国际PM2.5排放标准及其实施情况比较分析

对主要国际组织和部分国家的PM2.5排放标准及其实施情况进行了比较和分析.结果表明,世界卫生组织(WHO)和欧盟、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、日本等均已制定了PM2.5排放标准;墨西哥和印度等发展中国家制定了PM2.5排放标准,中国也制定了PM2.5排放标准,但还未正式发布.WHO除制定了PM2.5的日均浓度限值和年均浓度限值外,还设立3个过渡时期目标值.发达国家制定的PM2.5日均浓度限值比较一致(在25～35 /μg/m3),低于发展中国家(墨西哥和印度)制定的限值标准.发达国家中澳大利亚制定的PM2.5排放标准最为严格,而日本制定的PM2.5排放标准在亚洲最为严格.WHO、欧盟、美国、加拿大和印度还规定了PM2.5的达标判断要求,各要求有所差异,而中国还未规定PM2.5达标的判断要求.美国制定了PM2.5排放标准的详细实施计划,中国拟发布的PM2.5排放标准也将分期实行.     

欧盟水环境标准体系研究

分析了欧盟水环境标准体系的发展变革,概述了其中的标准及政策,阐述了欧盟环境标准的直接适应效力、优先于成员国法的效力和从属原则等法律特征,归纳了欧盟环境标准指令在各成员国内的实施要求和欧盟水环境标准的特点,并对中国水环境标准的制定与实施提出了建议。     

农药工业废水中特征污染物排放限值制订研究

中国农药工业废水中特征污染物一直未开展监测监控,导致相关数据匮乏。针对农药工业废水中特征污染物对生态环境的高毒性和对作用对象的高敏感性,首先基于非敏感水生生物保护的目的推导农药工业废水特征污染物的水质基准,然后综合多种因素最终制定特征污染物排放限值。该方法确立的45种特征污染物排放限值,与美国、印度和世界银行组织制定的排放限值基本处于同一数量级,并且具有目标可达性和管理可行性,可为其他行业特征污染物排放限值的制订提供方法借鉴。     

欧盟扩大后将影响其环境政策

由于欧盟(EU)的10个新成员国存在较严重的环境问题，也缺乏资金解决这些环境问题，为此，专家对欧盟扩大后今后是否推行其激进的环境政策提出质疑。新成员国如捷克和波兰，其能源主要依靠煤，而波罗的海国家爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛则缺少适当的废物处理设施，废物非法堆积深受其害。欧盟要求新成员国必须执行其环境指令，每年向欧洲委员会(EC)报告其环境保护方面的进步。     

欧盟正在制订新的机动车排放标准

欧盟Euro4（欧4）柴油车和汽油牟PM和NOx排放标准已于2005年1月生效，但排放量限值远不如美围严格。至今，欧洲40％～50％的乘用车是用柴油的。为此，欧盟正在考虑为柴油车和汽油车制订新的PM和NOx排放标准。     

美国工业点源水污染物排放标准体系及启示

分析了美国工业点源污染物排放限值的制定框架,包括排放限值导则的内容及目标、污染源类别与技术标准类型以及标准实施载体———排污许可证中基于技术和基于水质排放限值的制定流程。根据美国经验,发现中国点源排放标准的目标没有与地表水质达标直接联接,应当区分基于技术和基于水质的排放限值;排放标准的针对性和操作性差,科学依据不足,需要制定水污染物排放标准制定导则;排放标准的实施手段分散且缺乏力度,需要明确排污许可证作为排放标准的实施手段。     

英德联合开发饮用水脱砷工业装置

欧盟曾于 1998年规定 ,饮用水中砷限值为 10 μg/ L,美国将于 2 0 0 5年实施类似标准。欧盟国家中 ,德国等已达到该限值。各国正在不断推崇低费用除砷工艺装置。英国于 2 0 0 1年秋有 2套装置投入运用 ,系由 Severn Trent公司与德国 Bayer公司合作开发 ,采用粒径为 0 .5～ 2 mm氧化铁颗粒固定床吸附水中的砷 ,吸附效果优于活性炭和活性氧化铝 ,也避免了离子交换树脂定期再生昂贵的费用支出。英德联合开发饮用水脱砷工业装置@未名     

工业污染场地土壤中汞的化学形态及其环境限值探讨

汞是中国工业污染场地土壤中常见的重金属污染物,汞的常见形态包括单质汞、无机汞和甲基汞。比较了不同形态的汞及其化合物在物化性质、环境行为、毒性效应及致毒机制上的差异,还以美国、英国为例,探讨了针对不同形态的汞分别制定土壤环境限值的方法。最后指出,中国现有的土壤环境质量相关标准以及污染场地风险评估导则中均尚未区分汞的形态,仅给出总汞含量的限值。因此,在未来的相关标准制定中,应考虑按汞的各种形态制定不同的标准,这将更有利于客观准确评价工业污染场地土壤中汞的污染程度和环境风险。     

环境问题仍是波罗的海国家加入欧盟的主要障碍

苏联解体 10余年来 ,波罗的海国家爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和立陶宛加入欧盟 ( EU)的进程仍然停滞不前。尽管三个国家接受了美国和欧盟国家的经济援助 ,其环境状况有一定改善 ,但至今环境问题仍是他们加入欧盟的主要障碍。立陶宛核电站依靠石墨减速槽运行 ,而已出事故的乌克兰切尔诺贝利核电站正是使用相同设计的反应槽。欧盟提出应于 2 0 0 9年全部关闭立陶宛核电站。爱沙尼亚 95 %的电力来源于油页岩 ,这是一种重污染燃料 ,它向大气中排放大量的 SO2 、TSP和 CO2 ,全国人均排污量达 70 kg,是欧盟和欧盟申请国中最高的排污量 ,是平均水平的 …     

污染场地异位热脱附工程大气污染物排放标准研究

污染物排放标准是环境治理的基本手段和环境监管的基本依据。鉴于国内针对污染场地异位热脱附工程的大气污染物排放标准体系尚不明确,结合工程案例,对不同地区异位热脱附工程运行过程中大气污染物排放的执行标准进行梳理。结果表明,目前异位热脱附工程大气污染物排放缺乏行业执行标准,主要依托综合型、通用型和行业型国家、地方标准进行管理,存在标准年限跨度大、特征污染物指标体现不够、热脱附过程中二次污染物监控不全、指标限值宽严有异等问题。最后,结合国内节能减排的新形势,提出制定统一排放标准、固定周期更新标准内容、增加行业特征污染物管控指标、强化热解过程二次污染物识别与监测、适当收严污染物排放限值、强化污染物总量控制等建议加强异位热脱附工程的大气污染物排放管理。     

Regulating colored textile wastewater by 3/31 wavelength ADMI methods in Taiwan

The wastewater from textile dyeing facilities is difficult to treat satisfactorily because of high compositional variability and high color intensity. To reduce colored effluents discharged into watercourses, the government of Taiwan adopted the Effluent True Color Standard in 1998. The true color discharge limit is 400 American Dye Manufactures Institute (ADMI) units. The adopted analytical method is the ADMI Tristimulus Filter Method (3 wavelength (WL) method), and the 31 WL ADMI method might be also adopted as an alternative for color value measurement. The refractory nature of textile dyes and the introduction of this new regulation present an environmental challenge to the Taiwanese textile industry. The main objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the efficacy of current wastewater treatment systems for controlling the colored textile wastewater discharges, and (2) evaluate the correlations between 3 and 31 WL ADMI methods. Ten representative textile wastewater treatment facilities employing biological and chemical coagulation treatment technologies were selected to perform a 10-consecutive-day effluent sampling and analysis. Results show that a significant difference between 3 and 31 ADMI methods was observed. These two ADMI methods cannot be substituted for each other, and the discharge standard should be determined based on the selected testing method. Investigation results also suggest that the commonly used wastewater treatment technology (biological + chemical coagulation) fails to effectively remove dye from the colored textile wastewater. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) addition was applied by most facilities as the temporary post-polishment step to comply with the color discharge standard.     

絮凝-微纳气泡法处理采油废水

对采自胜利油田的采油废水,分别进行了聚硅硫酸铁(PFSS)絮凝法、微纳气泡法和絮凝-微纳气泡联合法处理,考察了处理过程对采油废水水质和所配制聚合物(部分水解聚丙烯酰胺)溶液粘度的影响。结果表明,均可有效降低废水的矿化度、油含量和悬浮物含量,明显提高用其配制的聚合物溶液的粘度;联合处理效果明显高于单独采用絮凝或微纳气泡处理的效果。所处理后的废水可有望代替淡水用于油田现场配制聚合物驱油体系,在消除油田污水环境污染的同时,可节约淡水资源。     

城市污水厂污水污泥的热值测定分析方法研究

建立热力学指标是污水生物处理过程热力学分析的基础工作,目前仍缺乏污水污泥化学能测试的标准方法。采用IKA C5000型自动热量计对某城市二级污水处理厂进水、出水、初沉污泥、剩余污泥、混合污泥和脱水污泥进行了热值测定,样品前处理采用103～105℃烘干获得干燥基,用苯甲酸进行加标回收。参照煤的发热量测定方法得到样品的高位热值。试验结果显示：出水干燥基的热值为05 kJ/g,进水干燥基的热值为4 kJ/g以上,各工艺段的污泥干燥基热值较高,基本都在12 kJ/g以上,接近右江褐煤水平。测定结果的标准偏差≤±0.452%,相对标准偏差≤±0.136%。通过同一批样品的元素分析及Dulong公式理论推算,发现2种方法可得到相似的结果。     

线路板工业废水处理工程实践

阐述了运用分质、分类进行物化和生化的方法处理线路板工业废水的工程实例。运行结果表明,该工艺切实可行,使种类复杂的线路板工业废水处理达到了《污水综合排放标准》（GB8978-1996）一级排放标准。     

Occurrence and distribution of organic trace substances in waters from the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

This study deals with the evaluation of water quality of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) in order to assess its suitability as a raw water source for drinking water production. Therefore, water samples from (1) surface water, (2) tap water, and (3) wastewater treatment plant effluents were taken randomly by 2011–2012 in the area of the TGR and were analyzed for seven different organic contaminant groups (207 substances in total), applying nine different analytical methods. In the three sampled water sources, typical contaminant patterns were found, i.e., pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in surface water with concentrations of 0.020–3.5 μg/L and 0.004–0.12 μg/L, disinfection by-products in tap water with concentrations of 0.050–79 μg/L, and pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plant effluents with concentrations of 0.020–0.76 μg/L, respectively. The most frequently detected organic compounds in surface water (45 positives out of 57 samples) were the pyridine pesticides clopyralid and picloram. The concentrations might indicate that they are used on a regular basis and in conjunction in the area of the TGR. Three- and four-ring PAH were ubiquitously distributed, while the poorly soluble five- and six-ring members, perfluorinated compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers, were below the detection limit. In general, the detected concentrations in TGR are in the same range or even lower compared to surface waters in western industrialized countries, although contaminant loads can still be high due to a high discharge. With the exception of the two pesticides, clopyralid and picloram, concentrations of the investigated organic pollutants in TGR meet the limits of the Chinese Standards for Drinking Water Quality GB 5749 (Ministry of Health of China and Standardization Administration of China 2006) and the European Union (EU) Council Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption (The Council of the European Union 1998), or rather, the EU Directive on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy (The European Parliament and The Council of the European Union 2008). Therefore, the suggested use of surface water from TGR for drinking water purposes is a valid option. Current treatment methods, however, do not seem to be efficient since organic pollutants were detected in significant concentrations in purified tap water.     

The dissemination of antibiotic resistance in various environmental objects (Russia)

Environmental objects (surface and groundwater, soil, bottom sediments, wastewater) are reservoirs in which large-scale multidirectional exchange of determinants of antibiotic resistance between clinical strains and natural bacteria takes place. The review discusses the results of studies on antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) isolated from environmental objects (water, soil, sewage, permafrost) of the Russian Federation. Despite the relevance of the topic, the number of available publications examining the resistomes of Russian water bodies and soils is small. The most studied environmental objects are surface waters (rivers, lakes), permafrost deposits. Soil resistomes are less studied. Data on ARG and ARB in wastewater are the least covered in publications. In most of the studies, antibiotic resistance of isolated pure bacterial cultures was determined phenotypically. A significant number of publications are devoted to the resistance of natural isolates of Vibrio cholerae, since the lower reaches of the Volga and Don rivers are endemic to cholera. Molecular genetic methods were used in a small number of studies. Geographically, the south of the European part of Russia is the most studied. There are also publications on the distribution of ARG in water bodies of Siberia and the Russian Far East. There are practically no publications on such developed regions of Russia as the center and northwest of the European part of Russia. The territory of the country is very large, anthropogenic and natural factors in its various regions vary significantly; therefore, it seems interesting to combine all available data in one work.

     

Bound residues of organic compounds in the soil: the significance of pesticide persistence in soil and water: a European regulatory view

The paper discusses key aspects of the European Union (EU) regulatory policy for persistence of agricultural pesticide active substances (a.s.) in soil, which is examined in the context of the EU Authorisations Directive (91/414/EEC). For agricultural pesticide regulation within EU Member States (MS), the Authorisations Directive will gradually replace existing national systems. Discussion is concentrated on this directive, looking in particular at the Uniform Principles therein and the possible ways that these decision-making guidelines could be developed into a regulatory framework. The aim in this process of negotiated development is to identify any questions or data requirements that will be needed for persistent pesticides, over and above those generally required for all compounds. The present European regulatory position on soil non-extractable or bound residues is discussed. Finally, a brief mention of pesticide persistence in water and sediment is made.     

Comments on pesticide risk assessment by the revision of Directive EU 91/414

Introduction  

Human health and the environment are major concerns for European Commission policy on the authorisation of plant protection products. The new regulation that revises and replaces the directive 91/414/EC moves towards the adoption of a Persistent Bioaccumulation Toxicity cutoff criterion because current pesticide risk assessment (PRA) is deterministic, based on few standard cases and therefore characterised by uncertainty. This revision could create concerns about sustainability.     

自配消解液分光光度法测定污水中的COD

以自配消解液代替ThermoFisher公司AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液,比较了自配消解液分光光度法与国家标准重铬酸钾法(GB 11914-1989)测定化学需氧量(COD)的差异。对比试验表明,自配消解液分光光度法测定COD的结果精确度和准确度高,与国家标准方法无显著性差异。自配消解液分光光度法测定水样COD值的相对标准偏差;低量程(30～150 mg/L)为1.38%～2.53%,中量程(0～1 500 mg/L)为0.47%～3.63%,高量程（2 000～15 000 mg/L）为0.17%～3.53%,在国家标准方法测试水样COD值的允许误差范围内。除制革废水外,自配消解液可以代替AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液,适用不同量程范围内污水COD的测定。自配消解液分光光度法具有试剂使用量少、速度快、经济、二次污染小等优点,值得在环境科学领域及废水水质监测中推广应用。     

污水处理工程--两段式活性污泥工艺

我国中小城市的污水处理通常有如下特点(1 )工业废水所占比重较大,甚至超过50 %,致使要处理的城市污水的污染物浓度较高,污染物负荷变化较大 ;(2)城市财政状况比较紧张,可用于建设污水处理厂的资金有限.两段式活性污泥工艺是对传统活性污泥工艺的改进,在好氧处理之前采用一个缺氧或厌氧段,用于有机物的水解酸化或生物除磷.两段式工艺有以下优点处理效率高、工程投资和日常运行费用低,更适合我国国情.本文以两个工程项目为例,论述了两段式活性污泥工艺的工程设计与实际应用.山东省招远市污水处理厂于1999年7月投入运行,处理后排放水中的污染物指标低于设计值.蓬莱市污水处理厂工程即将竣工,设计处理能力20000m3 /d,工程总投资约1200万元,远远低于目前国内的平均水平.