Cd2+胁迫对文蛤鳃组织SOD、CAT活性及MDA含量的影响

为了解不同质量浓度的Cd2+对水生动物的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和脂质过氧化的影响,以文蛤为研究材料,采用室内模拟试验的方法,依据Cd2+对文蛤96h半致死质量浓度(LC50),设置4个Cd2+胁迫组,胁迫质量浓度分别为0.41 mg/L( 1/32LC50)、0.82 mg/L(1/16 LC50)、1.65 mg/L(1/8 LC50)、3.30 mg/L( 1/4LC50),并设置对照组,每组3个平行.研究不同质量浓度的Cd2+对文蛤鳃组织SOD、CAT活性和MDA含量的影响.结果表明:文蛤鳃组织SOD活性在0.41 mg/L和0.82 mg/L胁迫下,试验前期(0～48 h)呈现诱导效应,试验后期(48～96 h)呈现抑制效应,其余胁迫质量浓度在试验过程中均对文蛤鳃组织SOD活性呈现抑制效应;CAT活性在低质量浓度(0.41 mg/L)胁迫下出现阶段性抑制效应,接着呈现诱导-抑制过程,中高质量浓度在整个过程呈现诱导-抑制的过程;经过96h的胁迫试验,各胁迫组文蛤鳃组织中MDA含量显著上升(p＜0.05),Cd2+对MDA的诱导作用显著且存在剂量-效应关系.     

铁对铜绿微囊藻生长活性及产毒的影响

以MA培养基为基础,向无铁培养基中添加不同质量浓度的FeCl3,对对数生长期的铜绿微囊藻进行接种培养,比较不同Fe3+浓度下,铜绿微囊藻的生长、活性及产毒状况.结果表明,无Fe3+时,藻的生长、细胞活性和产毒受到抑制;Fe3+浓度增大时,有利于藻的生长,且当Fe3+质量浓度为0.42 mg/L时,培养42 d后细胞密度达到最大(4.5×1010个/L).过高或过低浓度的Fe3+均会抑制藻细胞活性和毒素的产生.Fe3+质量浓度为0.04 mg/L时,脱氢酶活性较好;质量浓度为0.10 mg/L时,适宜藻毒素MCLR的生成,且单位生物量藻细胞的MCLR产量可达0.32 mg.研究表明,Fe3+浓度对藻细胞完整性的影响不大,而且藻细胞的最佳生长条件并不是其最佳产毒条件.     

波茨坦短芽孢杆菌降解4-氯酚和苯酚的特性

考察了波茨坦短芽孢杆菌对4-氯酚的降解特性及4-氯酚与苯酚在双底物体系中的相互作用。结果表明,波茨坦短芽孢杆菌能以4-氯酚为唯一碳源和能源,完全降解200 mg/L、250 mg/L及300 mg/L的4-氯酚所需时间分别为48 h、63 h和84 h,但该菌无法降解350 mg/L的4-氯酚,表明较高浓度的4-氯酚对细胞生长有较强的抑制作用。酶活分析表明,4-氯酚可诱导波茨坦短芽孢杆菌合成氯代邻苯二酚1,2-加氧酶并通过邻位裂解途径降解。细胞生长动力学过程符合Haldane方程,动力学参数为细胞最大比生长速μmax=0.145 h~(-1),半饱和系数KS=30.45 mg/L,底物抑制系数Ki=127.62 mg/L,决定系数R~2=0.98。在4-氯酚和苯酚双底物降解过程中,4-氯酚的存在会抑制苯酚的降解,当4-氯酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,1 400 mg/L苯酚被完全降解耗时更长,菌体优先利用苯酚作为碳源和能源,苯酚被完全降解后大部分4-氯酚才开始被降解;苯酚对4-氯酚降解的影响体现为低浓度促进和高浓度抑制,苯酚促进时质量浓度为100~300 mg/L,而苯酚质量浓度高于300 mg/L会产生抑制作用,当苯酚初始质量浓度为200 mg/L时4-氯酚降解速率最大。采用Abuhamed动力学方程可以准确描述4-氯酚/苯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长过程,苯酚对4-氯酚降解的抑制程度I_(1,2)=1.47,4-氯酚对苯酚降解的抑制程度I_(2,1)=2.56,决定系数R~2=0.95。研究表明,4-氯酚对苯酚降解的抑制作用大于苯酚对4-氯酚。     

HgCl2对铜绿微囊藻的急性毒性效应研究

研究了铜绿微囊藻在HgCl2胁迫下的生理指标变化.试验以藻OD680值的变化及光合色素质量浓度为指标检测藻种生长状况,研究了不同质量浓度HgCl2对微囊藻的毒性效应.结果表明,0.05-1.00 mg/L的HgCl2各处理组对藻种的生长均有抑制作用,且胁迫质量浓度与生长抑制间呈现正相关.随着HgCl2质量浓度的升高,藻光合色素质量浓度降低.l mg/L组抑制程度最显著,藻液由黄绿色变为白色,颜色变化明显,72h生长抑制率为50.76％,96h叶绿素a合成抑制率为90.09％.胁迫96h后,各处理组叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的比值均比对照组低,Hg对叶绿素的影响比类胡萝卜素更为显著.     

DEP、DOP暴露对鲤鱼的酸碱性磷酸酶的影响

为了研究酞酸酯类对水生生物的毒性作用,将鲤鱼暴露于DEP与DOP的6个质量浓度组中进行96h-LC50急性毒性试验,测得其半致死质量浓度(96 h-LC50)分别为41.50mg/L与7.95 mg/L。分别设置3个质量浓度和1个对照组,测定DEP与DOP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织酸性磷酸酶(ACP)与碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的影响。结果表明:DEP与DOP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织ACP活性的影响趋势均表现为低质量浓度诱导,高质量浓度抑制;DEP对鲤鱼肝脏及肌肉组织ALP活性的影响亦表现为低质量浓度诱导,高质量浓度抑制;而DOP对鲤鱼肝脏ALP活性的影响表现为随着暴露质量浓度的增大而活性降低,呈现出明显的剂量-效应关系。酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶可能在鱼体抵御酞酸酯毒性作用中有重要作用,其机理有待进一步研究。     

颜料红23对锦鲤的毒性及对部分组织中磷酸酶活性的影响

为了研究偶氮染料颜料红23对水生生物的毒性作用,将锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)分别暴露于5个质量浓度的颜料红23溶液中,设1个对照组,进行96 h-LC_(50)急性毒性试验,测得其半致死质量浓度(96h-LC_(50))为255.38 mg/L。测定了颜料红23对锦鲤鳃、肝脏及肌肉组织中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性的影响。结果表明:颜料红23对锦鲤鳃中AKP和ACP活性的影响趋势相反,AKP活性表现为诱导—抑制—诱导效应,ACP则表现为抑制—诱导—抑制效应;颜料红23对锦鲤肝脏组织中AKP、ACP活性的影响趋势相同,均表现为抑制效应;在锦鲤肌肉组织中,AKP活性表现为诱导—抑制效应,ACP表现为抑制—诱导—抑制效应。AKP和ACP在鱼体抵御偶氮染料毒性方面有着重要作用。     

镉和乙草胺对少根紫萍的毒性效应

联合毒性实验在水环境污染评价中非常重要.本文以少根紫萍(Spirodela Oligorrhiza)为研究对象,研究了重金属Cd和除草剂乙草胺对少根紫萍生长的单一毒性和联合毒性效应.实验结果表明:Cd、乙草胺及对少根紫萍的96h-IC50分别为4.77mg/L和6.95mg/L,在浓度1:1的情况下,Cd与乙草胺共存对少根紫萍的96h-IC50为1.41mg/L,采用Marking相加指数法求得相加指数AI为1.00,大于零,为协同作用.同时,随着Cd、乙草胺处理浓度的增加,少根紫萍叶绿素a的浓度下降,其中Cd对叶绿素a的影响大于乙草胺,复合污染对叶绿素a的影响明显大于单一污染,也表现为协同作用.另外,本文还对少根紫萍生长抑制试验进行了探讨,建议使用植物体数和重复间的偏差作为衡量试验质量的指标.     

离子液体1-丁基-3甲基咪唑甘氨酸盐[C4mim][Gly]对小麦幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

采用水培及种子萌发期直接胁迫的方法,研究了离子液体(ILs)1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甘氨酸盐胁迫对小麦幼苗生长和部分生理特性的影响.结果表明,小麦幼苗对25mg/L、50mg/L、100 mg/L和200mg/L的ILs处理不敏感,生长指标没有显著变化;在500mg/L的ILs处理下.小麦幼苗的所有生长指标均降低.ILs处理使超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,表明500mg/L ILs胁迫植物生长受到抑制.因此,低质量浓度ILs对小麦幼苗影响不大,500mg/L ILs处理毒害作用非常显著.     

硫酸铜和氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼急性毒性试验

为探究重金属和农药对斑马鱼的毒性与安全评价,选用硫酸铜、氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼进行急性毒性试验,以24～96h半致死浓度(LC50)判定斑马鱼对这两种药物的敏感性.结果表明,硫酸铜24 hLC50、48h LC50、72 h LC50、96h LC50分别为12mg/L、7.9 mg/L、6.8mg/L、5.4 mg/L;氰戊菊酯24 h LC50、48h LC50、72h LC50、96h LC50分别为1.2×10-4 mg/L、0.9×10-4 mg/L、0.9×10-4 mg/L、0.9×10-4 mg/L; 硫酸铜安全质量浓度为1.03mg/L,氰戊菊酯为1.52×1O-5 mg/L.参照我国化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准,判定硫酸铜对斑马鱼急性毒性为Ⅱ级,氰戊菊酯对斑马鱼急性毒性为Ⅰ级.     

波茨坦短芽孢杆菌降解间甲酚和4-氯酚的特性

为了高效处理工业含酚废水,研究了波茨坦短芽孢杆菌降解双底物体系过程中间甲酚和4-氯酚的相互作用及苯酚对间甲酚和4-氯酚降解的影响。结果表明,在间甲酚-4-氯酚体系中,4-氯酚会抑制间甲酚的降解,4-氯酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,160 mg/L的间甲酚降解时间延长了8 h;同时间甲酚也抑制4-氯酚的降解,间甲酚初始质量浓度为40 mg/L时,160 mg/L的4-氯酚降解时间延长了4 h。采用Abuhamed动力学方程可以准确描述间甲酚-4-氯酚双底物降解体系中细胞生长的过程,动力学参数I_(1,2)=1.77,I_(2,1)=2.47,决定系数R~2=0.96。拟合参数表明,4-氯酚对间甲酚降解的抑制要强于间甲酚对4-氯酚降解的抑制。酶活测定表明,底物抑制作用增强时苯酚羟化酶和邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶的活性降低。添加低质量浓度的苯酚会对间甲酚和4-氯酚的降解产生促进作用,最佳促进质量浓度为200mg/L;添加300 mg/L以上的苯酚会对间甲酚和4-氯酚的降解产生抑制作用,抑制作用随苯酚质量浓度升高而增强。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.