滇池流域农业废弃物资源化利用研究

应用国家重大科技专项"滇池流域面源污染控制技术研究"成果"双室堆沤肥系统",设计使用双室堆沤肥不同的4种处理方式施肥.对施肥前后的作物产量、作物品质、土壤肥力进行对比研究,选出双室堆沤肥和无机肥配施的还田应用的最优施肥处理.处理B施肥方式(双室堆沤肥,化肥减施30%)对增加作物产量、提高作物品质、增加土壤肥力效果最好.     

滇池流域农业废弃物资源化利用研究

应用国家重大科技专项“滇池流域面源污染控制技术研究”成果“双室堆沤肥系统”,设计使用双室堆沤肥不同的4种处理方式施肥。对施肥前后的作物产量、作物品质、土壤肥力进行对比研究,选出双室堆沤肥和无机肥配施的还田应用的最优施肥处理。处理B施肥方式（双室堆沤肥,化肥减施30％）对增加作物产量、提高作物品质、增加土壤肥力效果最好。     

利用氧化亚氮还原酶基因 (nosZ) 评价人工湿地系统中的反硝化菌

应用人工潜流湿地净化微污染地表水,出水用于补给人工景观河.利用定量PCR测定了湿地植物根际土壤和景观河底泥中16S rDNA和nosZ的丰度,并采用PCR-DGGE技术考察了样品中含nosZ基因的群落结构及其相似性.定量PCR结果表明,潜流湿地及人工景观河16S rDNA、nosZ平均绝对丰度(以DNA计)分别为1.91E+07、1.26E+06和2.68E+07、8.37E+05 copies.ng-1,以干土计时分别为1.45E+11、9.31E+09和5.31E+11、1.45E+10 copies.g-1.景观河底泥中微生物总量和反硝化菌数量要高于湿地根际土壤,但是后者nosZ相对丰度(3.8%～10.1%)则明显高于前者(1.7%～4.1%).根际土壤和底泥样品聚类分析相似度低,根际土壤优势菌种大部分与红杆菌目(Rhodobacearales)、根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)和伯克氏菌目(Burkholderiales)的细菌相似,而底泥的优势菌种均为不可培养的微生物.     

表面流人工湿地长期运行后的底泥营养盐累积特征与释放规律

底泥在表面流人工湿地污染物迁移转化中起到非常重要的载体作用,探究其营养盐的累积特征与释放规律对了解长期运行的表流湿地净化功能具有重要意义.以运行了5 a的盐龙湖表面流人工湿地底泥为研究对象,对不同位置底泥的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)含量进行分析并开展柱状芯样静态释放实验.结果表明,盐龙湖表流湿地运行5 a后,底泥整体属于中度污染范畴,营养盐累积水平主要受进水条件、水深和植物作用等影响.(1)顺着水流方向,表流湿地底泥营养盐含量表现升高趋势;(2)随着上覆水水深增大,底泥营养盐含量升高,碳受影响程度较深;(3)表流湿地植物的生长情况越好,底泥中累积的营养盐含量也越高.底泥营养盐释放趋势呈现为先升后降,在20 d后基本达到平衡.释放速率主要受湿地底泥营养盐累积水平影响,其规律与轻度营养型水库底泥较为相似.表流湿地底泥中包含的植物残体会使营养盐释放更强烈,研究结果可为长期运行的表面流人工湿地提升净化能力提供科学依据.     

喀斯特高原退化湿地草海土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性研究

为了揭示土壤微生物群落功能多样性对湿地退化过程的响应及其与环境因子的关系,采用BIOLOG-ECO微平板法对喀斯特高原湿地草海不同植被演替阶段根际土壤微生物的碳源代谢活性进行了研究.结果表明,沿湿地植被演替梯度,根际土壤微生物群落碳源代谢强度逐渐增加,原生湿地竹叶眼子菜(Comm.Potamogeton malaianu)根际土壤微生物碳源利用能力最低,碳源代谢类型单一;草甸灯芯草(Juncus effusus L.)群落利用能力最强,碳源代谢类型丰富;Shannon指数(H')和Mc Intosh指数(U)均沿植被演替梯度逐渐升高,这可能与地上植物和土壤理化环境变化有关;主成分分析(PCA)提取的3个主成分累计贡献率为92.85%,能够很好解释不同阶段碳源利用的分异,醇类和氨基酸类是引起碳源利用分异的主要基质;冗余分析(RDA)表明,环境因子对微生物碳源代谢活性具有重要影响,p H、DOC是引起碳源利用分异的主要环境因子.土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性影响湿地碳循环功能.     

不同湿地植物脱氮效果与根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性特征分析

为研究水平潜流型人工湿地中不同植物脱氮效果及对土壤微生物的影响,采集水样测定脱氮效率,采集芦苇根际土壤、香蒲根际土壤和对照土壤（不种植物）,利用Biolog技术研究不同处理土壤微生物群落代谢功能多样性特征.结果表明:①与对照相比,种植芦苇和香蒲可提高水平潜流型人工湿地7%~33%的NH₃-N去除率.②芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的碳源利用率增加,并显著高于对照土壤;香蒲根际土壤的碳源利用率高于芦苇根际土壤.芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物均对碳水化合物的相对利用率较高（> 48.0%）,对照土壤微生物对碳水化合物和聚合物的相对利用率均较高,分别为34.4%和32.7%.③芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物的丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Shannon-Wiener均匀度指数均显著高于对照土壤.④主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）结果表明,芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物与对照土壤微生物对碳源的利用特征均存在显著差异,而不同植物对土壤微生物碳源利用多样性的影响较小.研究显示,种植植物可改善水平潜流型人工湿地的脱氮效率,增加根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性,而不同植物（芦苇和香蒲）对脱氮效率和根际土壤微生物群落组成的影响无显著差异,因此在种植植物时可根据当地条件进行选择.      

长期施肥对农牧交错带旱地土壤微生物多样性及群落结构的影响

为探讨长期不同施肥模式对农牧交错带旱地土壤微生物多样性和群落结构的影响,以农业农村部内蒙古耕地保育科学观测试验站的长期定位施肥试验为研究对象,选取不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(NF)、单施化肥(CF)和有机肥+化肥配施(CFM)这4个处理,于试验开展16 a后(2019年)的马铃薯成熟期分取各处理0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层土壤,利用高通量测序技术对土壤细菌和真菌群落进行测定,以期从微生物学的角度探究农田不同施肥措施对土壤质量的影响,并通过偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)揭示了施肥模式转变中旱地土壤微生物群落演替和作物产量提升的关键环境驱动因子.结果表明：(1)CF和CFM处理均改善了土壤肥力,但后者效果明显优于前者,CFM处理土壤碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾分别提高131.9%～174.7%、 216.9%～283.3%和103.3%～109.3%,有机质和全氮也显著增加;CF处理仍保持了较高的土壤pH,而NF处理土壤pH显著降低,对土壤肥力的提升效果微弱.(2)与CK相比,NF处理显著降低了土壤细菌的Chao1和Shannon指数,CFM处理显著增加了细菌的物种丰富度、 Chao1...     

荧光假单胞菌对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响

为探讨功能微生物对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤环境质量的影响,以从洞庭湖湿地植物蒌蒿体中分离获得的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)Y5为对象,通过室内培养试验研究其对洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤碳氮生理类群和微生物活性的影响。结果表明菌株Y5可明显增加洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的氨化菌、硝化菌、好氧性自生固氮菌、好氧性纤维素分解菌的数量,明显提高洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,显著增加土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN),明显降低土壤基础呼吸及代谢墒,从而有利于改善洞庭湖湿地镉污染土壤的营养状况和环境质量。     

利用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法分析人工湿地根际土壤微生物多样性

采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法,分析了4组人工湿地分别栽种2种植物情况下植物根际土壤的微生物群落结构。结果表明:4组湿地植物根际土壤中PLFAs总量为1322～2769μg/g,PLFAs种类为18～30,湿地植物根际土壤中PLFAs主要包含饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸;植物根际土壤中细菌含量最高,其中好养菌含量显著高于厌氧菌。对PLFAs总量和湿地设计运行参数进行Pearson相关分析,PLFAs含量与基质孔隙率和进水水质呈显著正相关。     

内电解人工湿地冬季低温尾水强化脱氮机制

针对湿地冬季运行效率低、污染物去除能力差,本研究通过对比无植物湿地、普通湿地和内电解湿地冬季低水温下(3~12℃)对污水厂尾水的脱氮效能,深入分析其微生物群落结构组成,揭示内电解湿地的强化脱氮机制.结果表明,内电解湿地可以更好地利用尾水中碳源,脱氮效果优势明显,出水TN浓度维持在(9±0.29)mg·L~(-1),TN平均去除率达42.27%,比无植物湿地和普通湿地分别高出17.91%、17.33%.冬季低温条件下,内电解湿地微生物活性仍很高,荧光显色法测得微生物活性达到0.224 mg·g~(-1),分别是无植物湿地和普通湿地的2.6、3.4倍,反硝化强度分别是无植物湿地和普通湿地的2.8、3.3倍.高通量测序表明,内电解湿地基质微生物群落多样性优于无植物湿地和普通湿地.检测出的脱氮微生物主要有脱氯单胞菌、根瘤菌、生丝微菌、红杆菌,还有自养反硝化细菌产硫酸杆菌.内电解湿地在脱氮微生物总量上有明显优势,脱氮微生物占微生物总量的7.13%,分别是无植物湿地、普通物湿地的3.8、8.7倍,因而脱氮效率更高.     

Numerical study of regional environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming based on planting-breeding balance

In consideration of the need to maintain planting-breeding balance, this article examines the capacity of the soil in Putian City, Fujian Province to absorb livestock and poultry excreta, and computes the environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry farming (ECCLPF) in each district of the city in terms of the fertility characteristics of the soil in the city, as well as its mix of crops cultivated and farming methods. On the basis of the computations, this work proceeds to classify the alarm grades of the city’s environmental carrying capacity for livestock and poultry framing, and assess the environmental impact of the livestock and poultry farming industry. The results of our study indicate that, the city’s ECCLPF ranges from 8.27 to 23.23 heads per ha when computed on the basis of nitrogen, and from 5.79 to 24.53 heads per ha when computed on the basis of phosphorus. A comparison between our research findings and the existing farming scale in Putian reveals that, in certain parts of the city, ECCLPF is overburdened to varying degrees. Specifically, Chengxiang District is severely overburdened, Hanjiang District and Meizhou Island have a level of overburdening between virtual overburdening and significant overburdening, Licheng District is virtually overburdened, and Xiuyu, Xianyou, and Bei’an Districts have not exceeded their environmental carrying capacity and therefore have varying levels of potential for growth.     

Reconnecting crop and cattle farming to reduce nitrogen losses to river water of an intensive agricultural catchment (Seine basin,France): past,present and future

Nitrate and pesticide contamination of surface and groundwater has become a major problem in intensive farming regions in Europe, with nitrate concentrations reaching values above the standard defined in 2000 by the European Water Framework Directive. In the Seine basin, a major issue is the closure and abandonment of drinking-water wells, which force water managers and drinking-water producers to explore solutions for water resource protection. Organic farming has appeared as a credible alternative to conventional farming, and this study explores the potential of organic farming to reconcile agricultural production and water quality. On the basis of agricultural statistics, survey questionnaires and experimental data, the nitrogen soil surface balance (N-SSB) has been established at the scale of a small 104-km² catchment (The Orgeval sub-basin), representative of the intensive cash crop farming in the Seine basin. The N-surplus for arable land in specialized organic cash crop systems has been found to be half that of current conventional systems (15 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ versus 30 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, respectively). The N-yield in organic systems is 21% lower than in conventional systems, but total fertilization (mostly symbiotic N fixation) is also 26% lower. Whereas 2–3 years of forage legume (e.g., alfalfa) as a starter crop of the typical 7- to 10-year diversified rotation builds up N soil fertility and helps prevent weeds without pesticides, the existence of an outlet for this fodder production is a limiting factor for the economic sustainability and the environmental benefits of these farming systems. Therefore, we explored the possibility of a reconnection of livestock and crop farming systems in the Orgeval catchment, a traditional dairy farming and Brie cheese production region. We calculated the N-SSB for this type of a reconnected livestock and cropping system and found a value very close to the specialized organic cash crop system with full utilization of fodder production, leading to profitable animal production, essentially as milk in this farm design. This reconnected system is compared with the estimated situation in 1955 before separation of plant and livestock production. Furthermore, the N-SSB values were converted into infiltrating sub-root concentrations and used as a boundary condition to a biogeochemical model. Organic cropping and organic reconnected livestock cropping systems result in a 50% reduction of surface water nitrate concentrations, a surface water quality 20% better than that reconstructed for 1955, with an overall higher protein production.     

Organic inputs for soil fertility management in tropical agroecosystems: application of an organic resource database

Organic resources play a critical role in both short-term nutrient availability and longer-term maintenance of soil organic matter in most smaller holder farming systems in the tropics. Despite this importance, there is little predictive understanding for the management of organic inputs in tropical agroecosystems. In this paper, an organic resource database (ORD) is introduced that contains information on organic resource quality parameters including macronutrient, lignin and polyphenol contents of fresh leaves, litter, stems and/or roots from almost 300 species found in tropical agroecosystems. Data on the soil and climate from where the material was collected are also included, as are decomposition and nutrient release rates of many of the organic inputs. Examples of uses of ORD are provided in the paper: (1) nutrient contents (including median values and ranges) and other resource quality parameters of farmyard manure and crop residues are compared to that of alternative nutrient sources such as different plant parts and plant types; (2) nutrient stocks found in farm boundary hedges are estimated and evaluated as a source of nutrients for soil fertility management; (3) hypotheses regarding the indices and critical values of N, lignin, and polyphenol contents for predicting N release rates are tested; (4) organic materials for soil fertility management experiments are selected. This database, when coupled with models and decision support tools, will help advance organic matter management for soil fertility improvement from an empirical to a predictive practice.     

鞍山市城郊污灌区农地污染状况分析与评价

土壤是人类赖以生存的自然资源,它能把大量有机物最终分解为二氧化碳和水,以及各种土壤基肥的其他组成部分,但当施入的废弃物超过土壤的自净力时,就会破坏土壤的正常机能,使之失去自然生态平衡,从而严重影响农作物的产量和品质。文章主要就鞍山市城郊污灌区的农地重金属与农药污染状况作出分析与评价,并利用趋势面分析的方法得出污染的源地,以期为鞍山市污灌区的环境整治工作提供借鉴。     

西北黄土高原半干旱-半湿润地区旱作农田降水生产潜力及开发途径

围绕本区旱作农田生产现实,运用“肥力梯度”田区研究,和联合国FAO推荐的概算等方法,所展现出各气候类型区主要作物耗水系数,和降水应能实现的生产潜力,虽低于灌溉农田的热量生产潜力,却也令人鼓舞。研究揭示,现阶段高原旱作农田降水生产潜力受制于地力水平,即在一定范围内,地力水平与耗水系数、作物产量密切相关。研究指出:“干旱固然是高原农业生产经常威胁,然而地力不足,乃是导致水分无谓耗损的更为直接原因”。多种途径,有所侧重地培肥地力,是使降水的潜在生产力充分化为现实生产力的重要方面。     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH4 +-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO2-C < 2000 mg CO2-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.     

Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming

Organic farming systems often comprise crops and livestock, recycle farmyard manure for fertilization, and preventive or biocontrol measures are used for plant protection. We determined indicators for soil quality changes in the DOK long-term comparison trial that was initiated in 1978. This replicated field trial comprises organic and integrated (conventional) farming systems that are typical for Swiss agriculture. Livestock based bio-organic (BIOORG), bio-dynamic (BIODYN) and integrated farming systems (CONFYM) were compared at reduced and normal fertilization intensity (0.7 and 1.4 livestock units, LU) in a 7 year crop rotation. A stockless integrated system is fertilized with mineral fertilizers exclusively (CONMIN) and one control treatment remained unfertilized (NOFERT). The CONFYM system is amended with stacked manure, supplemental mineral fertilizers, as well as chemical pesticides. Manure of the BIOORG system is slightly rotted and in BIODYN it is composted aerobically with some herbal additives. In the third crop rotation period at normal fertiliser intensity soil organic carbon (C_org, w/w) in the plough layer (0–20 cm) of the BIODYN system remained constant and decreased by 7% in CONFYM and 9% in BIOORG as compared to the starting values. With no manure application C_org-loss was severest in NOFERT (22%), followed by CONMIN together with the systems at reduced fertiliser intensity (14–16%). Soil pH tended to increase in the organic systems, whereas the integrated systems had the lowest pH values. At the end of the third crop rotation period in 1998 biological soil quality indicators were determined. Compared to soil microbial biomass in the BIODYN systems the CONFYM soils showed 25% lower values and the systems without manure application were lower by 34%. Relative to the BIODYN soils at the same fertilization intensity dehydrogenase activity was 39–42% lower in CONFYM soils and even 62% lower in soils of CONMIN. Soil basal respiration did not differ between farming systems at the same intensity, but when related to microbial biomass (qCO₂) it was 20% higher in CONFYM soils and 52% higher in CONMIN as compared to BIODYN, suggesting a higher maintenance requirement of microbial biomass in soils of the integrated systems. The manure based farming systems of the DOK trial are likely to favour an active and fertile soil. Both, C_org and biological soil quality indicators were clearly depending on the quantity and quality of the applied manure types, but soil microbial biomass and activities were much more affected than C_org.     

Linking spatio-temporal variation of crop response with sediment deposition along paddy rice terraces

In tropical mountainous regions of South East Asia, intensive cultivation of annual crops on steep slopes makes the area prone to erosion resulting in decreasing soil fertility. Sediment deposition in the valleys, however, can enhance soil fertility, depending on the quality of the sediments, and influence crop productivity. The aim of the study was to assess (i) the spatio-temporal variation in grain yield along two rice terrace cascades in the uplands of northern Viet Nam, (ii) possible linkage of sediment deposition with the observed variation in grain yield, and (iii) whether spatial variation in soil water or nitrogen availability influenced the obtained yields masking the effect of inherent soil fertility using carbon isotope (¹³C) discrimination and ¹⁵N natural abundance techniques. In order to evaluate the impact of seasonal conditions, fertilizer use and sediment quality on rice performance, ¹⁵N and ¹³C stable isotope compositions of rice leaves and grains taken after harvest were examined and combined with soil fertility information and rice performance using multivariate statistics. The observed grain yields for the non-fertilized fields, averaged over both cascades, accounted for 4.0 ± 1.4 Mg ha^?1 and 6.6 ± 2.5 Mg ha^?1 in the spring and summer crop, respectively, while for the fertilized fields, grain yields of 6.5 ± 2.1 Mg ha^?1 and 6.9 ± 2.1 Mg ha^?1 were obtained. In general, the spatial variation of rice grain yield was strongly and significantly linked to sediment induced soil fertility and textural changes, such as soil organic carbon (r 0.34/0.77 for Cascades 1 and 2, respectively) and sand fraction (r ?0.88/?0.34). However, the observed seasonal alteration in topsoil quality, due to sediment deposition over two cropping cycles, was not sufficient to fully account for spatial variability in rice productivity. Spatial variability in soil water availability, assessed through ¹³C discrimination, was mainly present in the spring crop and was linearly related to the distance from the irrigation channel, and overshadowed in Cascade 2 the expected yield trends based on sediment deposition. Although δ¹⁵N signatures in plants indicated sufficient N uptake, grain yields were not found to be always significantly influenced by fertilizer application. These results showed the importance of integrating sediment enrichment in paddy fields within soil fertility analysis. Furthermore, where the effect of inherent soil fertility on rice productivity is masked by soil water or nitrogen availability, the use of ¹³C and ¹⁵N stable isotopes and its integration with conventional techniques showed potential to enhance the understanding of the influence of erosion – sedimentation and nutrient fluxes on crop productivity, at toposequence level.     

宁夏南部山区新修水平梯田耕地质量提升技术研究

本文针对宁南山区新修水平梯田水土流失和土壤肥力持续衰退的问题,从梯田培肥技术、耕作技术和管理措施3个方面研究总结了宁南山区新修水平梯田耕地质量提升关键技术,为提高宁南山区新修水平梯田生产力提供了技术保障.     

Microbiological parameters and maturity degree during composting of Posidonia oceanica residues mixed with vegetable wastes in semi-arid pedo-climatic condition

The aim of this study was to characterize the biological stability and maturity degree of compost during a controlled pile-composting trial of mixed vegetable residues (VR) collected from markets of Tunis City with residues of Posidonia oceanica (PoR), collected from Tunis beaches. The accumulation in beaches (as well as their removal) constitutes a serious environmental problem in all Mediterranean countries particularly in Tunisia. Aerobic-thermophilic composting is the most reasonable way to profit highly-valuable content of organic matter in these wastes for agricultural purposes. The physical, chemical, and biological parameters were monitored during composting over 150 d. The most appropriate parameters were selected to establish the maturity degree. The main result of this research was the deduction of the following maturity criterion: (a) C/N ratio < 15; (b) NH₄⁺-N < 400 mg/kg; (c) CO₂-C < 2000 mg CO₂-C/kg; (d) dehydrogenase activity < 1 mg TPF/g dry matter; (e) germination index (GI) > 80%. These five parameters, considered jointly are indicative of a high maturity degree and thus of a high-quality organic amendment which employed in a rational way, may improve soil fertility and soil quality. The mature compost was relatively rich in N (13.0 g/kg), P (4.74 g/kg) and MgO (15.80 g/kg). Thus composting definitively constitutes the most optimal option to exploit these wastes.