基于改进组合赋权-TOPSIS模型的农村污水处理设施效果评价

农村生活污水处理设施运行效果的优劣关系农村环境综合整治、乡村振兴战略规划目标的实现.为分类评价农村污水处理设施运行效果,从经济、技术和管理3个层面确定了12项评价指标,建立了农村污水处理设施效果评价指标体系;并利用多准则决策理论,构建了基于模糊层次分析法（FAHP）、改进熵权法和逼近理想解排序法（TOPSIS）的农村污水处理设施效果评价模型,对农村污水处理设施效果进行评价研究.选取15座农村污水处理设施作为评价对象,分规划设计和运行管理两阶段,开展设施效果评价,对评价对象进行优劣排序,验证该方法的可行性.结果表明,建立的农村污水处理设施评价指标体系和构建的评价方法具有较高实践可行性和较强实际适用性;评价方法较好地区分了规划设计阶段和运行管理阶段重要的考量指标;实际案例验证中规划设计阶段和运行管理阶段均是XBT污水处理站排名最高（相对贴近度分别为0.9137、0.8961）,DYZ污水处理站排名最低（相对贴近度分别为0.2759、0.2961）,计算结果与实际情况一致.研究结果可为本区域农村污水处理设施规划设计和运行管理提供技术支撑,为同类地区农村污水处理设施评价提供技术参考.     

农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准制订探讨

农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准是农村环境管理的重要依据,关系到污水处理技术和工艺的选择,以及污水处理设施建设和运行维护成本.通过对北京市、重庆市及浙江省等地区农村生活污水排放标准进行对比,发现现有标准存在适用范围不清晰、分类分级思路不全面及控制指标选择不合理等问题.因此,基于优化农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准的制订提出3点建议:①明确标准适用于规模 < 500 m3/d的农村生活污水处理设施.②根据排水去向、处理设施规模以及尾水资源化利用因素等的不同进行标准分级.③建议选择pH、ρ（SS）、ρ（COD_Cr）、ρ（NH₃-N）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）及ρ（动植物油）等作为控制指标,其中ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）适用于出水直接排入封闭水体或超标因子为氮、磷的不达标水体的处理设施,ρ（动植物油）适用于含农家乐废水的处理设施,有条件的地区可在上述控制指标的基础上适当增加,如阴离子表面活性剂浓度、类大肠菌群数、色度等.因此,提出因地制宜、及时修订、完善农村生活污水处理技术评估方法以及加强处理设施资金保障等建议,确保标准的顺利实施,切实做到污染物减排.      

农村生活污水处理工艺优选方法研究

结合太湖流域农村生活污水处理的要求,筛选出目前太湖流域农村所采用的5种主要污水处理工艺,从经济、技术和运行管理3个层面确定了6个评价指标。基于熵权理论和灰色关联分析理论,建立了太湖流域农村生活污水处理工艺优选的熵权灰色关联分析模型。对备选方案与理想方案的关联度分析,得出工艺的优劣排序,并进行了评价结果的分析,为农村生活污水处理的工艺选择提供了较好的参考依据。     

人工湿地农村污水处理技术适用性的模糊评价

为了能综合考虑农村生活污水处理技术的先进性、经济性和可行性,在建立多层次的农村生活污水处理适用性评价指标体系的基础上,运用层次分析法,对各层次评价指标的权重进行计算,结合模糊评价的优点,对农村生活污水处理设施建设技术的性能进行评定,并根据特定地区不同的需求进行模糊赋值,采用专家打分法确立各评价指标的隶属度,对人工湿地农村污水处理技术适用性进行综合评价。     

基于群决策和层次分析法的长江中游地区农村污水处理技术评价及优选

长江流域农村污水治理是实现长江大保护的重要环节,但现有处理技术存在工艺多样、难以选择和缺少评价等问题.因此,调研收集了长江中游地区农村污水处理工程案例资料,分析了不同收集方式和排放标准下各处理技术的应用情况,构建了农村污水处理技术评价指标体系,并基于群决策和层次分析法对各处理技术进行了分类评价.结果表明,长江中游地区农村污水的收集方式以单村或小规模联村收集为主,处理规模主要集中在200 m³·d^-1以下,处理技术以厌氧+生态工艺应用最多(28.05%),一体化设备的应用也较为广泛(22.47%).评价指标体系准则层中技术性能权重最大(0.503 9),其次分别为经济效益(0.247 4)、运行管理(0.155 9)和环境影响(0.092 8),指标层中TP去除率、吨水运行成本、氨氮去除率和维护管理难易的权重较高.评价和优选结果表明,强化生态及厌氧+生态处理技术适于在长江中游农村地区推广和应用.研究结果可为长江中游地区农村污水处理技术的评估选择提供科学依据和参考.     

我国农村生活污水处理地方标准现状、问题及对策建议

农村生活污水处理设施水污染排放标准关系到农村生活污水治理技术的选取、建设投资及运行维护,科学合理地制定排放标准具有重要意义.对我国30个省(区、市)已发布的农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放地方标准的适用范围、分级分类情况、污染物控制指标选取及限值、监测采样方法等进行了对比分析,发现我国农村生活污水污染物排放地方标准存在...     

地方农村生活污水处理设施水污染物排放标准制订研究——以浙江为例

在综合考虑农村生活污水水质现状、农村地区技术经济和管理水平的基础上,提出了符合浙江现阶段农村实际情况的排放控制要求.基于不同地区农村环境条件和管理需求的差异性,从适用范围的确定、控制指标筛选、指标限值确定三个方面提出了适合当地实际的标准执行方案.为充分发挥标准效益,在标准执行上采取了分类、分区和分级的控制思路.提出了尽快明确农村生活污水处理设施建设、运维和日常监管的责任主体的建议.     

农村生活污水处理现状及工艺研究

日渐增大的农村生活污水无序排放,已经逐渐成为中国环境管理面临的新问题.文章分析了农村生活污水的排放特点、存在的问题以及处理的必要性,介绍了处理农村生活污水的生态系统技术和生物处理技术两大类处理方法的特点和主要原理.文章通过对CWT-M膜处理、SW一体化+人工湿地生活污水处理、ASPS生态湿地处理、AAO等四类处理设施实际运行监测结果的对比分析,指出污水处理设施及工艺的选择要因地制宣、科学设计,使相关设施达到应有的处理效果.     

基于模糊综合评价法的污水处理行业绩效评价研究

为弥补污水处理行业绩效评价方法的空白,从污水处理行业发展模型出发,构建了污水处理行业绩效评价指标体系,包含行业发展外部环境和行业现状与效益两个指标体系,采用层次分析法确定了指标权重,采用模糊综合评价法对2009年-2011年国内污水处理行业开展了绩效评价研究.评价结果表明,2009年-2011年期间,污水处理行业绩效越来越好,但仍有发展的空间,为进一步提高行业绩效,未来应在加大污染治理投资、做好污水处理设施与城镇建设的同步发展、加大技术研发投入等方面采用强有力的措施.     

云南省农村生活污水处理设施运行现状调查分析

对云南省9个市县农村污水处理设施进行调查及采样研究,按不同处理工艺对农村生活污水处理系统进出水水质进行了对比分析,提出云南省农村生活污水处理存在的问题:部分村落旱季收集不到污水,大部分污水通过沟渠排入农灌沟或者下游水体,污水处理设施没有进水,无法正常运行;缺乏有效的管理措施;缺乏适应云南省农村污水处理的排放标准;缺乏后期有效维护资金。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.