环境质量的模糊综合评判—灰色关联分析

本文简要分析了环境质量评价中目前广泛应用的各种评价方法与模型。在此基础上提出环境质量综合评判－灰色关联优势分析复合模型，应用于黄山风景区景观生态环境质量的综合评价，取得了满意的结果。     

生态住宅小区的水环境生态规划--以东莞"森林·湖"小区为例

生态住宅已成为住宅建设的发展趋势和潮流,水环境是生态住宅小区的重要组成部分.以东莞"森林·湖"生态住宅小区的建设为实例,探讨生态住宅小区的水环境规划,特别突出目前楼盘建设中缺少考虑的水环境生态综合技术、中水回用问题、开发进程中的水环境变化及其相应的生态策略,为生态住宅小区的水环境建设提供范例.     

湖南省东安县生态文明建设的评价与分析

为更好推进东安县生态文明建设步伐,依托东安县社会经济和生态环境发展现状,运用生态足迹法分析了东安县生态环境质量现状;运用灰色层次分析法,选取20个要素指标,建立了由生态经济、生态发展、生态社会、生态环境4个子系统构成的生态文明建设条件评价指标体系,并采用综合指数法对东安县生态文明创建条件进行了评价和分析.主要结论为:东安县生态环境质量相对较好,高于全省平均水平; 2009年以来,东安县生态文明建设基础逐年向好,综合指数逐年提升,具备较好的生态文明创建基础;从各个子系统评价结果来看,东安县生态文明建设各个层面发展存在不均衡现象,生态经济和生态发展层面急需加强.     

广西柳城县农业生态环境的定量评价

建立了包括生态资源、人类驱动和系统响应3方面17个指标在内的农业生态环境定量评价指标体系,结合广西柳城县的实际情况,运用模糊综合评价模型,对当地农业生态环境进行定量评价。结果表明,柳城县农业生态环境质量属于一般水平,当地自然生态条件较好,虽受人类活动影响较大,但生态系统运行依然正常。该评价结果与当地实际情况相符,表明该评价指标体系具有较强的科学性和实用性。依据评价结果,提出了改善柳城县农业生态环境的对策和建议。     

物种敏感度分布及其在生态毒理学中的应用(Species Sensitivity Distribution and Its Application in Ecotoxicology)

物种敏感度分布是一种基于单物种测试的外推方法,其在生态毒理学中的应用近年来已成为研究热点.论文阐述了物种敏感度分布在生态毒理学的应用背景,以及其基本内涵与研究步骤,同时介绍了物种敏感度分布在生态毒理学中应用的两个方面:制定污染物的环境质量标准和对污染生态系统的生态风险评价,并对物种敏感度分布的不确定性和研究的发展趋势进行了讨论.     

广西柳城县农业生态环境的定量评价

建立了包括生态资源、人类驱动和系统响应3方面17个指标在内的农业生态环境定量评价指标体系，结合广西柳城县的实际情况，运用模糊综合评价模型，对当地农业生态环境进行定量评价。结果表明，柳城县农业生态环境质量属于一般水平，当地自然生态条件较好，虽受人类活动影响较大，但生态系统运行依然正常。该评价结果与当地实际情况相符，表明该评价指标体系具有较强的科学性和实用性。依据评价结果，提出了改善柳城县农业生态环境的对策和建议。     

风景名胜区开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系——以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例

文章以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例 ,对山岳型风景资源开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系进行了研究。评价程序分三个层次进行。规划指标和人为自然灾害指标为第一个层次 ;景观指标和生态指标为第二个层次 ;环境质量和环境感应指标为第三个层次。每个层次和指标体系都赋予了内涵。     

天津市环境监测中心水和生态监测部

水和生态监测部是天津市环境监测中心骨干业务部门之一,业务主要涉及地表水和地下水、近岸海域、土壤与生态环境质量的监测评价、项目验收、遥感解译及规划编制等,同时承担天津市水环境自动监测站的运行维护和数据分析工作。     

天然湿地生态系统评价技术研究进展

当前湿地科学已成为世界各国研究重点,其中湿地评价技术是热点之一。文章回顾了国内外河口、河流和湖库湿地生态系统评价指标体系、湿地生态环境质量现状及脆弱性及其生态系统健康评价技术、湿地生态系统功能、效益、价值评价技术研究现状以及新技术在上述这些领域中的应用。这些研究多是针对常规环境条件下小空间尺度、单一类型或单一动力作用下的湿地生态系统功能、效益和环境质量方面的评价。在此基础上,考虑宏观尺度上湿地生态系统与其周围生态系统的相互作用以及非常规环境条件下湿地生态系统的响应机制,提出完善天然湿地生态系统评价技术需要发展的几个方面,包括湿地-河流生态系统评价、湿地生态系统对临近区域及其子系统可持续发展的影响评价、湿地生态系统反馈评价以及极端条件下湿地生态系统评价技术。     

舜过山废弃矿山修复与再利用效果研究

废弃矿山可通过生态修复和景观再造开发为景观游览地,实现废弃矿山再利用,从而促进城市可持续发展。本研究以常州市舜过山为例,采用AHP-模糊综合评判法构建包含4个准则层、17个评价指标的废弃矿山再利用综合评价体系,从而实现对舜过山森林公园再利用效果的综合评价。研究结果表明：舜过山再利用效果最大隶属度为0.367,综合评价为“良”。本研究建立了废弃矿区再利用综合评价体系,为评价城市废弃矿山再利用效果提供了可复制的研究方法,为后续开展同类型的综合评价提供参考与帮助。     

江苏省不同营养状况湖泊底栖动物群落结构与多样性比较

为了解江苏省湖泊底栖动物群落结构和多样性并研究其对水环境质量变化的响应,于2012年春秋两季对江苏省16个湖泊51个采样点湖泊底栖动物群落结构与多样性以及湖泊综合营养状态指数进行调查,分析水质指标与底栖动物指数间Pearson相关关系。结果表明,江苏省16个湖泊营养状态指数范围为35.5~66.4,其中约81.2%的湖泊处于轻度-中度富营养状态,表明水质从好到中度污染;湖泊底栖动物优势种为寡毛类的霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri),优势度为13.0%;香浓多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener diversity index)范围为0.00~2.20,级别范围由极贫乏到较丰富状态,表明水质污染程度从重度到轻度污染。从全省尺度看,水质评价结果与生物学(香浓多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Biotic Index(BI)指数)评价结果存在一定差异。与历史数据相比,江苏省湖泊底栖动物清洁敏感物种减少甚至消失,总体群落结构趋于小型化。16个湖泊水体总氮和总磷与底栖动物密度呈显著负相关,而综合营养状态指数与底栖动物指数(香浓多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和BI指数)间关系不显著。上述研究结果表明综合营养状态指数无法完全客观反映湖泊水生态健康状况,因此需要综合水质、水文、水生生物、生境状况等因素发展新的评价指标体系。     

Distribution and diversity of macrobenthic communities in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River北大核心CSCD

Macrobenthic communities are an important part of aquatic ecological system in the Yangtze River. Studies on macrobenthic community structure and diversity have important significance for development and protection of water resources in the Yangtze River. In this research, macrobenthic communities and their habitat in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River were investigated at 17 sites in May and September of 2013. Shannon-wiener diversity index was used to assess the diversity of macrobenthic communities. The results showed that there were 36 species at these 17 sites; the abundance and diversity of macrobenthic community were the highest in the Nanjing Reach and the Changzhou Reach, the lowest in the Nantong Reach of the Yangtze River. Nephthys sp., Grandidierella chaohuensis sp., Gammarus sp., Tubifex sp. and Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri were the dominant taxa in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River. Cluster analysis based on species abundance yielded four groups among the 17 sites. One-way analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) suggested significant differences in macrobenthic community structure among the four groups (P < 0.05). The results indicated that factors including aquatic plants, water flow velocity, sediment types and channels can influence the distribution and diversity of macrobenthic communities in the Jiangsu Reach of the Yangtze River.     

Priority effects and species sorting in a long paleoecological record of repeated community assembly through time

We studied the relative roles of environmental species sorting and priority effects in the assembly of ecological communities on long time scales, by analyzing community turnover of water fleas (Daphnia) in response to strong and recurrent environmental change in a fluctuating tropical lake. During the past 1800 years, Lake Naivasha (Kenya) repeatedly fluctuated between a small saline pond habitat during lowstands and a large freshwater lake habitat during highstands. Starting from a paleoecological reconstruction, we estimated the role of priority effects in Daphnia community assembly across 16 of these habitat turnovers and compared this with the response of the community to reconstructed changes in three environmental variables important for species sorting. Our results indicate that the best predictor of Daphnia community composition during highstands was the community composition just prior to the transition from lowstands to highstands. This reflects a long-lasting priority effect of late lowstand communities on highstand communities, arising when remnant lowstand populations fill newly available ecological space in the rapidly expanding lake habitat. Species sorting and priority effects had a comparable but relatively small influence on community composition during the lowstands. Moreover, these priority effects decayed rapidly with time as Daphnia communities responded to environmental change, in contrast with the highstand communities where priority effects lasted for several decades.     

Sustainable development indicators: a case study on the city of Flagstaff and Coconino county

The application of capitalist theory and the perception of an autonomous economy have created a range of environmental and social ramifications not addressed via traditional economic reasoning. In order to effectively and efficiently abate sustainability issues, the sustainable development discourse developed evaluation methods such as sustainable development indicators to gauge progress towards sustainability in communities without using traditional cost–benefit methods of analysis. The indicators created in this work are intended to be applied as a method of project evaluation in local community development departments. Using local growth management policy as a basis, these indicators have been designed to show how a development project contributes to policy goals that relate to all three dimensions of sustainability: environmental, economic, and socio-economic.     

On measuring sustainable development indicators

Sustainable development, as proposed by the Brundtland Report, requires carefully managed change to improve environmental and economic conditions as well as the quality of life for all people. Some of the problems involved in this demanding challenge faced by individuals, local communities, nations and the international community are discussed. In particular, nine indicators of sustainable development—gleaned from economic, socioeconomic and environmental studies—are critically reviewed. It is argued that a programme of detailed theoretical and empirical research is needed to develop a series of measures or indicators of sustainable development for strategic decision making and detailed environmental management.     

Different response of bacterial community to the changes of nutrients and pollutants in sediments from an urban river network

• Bacterial community varied spatially in sediments from the urban river network. • Key environmental factors shaping bacterial community were detected by RDA. • Bacterial co-occurrence networks changed at different levels of nutrient and metal. • Potential indicator species were selected to predict pollution risk in sediment. Microbial communities in sediment are an important indicator linking to environmental pollution in urban river systems. However, how the diversity and structure of bacterial communities in sediments from an urban river network respond to different environmental factors has not been well studied. The goal of this study was to understand the patterns of bacterial communities in sediments from a highly dense urbanized river network in the lower Yangtze River Delta by Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The correlations between bacterial communities, the environmental gradient and geographical distance were analyzed by redundancy analysis (RDA) and network methods. The diversity and richness of bacterial community in sediments increased from upstream to downstream consistently with the accumulation of nutrient in the urban river network. Bacterial community composition and structure showed obvious spatial changes, leading to two distinct groups, which were significantly related to the characteristics of nutrient and heavy metal in sediments. Humic substance, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, Zn, Cu, Hg and As were selected as the key environmental factors shaping the bacterial community in sediments based on RDA. The co-occurrence patterns of bacterial networks showed that positive interaction between bacterial communities increased but the connectivity among bacterial genera and stability of sediment ecosystem reduced under a higher content of nutrient and heavy metal in average. The sensitive and ubiquitous taxa with an overproportional response to key environmental factors were detected as indicator species, which provided a novel method for the prediction of the pollution risk of sediment in an urban river network.     

Spider, bee, and bird communities in cities are shaped by environmental control and high stochasticity

Spatially organized distribution patterns of species and communities are shaped by both autogenic processes (neutral mechanism theory) and exogenous processes (niche theory). In the latter, environmental variables that are themselves spatially organized induce spatial structure in the response variables. The relative importance of these processes has not yet been investigated in urban habitats. We compared the variance explained by purely spatial, spatially structured environmental, and purely environmental components for the community composition of spiders (Araneae), bees (Apidae), and birds (Aves) at 96 locations in three Swiss cities. Environmental variables (topography, climate, land cover, urban green management) were measured on four different radii around sampling points (< 10 m, 50 m, 250 m, 1000 m), while Moran's eigenvector maps (MEMs) acted as spatial variables. All three taxonomic groups showed weak spatial structure. Spider communities reacted to very fine-scaled environmental changes of lawn and meadow management and climate. Bird community composition was determined by woody plants as well as solar radiation at all radii, the scale of the influence varying among species. Bee communities were weakly explained by isolated variables only. Our results suggest that the anthropogenic structuring of urban areas has disrupted the spatial organization of environmental variables and inhibited the development of biotic spatial processes. The near absence of spatial structure may therefore be a feature typical of urban species assemblages, resulting in urban community composition mainly influenced by local environmental variables. Urban environments represent a close-knit mosaic of habitats that are regularly disturbed. Species communities in urban areas are far from equilibrium. Our analysis also suggests that urban communities need to be considered as being in constant change to adapt to disturbances and changes imposed by human activities.     

Environmental awareness and biodiversity conservation among resettled communal farmers in Gwayi Valley Conservation Area,Zimbabwe

This study was conducted in Gwayi Valley Conservation Area in Zimbabwe. The objective was to evaluate the level of environmental awareness raising among rural communities resettled by government in a wildlife conservation area and their behavior and actions towards biodiversity conservation. We selected three communities based on the degree of exposure to environmental awareness campaigns by various government departments and non-governmental organizations. This formed a gradient of exposure to environmental awareness campaigns, ranging from the most accessible and exposed community (Hangano), moderately exposed (Gwayi) through to the least accessible and exposed community (Karna). We used focus group discussions, key informant interviews and structured interviews with 95 respondents in the selected communities from November 2016 to April 2017. Through public awareness raising, a number of conservation groups were established including fire and hunting committees, anti-poaching teams and environmental resource monitors. While these groups were found to be either inactive or less effective in Gwayi and Karna, all were found to be very active and effective in Hangano. Similarly, community behavior and actions that caused biodiversity loss such as indiscriminate cutting of live trees, poaching, streambank cultivation, fishing in rivers with nets and use of sledges were much reduced in Hangano than in Gwayi and Karna. Frequent environmental awareness campaigns played a critical role in promoting biodiversity in Hangano. We conclude that substantial gains can be made in environmental conservation by investing more in public awareness campaigns, particularly in developing countries such as Zimbabwe where financial resources for conservation are scarce.     

Environmental controls on denitrifying communities and denitrification rates: insights from molecular methods.

The advent of molecular techniques has improved our understanding of the microbial communities responsible for denitrification and is beginning to address their role in controlling denitrification processes. There is a large diversity of bacteria, archaea, and fungi capable of denitrification, and their community composition is structured by long-term environmental drivers. The range of temperature and moisture conditions, substrate availability, competition, and disturbances have long-lasting legacies on denitrifier community structure. These communities may differ in physiology, environmental tolerances to pH and O2, growth rate, and enzyme kinetics. Although factors such as O2, pH, C availability, and NO3- pools affect instantaneous rates, these drivers act through the biotic community. This review summarizes the results of molecular investigations of denitrifier communities in natural environments and provides a framework for developing future research for addressing connections between denitrifier community structure and function.     

桂西南喀斯特区域群落主要环境因子及稳定性对飞机草入侵的影响

为揭示桂西南喀斯特区域群落主要环境因子及稳定性对飞机草（Eupatorium odoratum）入侵的影响,本文通过对群落生存状况、土壤环境因子的调查分析,研究群落的稳定性特征,探讨不同植物群落对外来入侵种飞机草生长扩散的影响。结果发现：植物群落内本地种盖度、群落高度等与飞机草的盖度和多度呈极显著的负相关关系,说明本地种的生长能对飞机草的入侵产生显著影响,其中光因子可能是影响飞机草生长的主导因子和限制因子;本地物种多样性对飞机草的盖度和多度影响也较显著,说明本地种多样性能有效抵御飞机草入侵;人为干扰对飞机草的盖度和多度则呈极显著的正相关关系,说明干扰能促进飞机草的入侵;土壤速效氮含量、土壤含水量、有机质含量和与飞机草的盖度和多度的关系均呈显著负相关关系,可能是由于群落内肥水充裕程度与调节飞机草生长的主导因子光水平呈负相关关系造成的。群落的稳定性与飞机草的盖度和多度呈极显著的相关关系,说明稳定性较高的群落更能有效的抵御飞机草的入侵,稳定性较低的群落更容易受到飞机草的入侵。