅为0.32. 表3 参8     

Saharan dust clouds and human health in the English-speaking Caribbean: what we know and don’t know

Dust clouds travel across the Atlantic to the Americas and the Caribbean Islands. This long-range transport of dust leads to clouds that are enriched with small particles less than 10 microm aerodynamic diameter (PM10) which can reach human airways. The dust clouds also bring pollen, microbes, insects and chemicals, all of which could potentially have a negative impact on human health. This has led to a small number of retrospective studies being conducted on the islands of Barbados and Trinidad to look at possible associations between dust cover and acute asthma admissions to Emergency Rooms. The results have been conflicting. This review examines these studies, offers possible explanations for the differences in results, and suggests that there is a need for a prospective Caribbean-wide study to assess fully any relationship between African dust clouds and human respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.     

Fitness consequences of sexual cannibalism in female<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Argiope bruennichi</Emphasis>

The evolution of sexual cannibalism as the most extreme form of nuptial feeding is still poorly understood. Although increasing evidence suggests that female aggressiveness is related to other aspects of foraging behaviour, it is not clear whether the nutritional value of a male is sufficient to provide an adaptive significance for sexual cannibalism. A widely cited though rarely tested explanation is based on a paternal investment model, and predicts that consumption of a male results in increased female fecundity. The available evidence is either correlational or restricted to species with relatively large and potentially nutritious males, and different studies have come to different conclusions. Here we present a test of the paternal investment hypothesis using the very cannibalistic and highly size-dimorphic spider Argiope bruennichi. After a preset schedule, we had females consume none, one or two males independent of the female's cannibalistic behaviour. Consumption of male bodies did not result in any detectable fitness benefit for the female: neither the number of clutches, nor clutch size or hatching success were affected by consumption of males. The frequency of cannibalism was around 80%, independent of the female mating status. We did not observe male complicity, but cannibalism was associated with prolonged copulation. This suggests a sexually selected benefit of cannibalism for males. We conclude that the paternal investment hypothesis does not explain the existence of sexual cannibalism in A. bruennichi and probably not in other spider species with a pronounced sexual size dimorphism.Communicated by L. Simmons     

整合分析在生态学应用中的优势及存在的问题

整合分析(meta-analysis)是对同一主题下多个独立实验结果进行综合的统计学方法，被认为是到目前为止最好的数量综合方法。结合实例讨论了整合分析在生态学应用中的优势及存在的问题，并介绍了一些解决问题的方法。有明确的选择文献标准、给出了测量指标…效应值、设计严密，分析结果客观性强是其优点；在生态学应用中最严重的问题是选择效应值时面临的生物学意义和统计学特性不能兼顾，其它不足之处主要有选择文献时面临的数据缺失、原文献数据的非正态分布、文章的发表偏见、非随机性选择独立研究等。     

固相微萃取采集空气中苯系物的竞争吸附效应

通过采用多组分苯系物标准气体对萃取头的吸附情况进行分析和各种参数的考察,对固相微萃取技术应用于空气中苯系物的检测方法和相互的竞争吸附行为进行了研究.结果表明,固相微萃取技术在空气中苯系物定量检测的应用过程中受多种因素影响,各种苯系物在萃取头表面存在显著的竞争吸附效应使定量较为困难,但通过标准加入法可满足定量检测的需要,并得到了相应的应用条件和范围.