微生物燃料电池电活化过硫酸盐降解甲基橙偶氮染料

为研究MFC（微生物燃料电池）产生电能活化PDS（过硫酸盐）对偶氮染料的降解能力,以MO（甲基橙）为目标污染物,探讨pH、c（PDS）、初始c（MO）、无机阴离子等对MO降解的影响及降解机理.结果表明:①当pH为3~5时,MO降解率随pH降低而升高;当pH低于3时,MO降解率随pH的降低而降低;MO降解率随初始c（MO）的增大而降低.当c（PDS）为1~2 mmol/L时,MO降解率随c（PDS）增加而增大;当c（PDS）超过2 mmol/L后呈减小趋势.②最佳反应条件[pH为3、初始c（MO）为0.10 mmol/L、c（PDS）为2 mmol/L]下,反应4 h后MO降解率可达86.5%.③无机阴离子HCO₃-、NO₃-、CO₃2-对MO降解存在抑制作用,当阴离子投加量为10 mmol/L时,降解率分别为64.2%、68.8%、76.1%,而Cl-对MO降解无显著影响.④淬灭试验表明,体系的主要活性物质为SO₄-·及少量·OH.⑤通过紫外-可见光谱扫描,依据MO结构与特征吸收峰的关系,推测MO降解途径,即MO发色基团偶氮双键断裂,生成含苯环类中间产物,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.研究显示,MFC能有效活化PDS产生SO₄-·,对偶氮染料有较好的降解和矿化效果.      

丙酮活化过一硫酸盐性能及非自由基机制

利用丙酮活化过一硫酸盐(Peroxymonosulfate,PMS)氧化降解酸性橙7(AO7),考察了丙酮投加量、PMS浓度、初始pH值及共存阴离子等反应条件对AO7氧化降解的影响,探讨了丙酮/PMS反应体系中的反应机制.结果表明,当初始p H为9.0、n(PMS)/n(AO7)为17.5∶1、丙酮投加量为10 mmol·L-1时,反应30 min可使AO7的降解率达到99.8%.在丙酮/PMS的活化体系中,随着丙酮投加量、PMS浓度和p H的升高,AO7的降解率也逐渐增大,碱性条件下最有利于AO7的降解.自由基淬灭实验分析表明,单线态氧(1O2)是氧化降解AO7的主要活性物种.Cl-、CO2-3对丙酮/PMS体系中AO7的降解有促进作用,离子浓度越高,AO7降解速率越快,腐殖酸(HA)的加入对AO7的降解有轻微的抑制作用.紫外可见光谱分析表明,AO7分子中的偶氮键及萘环结构被破坏,从而得到降解.     

氧基氯化铁非均相活化过一硫酸盐降解金橙Ⅱ

采用部分热分解法制备了氧基氯化铁（FeOCl）,用于活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解难降解偶氮染料金橙Ⅱ（AO7）.利用X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）、扫描电镜（SEM）和X射线衍射光谱（XRD）对其进行了表征;通过实验评估FeOCl/PMS体系对AO7的降解效果并分析了影响AO7去除率的各种因素.结果表明：FeOCl活化PMS降解AO7效果良好,矿化率达44%.在中性条件下,当FeOCl投加量50mg/L、PMS浓度1.0mmol/L、AO7浓度0.05mmol/L时,AO7可在30min内完全降解.随PMS投加量、FeOCl投加量、Cl^-浓度和反应初始pH值的增大,AO7的脱色效果提高.FeOCl还具有良好的重复利用性.此外,通过自由基淬灭实验、EPR测试和XPS分析了反应的主要活性物种和反应机理：由PMS活化产生的SO₄^-·和·OH对污染物进行降解,其中主要活性物种为SO₄^-·.     

磁性Fe3O4-CuO非均相活化过碳酸钠降解AO7

采用一步水热法合成了可磁性回收的Fe₃O₄-CuO材料并通过SEM-EDS和XRD进行表征.利用Fe₃O₄-CuO活化过碳酸盐(SPC)降解偶氮染料AO7,探究了Fe₃O₄-CuO投加量、SPC初始浓度、初始pH值和背景氯离子对Fe₃O₄-CuO/SPC体系降解AO7的影响,分析了体系的主要反应机理.实验结果表明,Fe₃O₄-CuO可以活化SPC降解AO7,反应随Fe₃O₄-CuO和SPC投加量的增加而加快,但过高的SPC投加量反而抑制AO7的降解.由于SPC的缓冲能力,该体系拥有广泛的pH适应能力且反应随着初始pH的升高而加快.染料废水中常见的Cl^-对AO7的降解有促进作用,Cl^-浓度越高降解速度越快.AO7的降解主要发生在材料表面,反应的主要活性物种为·OH,Fe₃     

Ni/硅胶催化过硫酸盐降解酸性橙7的研究

采用浸渍-高温煅烧法制备负载型的Ni/硅胶(SG)催化剂,借助电镜扫描(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征,并对Ni/SG催化过硫酸钠(PDS)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7)的性能进行了研究,同时考察了AO7初始浓度、PDS浓度、Ni浸渍量、催化剂投量等因素对催化性能的影响。结果表明,Ni/SG上主要负载物为立方晶系结构的NiO;在初始pH值为7.0,AO7初始浓度为10 mg/L,PDS浓度为2 mmol/L,Ni/SG的Ni浸渍量和投加量分别为4%、3.0g的最佳实验条件下,Ni/SG催化PDS降解AO7的去除率达到88.9%。     

载银活性炭活化过硫酸钠降解酸性橙

采用硝酸氧化的颗粒活性炭浸渍制备Ag/GAC活化剂,利用N2吸附、SEM、FT-IR及XRD对Ag/GAC进行表征,得出Ag成功负载于颗粒活性炭上,并以Ag/GAC在常温常压下活化过硫酸钠(PS)产生硫酸根自由基(SO-4·)降解偶氮染料酸性橙7(AO7).考察了Ag负载量、PS浓度、Ag/GAC投加量、初始p H对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,当Ag负载量为12.7mg·g-1、n(PS)∶n(AO7)为120∶1、Ag/GAC投加量为1.0 g·L-1,降解180 min后AO7降解率达95.0%以上.初始p H对Ag/GAC活化PS降解AO7有较大影响,p H为5.0时降解效果最优.通过紫外可见光谱、气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)对AO7降解过程进行了探讨,在降解过程中AO7的偶氮键和萘环结构均被破坏,并检测出主要降解产物有邻苯二甲酸和乙酰苯.     

EGCG强化Fe~(2+)/过硫酸盐体系降解金橙G的研究

通过向亚铁-过硫酸盐(Fe~(2+)/PDS)体系中引入具有还原性及络合性的绿茶提取物EGCG,促进Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)循环,增强其对偶氮类染料金橙G(OG)的降解.实验考察了PDS投加量、OG初始浓度、溶液初始pH、Fe~(2+)投加量、EGCG投加量以及溶液中共存阴离子对该体系降解OG的影响.结果表明:单独投加Fe~(2+)、EGCG、PDS以及投加EGCG/PDS、Fe~(2+)/EGCG均不能有效地降解OG;EGCG的引入使得Fe~(2+)/PDS体系对OG的降解有了显著的提升,从30.89%上升到83.71%;OG的降解效率随着PDS及Fe~(2+)投加量的增大而增大、随着OG初始浓度的增大而减小;当EGGC投加量在10~40μmol/L时,降解效率随着其投加量的增大而增大,而当EGCG投加量大于40μmol/L时,降解效率随着其投加量的增大有一定程度的降低;与Fe~(2+)/PDS体系相比,EGCG的引入使得该体系在p H为2.0~7.0范围内均能取得较好的去除效果;体系中共存阴离子对OG的降解效率有着不同程度的抑制作用,其中PO_4~(3-)CO_3~(2-)Cl~-.另外,通过分别加入淬灭剂甲醇和叔丁醇,证明了体系中存在着硫酸根自由基以及羟基自由基,且硫酸根自由基占主导地位.     

LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3型钙钛矿活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备LaCo_1-xM_xO₃（M=Cu、Fe、Mn）型钙钛矿并用来活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解偶氮染料AO7.选取效果最好的LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃型钙钛矿为研究对象,考察了钙钛矿投加量、PMS浓度、pH和染料废水中常见Cl^-对LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃/PMS体系降解AO7的影响,分析了体系的反应过程并考察了矿化能力.结果表明,LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃可以有效活化PMS降解AO7,反应随着材料投加量和PMS浓度的增加而加快.在中性条件下反应速度最快,过酸过碱均会抑制反应的进行.在优化条件为LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃投加量20mg/L、PMS浓度0.50mmol/L、AO7浓度0.05mmol/L时,AO7可在20min内完全降解.该反应主要发生在材料表面并且主要活性物种为·OH,对AO7具有优异的脱色能力和较好的矿化效果.     

碳纳米管活化过二硫酸盐降解偶氮染料酸性橙7

采用碳纳米管（CNT）活化过二硫酸盐（PS）降解偶氮染料酸性橙7（AO7）.考察了PS浓度、CNT投加量、初始pH值、温度等反应条件对AO7降解效果的影响.结果表明,当初始pH为7、n（PS）/n（AO7）为20、CNT投加量为0.2g/L时,AO7在反应480min后可以被完全脱色去除.随着PS剂量、CNT投加量和温度的升高,AO7的去除率也逐渐增加,中性条件下最有利于AO7的去除.AO7降解反应主要发生在CNT表面,且反应活化能Ea为46.76kJ/mol.通过紫外-可见分光光谱、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）和TOC分析表明,AO7分子偶氮键和萘环结构断裂,生成含苯环类物质,最终矿化为CO₂和H₂O.     

NC-PC锚定微量Fe活化PMS降解水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸

采用分步热分解法制备了NC-PC（三维多孔碳材料）锚定的微量Fe基催化剂,用于活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）氧化降解水中2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸（2,4-D）.采用透射电子显微镜（TEM）、高精度比表面积仪（BET）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析（ICP）对催化剂进行表征.考察了不同金属、制备方法、催化剂投加量、PMS投加量、初始pH值以及水中不同阴离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、HCO₃^-）对2,4-D降解的影响.结果表明,通过热分解法合成的Fe-NC-PC对2,4-D具有更好的降解效果,当2,4-D初始浓度为0.1mmol/L,初始pH=3.4,催化剂投加量0.15g/L,PMS浓度0.7mmol/L时,反应20min内2,4-D的去除率可达91%.随着催化剂投加量、PMS投加量的提高,2,4-D的降解效果提高;随着初始pH值的提高,2,4-D的降解效率逐渐降低;水中不同阴离子（Cl^-、NO₃^-、HCO₃^-）和腐殖酸（HA）对2,4-D的降解有轻微的抑制作用.通过自由基淬灭实验、EPR测试以及XPS分析了反应的主要活性物种和反应机理,发现材料制备过程中形成的Fe-N_x是主要的反应活性位,能够有效的活化PMS降解水中2,4-D,¹O₂在2,4-D的降解过程中起到主要作用.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.