Structure of small mammal communities in Moscow parks and public gardens

Data collected between 1987 and 2002 have been used to analyze the structure of small mammal communities in parks and public gardens of the city of Moscow. With regard to several ecological parameters, four categories of parks markedly differing in biotopic conditions have been distinguished. The least stable zoocenoses are formed in deteriorating parks. More favorable ecological conditions exist in public gardens and regular parks, where not only synanthropic but also hemisynanthropic rodents can be found. The fauna of small mammals in landscape parks is similar to that in forest cenoses, but this fauna in park forests better complies with the concept of forest community.     

Model-based analysis of urban settlement process in eco-sensitive area of developing country: a study with special reference to hills of an Indian city

Rapid and unplanned expansion of a city into its eco-sensitive areas like hills, wetlands, and forests is becoming a major concern, particularly in developing countries. Understanding the process and causes of such unplanned urban expansion is of paramount importance for framing sustainable urban development policies. This paper presents a modelling concept that relates urban settlement in such eco-sensitive areas with potential socio-economic, demographic and geographical factors. The model is applied to an Indian city Guwahati, which is experiencing serious environmental degradation due to unplanned urban settlement in its eco-sensitive hilly areas. While topographical and settlement data were derived using satellite data in GIS platform, all other necessary data were collected from relevant government organizations. On validation of the multi-linear regression model, the coefficient of determination and the root mean square error are obtained as 0.938 and 1.7, respectively. Model results show that geographical parameters are less influencing as compared to the other socio-economic and demographic factors. Sensitivity analysis of urban settlements in hills of Guwahati city carried out with respect to the considered factors reveals that land value and free space availability in the surrounding area of a hill are the most sensitive parameters. This indicates that city development plans should give more importance to outward spatial expansion in plain areas with regulated land value and zoning scheme to minimize unauthorized settlement in eco-sensitive hilly areas of Guwahati city.     

Specific Features of the Dynamics of Murine Rodent Communities under the Effects of Urbanization: 1. Dynamics of Species Composition and Abundance

The long-term population dynamics of rodent communities in park forests of Yekaterinburg was studied. The results showed that deep population depressions occurring in natural communities are not characteristic of the urban communities. In the urban environment, the density of rodents is always maintained at a relatively high level due to the appearance of species that are atypical for the natural communities. This fact deserves attention in view of the increasing risk of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in the region, as a high rodent abundance may provide for the maintenance of a stable TBE focus in the city.     

武汉市九峰城市森林保护区景观敏感度评价

为合理开展森林景观的规划与建设,应用RS和GIS技术,并结合小班调查,对武汉市九峰城市森林保护区的景观生态敏感度和景观视觉敏感度进行了研究。结果表明：在武汉市九峰城市森林保护区中,高生态敏感区面积占总面积的4.6％,主要包括荒山、废弃采石场和少量灌木林地,应尽快进行生态恢复。中生态敏感区面积占总面积的535％,主要为水域、农田、部分苗圃和建设用地,可重点开展森林植被恢复和景观建设。低生态敏感区面积占总面积的419％,主要是森林覆盖区域、部分苗圃和居民点,应重点加强保护。一级视觉敏感区主要分布在沿道路两侧坡度大于20°的近景带,应以保护和生态恢复措施为主。二级视觉敏感区主要是坡度较小的近景带和山体的中、远景带区域,可视性强,应重点开展景观改造。三级视觉敏感区主要是中、远景带中的平坦地带,包括农田、苗圃、居民点等半自然景观和人文景观,可在不影响整体风貌和视觉环境的前提下进行景观建设。四级视觉敏感区为不可见区域或低可见区域,坡度大,可及性差,不宜规划建设项目。     

长江中游城市群发展质量评价研究

为探究城市群内部城市的质量及城市间的协调关系,通过构建经济发展质量、社会生活发展质量、生态环境质量指标体系,运用动态因子分析方法对长江中游城市群38个城市2004～2011年城市质量进行了评价,运用空间自相关方法分析了城市群内城市之间城市质量的空间溢出效应。研究结果表明：从城市群内城市质量的评价来看,城市群内城市质量差距进一步扩大,产生严重的两级分化;从城市群内城市间的协调来看,长江中游城市群内城市质量的空间影响作用不大,各省份城市发展并没有突破行政壁垒,跨区域的经济社会环境合作未有实质性进展,长江中游城市群目前的发展质量并不高,并提出了加快中小城市建设,推动经济、基础设施、社会事业与公共服务设施一体化建设等提高城市群质量的建议     

河流廊道的城市景观生态意义分析——以四川省邛崃市为例

为更好地理解河流廊道对城市景观生态的意义,研究计算了四川省邛崃市景观类型多样性空间聚类特征和河流廊道景观格局特征。结果表明：（1）局部空间自相关指数Getis Ord Gi*显示研究区土地利用景观类型多样性存在高值聚类区,其形状与研究区河流廊道分布格局近似。（2）河流廊道主要与农田和林地景观毗邻,其两侧300 m缓冲区内主要景观类型为农田和林地,且林地破碎度小;而道路廊道主要与农田和建设用地毗邻,其两侧缓冲区内主要景观类型为农田和建设用地,其景观更为破碎化。（3）地形因素对研究区西部山区土地利用景观格局影响较大,景观类型多样性统计热点区域分布于西部河流台地。邛崃市河流廊道在提高该地区土地利用景观类型多样性中起到积极作用,需要保护邛崃市河流廊道景观多样性,加强河流与自然景观的连通性     

中国城镇化道路的反思与对策

改革开放加速了我国的城镇化进程。从1978年至2010年,城镇化率由17.92%迅速提高到49.95%,形成了长三角、珠三角、京津冀三大城市群,一批区域性城市群正在加速形成。城镇化的快速发展特别是城市群的形成为推动我国经济社会发展和增强国际竞争力发挥了重要作用。但与此同时,城镇化也带来了突出的可持续发展问题。主要表现在:人口过度膨胀,城市病集中爆发,经济增长与宜居性背道而驰;城市面貌千篇一律,野蛮拆迁横行,土地型资本运作难以持续;进城易,定居难,城乡"二元社会"问题正演变为城市内定居群体与流动群体"二元社会"问题;城市间恶性竞争,产业同构,建立分工协作的机制任重道远。基于此,本文提出了未来10年推进我国城镇化的对策思路:坚持积极发展小城市和小城镇方针,缓解地域中心城市人口压力;创新农村居民点用地管理制度,实现城镇化与新农村建设有机统一;加强城市规划与管理的科学化,全力提升城市品位;建立跨区域城市协调机制,破解恶性竞争与产业同构困局;促进公共服务均等化,消除新老"二元社会"问题。     

Micromosaic structure and phytomass of ground vegetation in main types of dark conifer forests in the Pechora-Ilych state nature reserve

The micromosaic structure of plant communities in dark conifer forests of dwarf shrub-true moss, boreal small herb-true moss, tall fern, and boreal tall herb subsections was studied in the Pechora-Ilych reserve. A typological scheme of microsites was constructed and the alpha-diversity of plants was assessed in microsites of different types; dominant and high-constancy species were identified. The proportions of area occupied by different microsites in test plots were calculated, and amounts of aboveground and belowground phytomass were estimated for every vascular plant species, dominant moss species, and the moss synusia as a whole in microsites of each type.     

Structure of the communities of small mammals (micromammalia) in forests on western slopes of the Northern Urals

Long-term data on the species composition and ratio of insectivores and rodents in forest ecosystems of the western macroslope of the Northern Urals are considered. It is shown that the micromammalian communities of mountain forests are characterized by higher total abundance and polydominance and comprise greater numbers of common species than the communities of taiga forests in neighboring regions of the Russian Plain. Hence, the mountain-forest communities of small mammals have high indices of species diversity and uniformity.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 2, 2005, pp. 138–145.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bobretsov, Lukyanova, Poroshin.     

New data on the population structure of small mammals in the Denezhkin Kamen’ Nature Reserve

For the first time, continuous studies on the population structure of rodents and insectivores in three altitudinal belts on the eastern macroslope of the Northern Urals have been performed over several years in the Denezhkin Kamen’ Nature Reserve. The results show the mountain tundra communities are depleted, the small mammal populations of zonal habitats are similar to each other, and river valleys and sparse forests of the subalpine belt play a leading role in supporting the maximum species diversity of small mammals.     

上海城市森林与水田的生态服务合理性探讨

城市森林建设是满足不断增长的城市生态服务需求、提高城市环境质量的重要手段,但并非唯一手段.在已有的研究和实践中,其成本有效性问题往往被忽视.文章以上海市城市森林建设为例,分析了流转农民土地经营权的方式营造城市森林的成本有效性问题,发现受市场化的造林机制的影响,上海城市森林的社会、经济综合成本较高,同时提供生态服务的能力有限.通过比较健康状况下森林和水田的生态服务功能,发现水田与森林生态系统各有所长.水田的防洪、涵养水源等生态服务功能优于森林,但是更容易受到人类社会经济活动的干扰.事实上,健康的农田和水系也是上海长期以来稳定的生态服务来源.文章指出,城市生态服务的供给不应过度依赖城市森林建设,而应当以成本有效性为导向,因地制宜,注重农田、水系、森林等生态要素的整体性,通过保护、修复农田生态系统以及城市森林的结构优化和质量提升途径等实现.     

基于圈层建设用地密度分析的中国主要城市扩张的时空特征

基于圈层建设用地密度分析,提出了城市扩张核心度指数;通过计算城市扩张核心度指数和城市扩张强度指数,分析了1990~2010年中国27个主要城市距城市中心不同距离区域的城市扩张的时空模式。研究发现:(1)1990~2010年,大部分城市核心度指数不断降低,城市空间结构变化与国家区域政策密不可分,呈现明显的区域特征。1990~2000年东部沿海地区城市核心度值减少幅度较大,2000~2010年则是东北部和中西部城市降低明显。总体上看,西部和东北部城市的核心度指数要高于东部和中部的城市,结构更加紧凑。(2)城市扩张最活跃的地方总是出现在核心区边界附近,并不断向外推移。(3)城市的形态与城市的发展阶段密切相关。1990~2000年,一线城市扩张的强度和范围远大于其他城市;2000~2010年,二三线城市的扩张强度和范围明显增加。经济比较发达的城市,建设用地的扩张逐渐由单中心扩展向多中心协同发展转变,而经济相对落后西部城市和东北部城市,城市结构比较紧凑,保持着单中心的城市形态。     

地级以上城市的城市职能分类——以江浙沪地区为例

城市职能是城市在区域发展中所承担的分工。在国家或区域范围内,按照城市职能的相似性和差异性,研究城市与城市之间的分工,可以得到城市体系的职能结构。要得到城市体系的职能结构,首先要进行城市职能分类。对城市职能分类的方法经历了从简单到复杂、从定性到定量、从单指标到多指标的过程。以江浙沪地区25个地级以上城市为例,按照多因素分析和统计分析相结合的方法,研究得到这一城市体系的城市职能结构。上海是处于第一层级的综合性巨型城市,南京、杭州是处于第二层级的综合性特大城市,宁波、温州、绍兴、苏州、无锡是处于第三层级的综合性或专业化大城市,南通、盐城、徐州、金华是处于第四层级的综合性或专业化中等城市,其它12个城市则是处于第五层级的小城市。     

兼顾生态系统功能和生态需求强度的城市生态用地重要性评价——以长沙市为例

生态环境保护和城市经济发展的矛盾由来已久,科学评价生态用地的重要性,对维护区域生态安全和引导城市有序扩张具有重要意义。生态用地的重要性不仅由生态用地自身的生态系统功能决定,同时受到人类生态需求强度的影响。选取生物多样性维持功能、土壤保持功能、水源涵养功能、户外休闲需求和生态用地稀缺度等指标,以长沙市中心城区为研究区,构建了兼顾生态系统功能和区域生态需求强度的生态用地重要性评价模型,进行了生态用地重要性评价。其中,生态系统功能通过生物多样性维持功能、土壤保持功能、水源涵养功能量化,区域生态需求强度通过户外休闲需求和生态用地稀缺度量化。实验结果表明：长沙市中心城区生态用地空间分布差异显著,极重要生态用地主要由大面积集中连片的森林、重要饮水源地和高质量的耕地构成,既包括城市外围提供生态屏障的大块生态用地,同时包括人口稠密城市建成区内的湿地、河流等小面积生态用地。与传统评价模型相比,构建的模型能够体现人类需求的影响,结果更符合人们的实际生态需要。     

鲁南经济带"城市走廊"战略研究

城市走廊是区域发展的一种重要空间布局方式和发展策略.鲁南经济带规划的科学、高效实施对于鲁南地区加快发展,摆脱落后局面具有重大意义.规划建设鲁南"城市走廊"无疑是实施鲁南经济带规划的必然选择,更是关键措施.鲁南经济带"城市走廊"的空间结构基本呈"之"字形态,组团式发展,可以形成区域1个核心增长极、5个圈层型中小城市群、6个三角形特色小城市经济增长带;城市走廊的轴线发展趋势为"三纵两横".建设鲁南"城市走廊",需要优化产业分工,提升区域工业化水平;优化区域空闻结构,培育核心增长极,打造小城市群,尤其需要精心打造兖州-曲阜-邹城-滕州-微山-薛城-枣庄市中区-峄城区-台儿庄核心经济走廊,形成大中小城市合理布局发展的良好体系;尽快建设南部东西方向快速交通干线,建立区域共建互动机制,使鲁南"城市走廊"成为区域发展、产业振兴的动力和源泉.     

石首市抑螺防病林空间布局优化研究

20世纪80年代以来,我国血吸虫疫区的林业血防生态工程建设已取得显著成效,但局部地区的抑螺防病林仍存在空间布局不完善、螺情反复出现的现象。在石首市钉螺孳生环境适宜性分析的基础上,采用层次分析法对钉螺孳生地的风险等级进行了评价,并通过抑螺防病林宜林地和更新区分布研究确定了抑螺防病林的空间布局优化区,以期为完善抑螺防病林建设工程布局提供依据。研究结果表明：石首市钉螺孳生高风险区主要分布在长江及其支流沿线、沟渠、塘堰和滩涂,占研究区总面积的874%。钉螺孳生中风险区主要分布在长江垸内,占总面积的2377%。钉螺孳生低风险区主要分布在大型湖泊、长江等永久水体以及城镇用地周围,占总面积的6749%。石首市抑螺防病林以中幼林为主,面积占抑螺防病林总面积的8047%。成熟林和过熟林（更新区）总面积4 51251 hm2,占抑螺防病林总面积的1405%。另有宜林地2 82336 hm2,石首市抑螺防病林优化区总面积为7 33586 hm2。其中,2395%的优化区分布在钉螺孳生的高风险区,2322%的优化区分布在钉螺孳生的中风险区,5283%的优化区分布在钉螺孳生的低风险区,是未来几年开展抑螺防病林建设的重点区域     

Luoyang Dual Spatial Criterion Ecological City Construction

The construction of an ecological city has two foundational platforms： the small platform, namely urban district or simply called as ＂city ecosystem＂; and the big platform, namely around city district in certain region scope or also referred to as ＂city-region ecosystem＂. The construction of an ecological city must be launched in the dual spatial criteria： in city （urban district） criterion--optimizing the city ecosystem; in city-region （city territory） criterion-optimizing the city-region ecosystem. Luoyang has the bright characteristic and the typical image within cities Of China, and even in the world. The construction of an ecological city in dual spatial criteria--the city and the cityregion has the vital significance to urbanization advancement and sustainable development in Luoyang. In city-region criterion, the primary mission of Luoyang＇s ecological city construction is to create a fine ecological environment platform in its city territory. In city criterion, the basic duty of Luoyang＇s ecologic city construction is to enhance the ecological capacity and benefit of the central city.     

城市核心建成区对邻近新增建设用地影响研究——以长江三角洲为例

为探究城市核心建成区对邻近建设用地增长的影响机制,选取1990~2015年间长江三角洲77个县级以上市核心建成区10km缓冲区内新增建设用地图斑为研究对象,借助扩展强度、景观格局指数和空间分析等方法分析了图斑的成长特征及扩展模式。结果表明：(1）1990~2015年,各等级城市新增建设用地平均面积处于周期波动上升趋势,与各阶段国家（区域）政策变化密切相关;城市等级越高,核心建成区周边扩展规模越大;(2）随着与城市核心建成区距离的增加,各等级城市新增建设用地扩展强度总体呈下降趋势,景观分离度总体呈上升趋势,扩展强度与距核心建成区距离存在衰减的对数曲线关系;(3）研究时段内,城市扩展模式存在两个明显的阶段性特点：第一阶段是1990~2000年,建设用地的增长主要以内部向心填充式集聚为主的城市化阶段,第二阶段是2000~2015年,建设用地的增长主要以离心边缘式圈层扩散为主的郊区化阶段,此阶段大、小城市的飞地式扩展比例明显提升,中等城市边缘式蔓延保持较高的增长比例。针对城市的不同等级及其发展阶段,政策的引导和政府规划对于土地的合理布局有着重要影响。     

A comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in deposited street dusts in a large and a small urban area: Birmingham and Coventry,West Midlands,UK

Results are presented from a study of the distribution of heavy metals in street dusts of two cities in Midland England. The first (Birmingham) is a large urban area (population of 2.3 million), the second, Coventry, a small one (population of 0.3 million). Several trends were identified from Birmingham: higher concentrations were located near industrial areas in the northwest of the city and within the ring road. However, lower concentrations were found to the southwest in areas of mainly residential properties and parks. High values were also identified in association with junctions controlled by traffic lights where vehicles were likely to stop regularly. This last trend was further investigated in Coventry, where it was found that concentrations of heavy metals at junctions controlled by traffic signals and by pedestrian-controlled pelican lights (Mounted Pelican Controller, MPCs) were lower than those found in Birmingham, apart from Ni.     

西部中小城市低碳城市规划的实践和思考——以四川省广元市为例

我国快速城市化面临全球气候变化的巨大挑战。城市作为CO2的高排放区,节能减排将对我国的城市发展模式与格局产生深远影响。本文以四川广元市为例,首先综述低碳城市规划的内涵,然后探讨广元市低碳城市规划的框架体系及各组成要素,并总结广元市低碳城市规划过程中遇到的挑战和问题。文章认为:西部中小城市低碳城市规划是我国低碳城市发展战略的重要组成部分,是促进西部城市转变发展模式、推进西部大开发的重要保障。