基于截流“钻墙”的厚煤层煤巷掘进地质探测技术及工程应用

为提前探测厚煤层掘进工作面前方煤厚变化和隐伏构造等地质异常,基于截流"钻墙"治理瓦斯的技术优越性,提出利用截流"钻墙"抽采工程超前探测掘进工作面前方煤厚变化和隐伏构造的技术。首先通过设计"立体式"连续控制煤层顶(底)板的瓦斯抽采钻孔,分析施工过程中钻孔长度的异常变化,对隐伏构造初步探测;然后利用"挂耳式"抽采钻孔,进行地质异常的补充探测;结合工作面瓦斯监测监控数据,运用地质分析法,综合预测掘进工作面前方可能出现的煤厚变化和隐伏构造。结果表明,应用该技术能够探明工作面前方落差0.8 m的断层,指导掘进工作面瓦斯均衡抽采,提高工作面的掘进速度。矿井在应用截流"钻墙"抽采煤层瓦斯的过程中,为了避免因煤层隐伏构造引起的瓦斯抽采不均衡问题,可以通过对截流"钻墙"抽采钻孔资料的搜集分析,预测出工作面前方存在的隐伏构造,及时优化抽采钻孔布置方式,保障瓦斯均衡高效抽采。     

基于瓦斯抽采钻孔的石门揭煤区域煤层地质精查方法

及时准确地探明石门揭煤区域煤层地质条件,对防治煤与瓦斯突出、保障煤矿安全生产具有重要意义。以石门揭煤区域煤层瓦斯抽采常规方案为模型,提出了利用瓦斯抽采钻孔探查目标煤层地质条件的基本原理和具体步骤:采用解析几何方法计算钻孔控制煤层底板(顶板)点三维坐标、煤层厚度和掘进工作面距煤层任意垂距时巷道掘进量,运用Matlab软件绘制煤层底板(顶板)等高线图、煤层等厚线图和石门揭煤三维地质模型,进而直观且定量地预测煤层产状、地质构造、煤层厚度等地质条件。阐述了基于瓦斯抽采钻孔的石门揭煤区域地质精查的基本流程:根据已知矿井地质资料对煤层地质条件做出预判,边探边掘,利用瓦斯抽采钻孔数据和Matlab绘图软件实现目标煤层地质条件的定量预测。实践证明该方法具有可行性和有效性。     

利用瓦斯抽采穿层钻孔预测煤层小断层工程实践

小构造附近是瓦斯灾害容易发生的危险地带,探明煤层小构造对煤矿的安全生产至关重要。基于古汉山矿二1煤层瓦斯抽采工程特点,分析利用瓦斯抽采穿层钻孔进行地质构造探测的可行性,根据试验工作面、底抽巷、瓦斯抽采穿层钻孔空间关系,建立煤层小构造预测数学模型及预测方法。结合试验工作面瓦斯抽采穿层钻孔现场施工数据特点,分析钻孔误差及校正方法,绘制煤层底板三维曲面图、煤层底板等高线图、煤层底板趋势面残差图及煤层厚度等值线图。根据煤层底板预测图件,对小构造分布做出了综合判断:在工作面走向通尺360～390 m、倾向上距离运输巷35 m处,可能存在落差1. 5 m、走向N45°W、延伸长度20 m左右的小断层。现场实际揭露地质情况与理论预测结果基本吻合,工作面推进与小构造距离小于20 m时,瓦斯突出危险程度明显增大。     

基于MATLAB的灰色预测系统及其对抽采瓦斯钻孔流量的数值模拟

研究钻孔瓦斯流量的变化及其变化趋势对抽采煤层瓦斯涌出量及钻孔瓦斯涌出初速度等参量的判定具有较大的实用价值。笔者将煤层抽采瓦斯钻孔看作一个灰色系统,利用灰色系统理论,以原始时间序列数据为基础,建立抽采瓦斯钻孔流量的模拟和预测GM(1,1)模型。针对数值模拟中大量的矩阵计算,利用MATLAB软件编制高效的计算机程序,实现了对抽采瓦斯钻孔流量的模拟和预测。为了检验模型模拟和预测结果的精度,选择了合理的误差检验模型。通过工程实例证明了GM(1,1)模型可信度较高,关联度较好,均方差比值为一级,拟合优度高。对瓦斯抽采设计和矿井安全生产具有一定的指导意义。     

煤层瓦斯钻孔有效抽采半径研究

为预测煤矿瓦斯治理中钻孔有效抽采半径,以贵州省四季春煤矿6号煤层为例,建立钻孔周围单元体瓦斯渗流模型,理论推导径向流场瓦斯压力分布特性,采用Comsol数值模拟得到不同抽采时间沿钻孔径向瓦斯压力分布云图;根据理论推导和数值模拟数据,结合临界瓦斯压力(0.5 MPa),得出有效抽采半径,并现场试验验证。结果表明:理论与模拟有效抽采半径结果相对误差率均小于10%,准确性较好;有效抽采半径与抽采时间线性相关,因现场实测有效抽采半径较为复杂,通过理论和数值模拟方法可预测有效抽采半径,为井下瓦斯的治理钻孔瓦斯抽采提供参考。     

抽采钻孔周围煤层瓦斯压力分布理论分析及应用

在煤层瓦斯抽采工艺中,抽采钻孔周围煤层瓦斯压力分布状况决定了最佳抽采时间和抽采半径。为研究抽采钻孔周围煤层瓦斯压力分布情况,通过理论分析和数值模拟,构建抽采钻孔周围煤层瓦斯流量表达式;应用达西渗流定律,推导出抽采钻孔周围煤层瓦斯压力解析表达式;采用瓦斯抽采半径随抽采时间的变化速率作为确定瓦斯抽采最佳时间的依据,给出临界值,并进行工程应用。结果表明:随着测定点与钻孔中心距离的增加,煤层瓦斯压力逐步上升,最终趋于原始值;随着抽采时间延长,瓦斯压力大致呈指数规律下降;瓦斯抽采半径随抽采时间的变化速率临界值可暂定为0.47。     

穿层钻孔有效抽采半径的测定

钻孔的有效抽采半径是在矿井瓦斯抽采设计中的一个关键性参数。准确测定钻孔的有效抽采半径,有利于合理布置瓦斯的抽采钻孔,实现最佳设计、最小工程量和最优抽采效果。根据实际煤层的存在条件,首先采用压降法对矿井试验区内穿层抽采钻孔有效抽采半径和水力冲孔抽采钻孔有效抽采半径进行实测。然后通过Comsol Multiphysics数值模拟软件建立穿层钻孔瓦斯抽采的数值计算模型,所得模拟结果与现场实测数据基本一致。这证明了现场实测结果的正确性和方法的可靠性。该钻孔的有效抽采半径的测定结果可为金牛建业煤矿技改井二1煤层预抽煤层瓦斯的钻孔设计提供参考。     

钻孔抽采瓦斯量影响因素分析与工程实践

为了提高钻孔抽采瓦斯量,基于煤层瓦斯流动和层次分析法等理论,研究了钻孔抽采瓦斯量的影响因素及各影响因素重要度,同时现场考察了透气性系数变化对钻孔瓦斯抽采量的影响。结果表明:钻孔抽采瓦斯量影响因素有煤层透气性系数、煤层原始瓦斯压力、煤层厚度、抽采钻孔孔径和抽采时间等,其中煤层透气性系数是对其起决定影响作用的参数;重要度上煤层透气性系数对钻孔瓦斯抽采量的影响是抽采负压和钻孔半径的7.1倍;被保护层的透气性系数增大可大幅度提高了钻孔抽采瓦斯量。     

矿井瓦斯抽采钻孔偏移特性研究

为避免井下瓦斯抽采钻孔发生轨迹偏移,出现瓦斯抽采盲区,产生瓦斯抽采空白带,首先以山西阳泉新景煤矿15121底抽巷、15124低位巷、15124回风巷为工程背景,测试穿层钻孔和顺层钻孔的偏移情况;然后利用均角全距法计算钻孔三维轨迹数值,并结合煤层赋存地质信息,绘制钻孔三维轨迹与煤岩三维层位关系可视化图,分析影响钻孔偏移的因素和拟合数据,并得出钻孔偏移特性。研究表明：穿层钻孔主要在细砂岩层开始偏移,且均在煤层段偏移变大,煤层段最大偏移量为0.52 m;顺层钻孔开孔倾角相近时,孔深越深终孔垂直偏差越大,40 m孔深平均垂直偏移量为1.37 m;小角度钻孔受重力影响较大,轨迹易发生偏移,大角度钻孔在垂直方向上向上或向下偏移,偏移量比小角度钻孔偏移量小;在水平方向上,底抽巷、低位巷、回风巷布孔间距分别缩短0.68、0.28、0.54 m。     

基于Adam优化深度神经网络快速确定瓦斯抽采半径*

为解决煤矿瓦斯有效抽采半径难以快速准确确定的问题,采用基于Adam算法优化DNN（深度神经网络）方法来预测瓦斯抽采半径。查阅文献共收集已得到验证的970组数据集,每组数据选取煤层瓦斯初始渗透率、钻孔直径、抽采时间、地应力、煤层初始瓦斯压力作为预测模型的5个特征量,有效抽采半径作为目标输出值。接着预测模型进行不断学习和训练,最终训练得到1个最优的瓦斯有效抽采半径预测模型。利用训练好的最优预测模型结合Python语言开发出计算有效抽采半径的软件,并使用该软件在四季春煤矿和鹤煤六矿进行有效抽采半径预测的工程实例研究,验证该软件预测抽采半径的实用性和准确性。研究结果表明:通过使用开发的软件,可快速且较准确地计算出矿井瓦斯有效抽采半径,可为暂不具备现场测试条件的矿井抽采设计提供一定的参考依据。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。