电催化臭氧技术降解啶虫脒

研究了臭氧氧化、紫外/臭氧(UV/O₃)和电催化臭氧(electro-peroxone, EP)3种技术降解啶虫脒的机制,比较了3种技术降解地下水和地表水中啶虫脒的效率和能耗(使用E_EO指标表征)。发现啶虫脒为臭氧难氧化物质,与臭氧(O₃)和羟基自由基(·OH)的二级反应速率常数分别为(0.05±0.01) mol/(L·s)、(2.8±0.2)×109 mol/(L·s)。经6 min臭氧氧化后,地下水和地表水中的啶虫脒去除率仅为26%和64%。与之相比,UV/O₃和EP技术可以完全去除地下水和地表水中的啶虫脒。臭氧氧化、UV/O₃和EP技术降解啶虫脒的能耗分别为0.11~0.27,1.22~1.24,0.12~0.24 kW·h/m3。结果表明,EP技术是一种去除饮用水中啶虫脒的高效低耗技术。     

磺胺甲噁唑淡水水生生物水质基准与生态风险评估

磺胺甲噁唑是一种被广泛使用的磺胺类抗生素.它在江河湖泊等地表水中广泛存在,且对生物具有一定毒性,被认为是淡水环境中重要的污染物之一.为得到磺胺甲噁唑的水生生物保护浓度,本研究基于搜集筛选的磺胺甲噁唑对中国淡水水生生物的17个物种的急性毒性数据,10个物种的慢性毒性数据,采用物种敏感度分布法推导了磺胺甲噁唑对中国淡水水生生物的水质基准,得出磺胺甲噁唑的短期水质基准值为34.87μg·L^-1,长期水质基准值为21.73μg·L^-1.此外,为探究磺胺甲噁唑在我国淡水环境中的风险水平,本研究结合推导出的磺胺甲噁唑水质基准以及急性毒性数据,分别使用熵值法和安全阈值法对我国部分流域进行生态风险评估.结果表明两种方法得出的结果并无较大差异,磺胺甲噁唑在我国淡水流域中几乎没有生态风险.     

新冠疫情下武汉典型饮用水水源中DBPs污染特征与风险评估

为了揭示新冠肺炎疫情下武汉典型饮用水水源中消毒副产物（DBPs）的污染特征与风险水平,选取武汉典型饮用水源地26个采样点位,采用N,N-二乙基-1,4-苯二胺分光光度法和气相色谱仪-微池电子捕获检测器（GC-μECD）法分别对水体中残余氯消毒剂和DBPs进行了检测,并开展健康与生态风险评估.结果表明,26个点位中有16个检出了游离氯或总余氯,检出最大浓度为0.04 mg·L^-1,部分点位游离氯超过了国家地表水标准,靠近城市污水厂排水口的点位浓度相对较高.对10个代表性点位进行了34种DBPs的检测,有24种物质被检出,检出率为10.00%～100.00%;ρ（总DBPs）浓度范围为0.11～104.73μg·L^-1,平均值为7.26μg·L^-1.三氯甲烷检出浓度最高,浓度范围为9.98～11.15μg·L^-1,平均值为10.47μg·L^-1;一溴一碘乙酰胺检出浓度最低,浓度范围为ND～0.11μg·L^-1,平均值为0.01μg·L^-1...     

环境中典型抗生素生态安全阈值

随着人们生活水平的提高,抗生素的使用量日趋增加,对生态环境造成潜在风险.以12种典型抗生素(克拉霉素、金霉素、青霉素、头孢噻肟、头孢唑啉、硫酸链霉素、新霉素、磺胺甲恶唑、林可霉素、氯霉素、诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星)为研究对象,根据欧盟化学物质风险评价技术指导文件(TGD),推导不同环境介质中抗生素的预测无效应浓度(PNEC).结果表明,12种典型抗生素PNECwater值大小依次为：磺胺甲恶唑(0.0075μg·L^-1)<青霉素(0.10μg·L^-1)<诺氟沙星(0.1128μg·L^-1)<克拉霉素(0.20μg·L^-1)<金霉素(0.24μg·L^-1)<新霉素(0.60μg·L^-1)<硫酸链霉素(1.00μg·L^-1)<林可霉素(2.00μg·L^-1)<氯霉素(12.5μg·L^-1)=恩诺沙星(12.5μg·L^-1)<头...     

我国地表水中典型DBPs的暴露水平及生态风险

氯消毒过程中可能生成有毒有害的副产物,会对水生态系统和环境健康产生直接和间接的次生危害.三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）是地表水中检出率最高的消毒副产物（DBPs）,其毒性效应受到广泛关注.本文检索整理了三氯甲烷（TCM）、三溴甲烷（TBM）、二氯乙酸（DCAA）和三氯乙酸（TCAA）在我国地表水暴露浓度和对水生生物的毒性效应浓度,了解我国重点流域地表水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA的浓度水平,分别利用急、慢性毒性数据推导预测无效应浓度（PNEC）,并使用风险商（RQ）和概率生态风险评价法（PERA）对我国重点流域水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA进行多层次生态风险评估.结果表明,我国地表水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA暴露浓度范围为n.d.~51μg/L.以致死和生长、繁殖等为测试终点的急、慢性毒性数据,构建物种敏感度分布（SSD）曲线,推导出TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA的PNEC值分别为0.586,0.857,0和44.880mg/L;0.006,0.064,0.956和0.012mg/L.基于急、慢性毒性数据计算出的RQ小于1.我国重点流域中TCM和TCAA对1%的水生生物造成生长、繁殖等慢性毒性影响的概率分别为78.86%和20.61%,存在潜在的生态风险.     

啶虫脒光催化降解动力学的优化及其降解产物的分析

利用光催化技术通过单因素和中心复合实验对啶虫脒的降解动力学进行了研究.在单因素实验中,探讨了催化剂浓度、底物浓度、温度和p H对其降解动力学的影响.结果表明啶虫脒光催化降解动力学符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型,随着温度的升高和底物浓度的降低其降解速率增加,而弱酸和碱性条件有利于啶虫脒的光催化降解.中心复合实验通过研究上述4种因素之间的相互关系得到啶虫脒的光催化降解最优条件为:Ti O2浓度2.30 g·L-1,底物浓度90.0μmol·L-1,温度37.5℃,溶液初始p H值为5.0.最后,HPLC检测到啶脒虫光催化降解产物主要有7个,其中6个降解产物极性大于啶虫脒.     

壬基酚的环境生物地球化学研究进展及对新污染物管理的建议

近年来,我国大气环境、水环境和土壤环境质量得到一定的改善,“碧水蓝天”已经成为常态.但随着持久性有机污染物、内分泌干扰物、抗生素和微塑料等新污染物在环境中不断被检出,新污染物正逐步受到广泛的关注,壬基酚作为一种典型的内分泌干扰物也备受研究人员的关注.系统地概括了我国水体中壬基酚的环境行为和暴露水平,并基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法对壬基酚可能造成的生态风险进行了评估.结果表明,壬基酚对水生生物的毒性效应主要包括急性毒性、生长发育毒性、雌激素效应和繁殖毒性;壬基酚在我国主要流域水体中普遍存在,其浓度平均值在60～1 000 ng·L^-1,浓度最高值可达4 628 ng·L^-1;基于风险商法和联合概率曲线法的风险评估结果表明,壬基酚对我国主要流域里的水生生物均存在一定的风险.最后,总结了目前比较常用的壬基酚处理处置和风险管控技术,比较了国际上内分泌干扰物的监管方法,针对我国在新污染物环境管理中存在的问题,提出了针对性政策建议,研究结果可以为我国新污染物管理和管控提供参考.     

总微囊藻毒素免疫检测及其预处理方法研究

在验证广谱型微囊藻毒素酶联免疫分析试剂盒性能基础上,主要研究了基于我国与美国分别推荐的水样预处理方式所检测的地表水中微囊藻毒素浓度差异.结果表明：(1)酶联免疫分析试剂盒对微囊藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的检出限为0.04μg·L^-1,并在0.08～1.00μg·L^-1的浓度范围内表现出良好的线性检测范围;(2)基于我国与美国分别推荐的水样预处理方式,后者测得的微囊藻毒素浓度普遍高于前者(最大差值：前者未检出,后者为(0.25±0.01)μg·L^-1),且基于两者所测试的地表水样中的微囊藻毒素浓度均低于世界卫生组织(WHO)对饮用水中MC-LR所设定的残留限值;(3)酶联免疫分析试剂盒在对上述未检出水样进行加标检测时,回收率为80%～120%,变异系数低于16%,表明上述地表水中微囊藻毒素的检测结果具有较高的准确度.     

填埋场覆盖土微生物好氧/厌氧共代谢降解氯乙烯的特性、贡献度及微生态研究

填埋场已成为氯乙烯污染的重要来源,明晰覆盖层土壤中氯乙烯的降解特性及功能微生物群落组成对氯乙烯污染控制具有重要意义.基于填埋场覆盖土系统开展了典型氯乙烯的好氧/厌氧共代谢降解研究.结果显示,好氧和厌氧条件下CH₄均可发生降解,二氯乙烯（DCE）只能在好氧条件下被降解,净降解速率为50μg·h^-1·L^-1;三氯乙烯（TCE）可同时发生好氧共代谢和厌氧共代谢转化,净降解速率分别为38和5μg·h^-1·L^-1;四氯乙烯（PCE）只能发生厌氧共代谢,降解速率为0.77μg·h^-1·L^-1,发现好氧共代谢速率远高于厌氧共代谢速率.构建了覆盖层中氯乙烯的分布模型并评估了CH₄及氯乙烯好氧/厌氧共代谢贡献度,CH₄好氧和厌氧降解贡献度分别为59%～70%和30%～41%,TCE好氧和厌氧共代谢降解贡献度分别为73%和27%.对氯乙烯厌氧/好氧共代谢降解过程的微生物群落组成及潜在功能菌属进行了分析,发现好氧...     

内蒙古东北部地区地下-地表饮用水源多环芳烃污染特征与风险

多环芳烃是水环境中普遍存在的有害污染物,了解多环芳烃的污染特征与风险水平对饮用水源地的可持续发展及饮水安全具有重要意义.为此,采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱定性定量分析法对内蒙古东北部地区的满洲里和新右旗饮用水源33个（包含22个地下水和11个地表水）采样点中多环芳烃的残留进行了测定,分析了多环芳烃的污染水平并进行了健康和生态风险评估.结果表明,研究区域饮用水源水体33个采样点均有PAHs检出,除苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a, h]蒽这3种单体检出率范围为36.36%～95.45%外,其余13种PAHs单体检出率均为100%.■检出范围为42.76～164.50 ng·L^-1,平均值为90.82 ng·L^-1,其中地表水和地下水中■检出范围分别为66.39～164.50 ng·L^-1和42.76～147.70 ng·L^-1.检出的PAHs单体ρ（萘）最大,平均值达36.91 ng·L^-1,ρ（蒽）最小,仅为0.81 ng·L^-1,其中地下水与地表...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.