反硝化聚磷菌在低碳源城市污水脱氮除磷处理中的应用

采用反硝化聚磷菌,解决传统脱氮除磷工艺矛盾,使模拟的低碳源城市污水经济高效地达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)一级A标准,进行脱氮除磷新工艺试验研究。采用向序批式反应器中投加前期筛选得到的反硝化聚磷菌,通过培养驯化污泥、优化运行模式、过程中补充碳源等手段,处理对象为COD≥450 mg/L、氨氮≥60 mg/L、总氮≥65 mg/L和总磷≥12 mg/L的模拟城市污水。研究结果表明:经过130个周期的运行优化,使投加菌株的污泥具有良好的脱氮除磷性能,反应器平均出水COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷浓度分别为46.94、0.41、14.53、2.53 mg/L,相应去除率分别为90.22%、99.32%、78.31%、81.42%,后期添加15 mg/L Ca(OH)2溶液混凝沉淀后,出水COD、氨氮、总氮和总磷浓度均达到一级A标准。     

反硝化脱氮除磷系统的碳源利用特性

为了探明反硝化脱氮除磷工艺的碳源利用特性,通过SBR工艺对反硝化聚磷菌进行驯化在不同碳源浓度下,研究了反硝化脱氮除磷过程中的碳源利用特性。结果表明,反硝化脱氮除磷系统在厌氧段碳源转化过程中有一个饱和碳源,该研究中系统MLSS为3 000 mg/L时厌氧阶段饱和碳源浓度为250 mg/L COD。厌氧段进水碳源浓度低于该系统饱和碳源时,缺氧段总氮、磷去除随着厌氧段进水碳源浓度提高而增加,当进水碳源浓度超过饱和碳源时,总氮去除随着碳源浓度提高而进一步提高,但总磷去除率下降。说明缺氧段胞外碳源对系统脱氮有促进作用,但对除磷有抑制作用。厌氧进水碳源浓度达到饱和碳源时系统除磷效果最好,且脱氮所需的碳源利用效率最高此时系统COD(m)/NO_3~-N(m)值为3.3左右。     

一种脱氮反应器的脱氮效果研究

为探索一种脱氮反应器在实际水厂运行中的脱氮效果,在某一工业污水处理厂开展相关试验。探索在工况Ⅰ（投加碳源）、工况Ⅱ（投加碳源和脱氮菌）和工况Ⅲ（投加碳源和经过脱氮反应器处理后的脱氮菌）3种情况下总氮的去除效果,并记录碳源使用量和菌剂使用量。工况Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的总氮去除率分别为74.47%、83.54%和85.57%。结合COD、TN去除率,进水水量和碳源投加量,可计算出工况Ⅰ：177.08 mg/L的COD去除27.13 mg/L的TN;工况Ⅱ：180.5 mg/L的COD去除53.89 mg/L的TN;工况Ⅲ：177.0 mg/L的COD去除55.43 mg/L的TN。在同等COD浓度下,工况Ⅱ、Ⅲ的TN去除率均高于工况Ⅰ。工况Ⅱ的TN去除率略低于工况Ⅲ,但其菌剂用量为工况Ⅲ的10倍。该脱氮反应器在减少脱氮菌剂用量的同时保持高效率的脱氮效果。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株的分离筛选及复配菌剂对河水的净化效果

从天然河水中富集分离出8株异养硝化-好氧反硝化（HN-AD）菌株.将单菌株根据其自身的种属类别及脱氮性能复配成5种由不同菌株构成的菌剂,优选出脱氮效果最佳的复配菌剂-2,其包括6株菌株,分别为Pseudomonas stutzeri MR1,Pseudomonas sp. MR2,Pseudomonas sp. MR3,Pseudomonas balearica MR4,Klebsiella variicola MR6和Catellibacterium terrae MR8.将复配菌剂-2投加至COD_Cr/TN比分别为20和5的河水中,其对NO₃^--N的去除率分别为87.1%和97.5%,期间无NO₂^--N积累;对NH₄⁺-N去除效果在第1 d分别达到96.6%和57.6%.复配菌剂可以获得对河水较高的反硝化脱氮效率,并可以强化河水中NH₄⁺-N的去除,对实际河水的脱氮净化具有较强的应用潜能.     

亚硝酸盐不同生成方式对短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统的影响

为了探究亚硝酸盐生成方式对短程硝化反硝化除磷颗粒系统的影响,采用2组同规格SBR反应器分别在连续和间歇曝气方式下使亚硝酸盐连续生成和间歇生成,考察其运行过程中脱氮除磷效果、污泥物理特性和微生物群落结构.结果表明,亚硝酸盐间歇生成后随即消耗,具有更好和更稳定的脱氮除磷性能,特别在TN去除上,第72 d后TN平均去除率为92.07%.碳源利用效率（以P/COD计）集中在0.21~0.22mg·mg^-1,碳源利用充分,进一步促进反硝化除磷.颗粒粒径分布集中,大小均匀,具有规则的形状和清晰的边界.微生物群落分析表明,亚硝酸盐间歇生成的系统微生物群落丰富度和多样性更高,同时富集了更多DPAOs菌属（Dechloromonas和Pseudomonas）,与Nitrosomonas共同作用使短程硝化与反硝化除磷达到动态平衡,实现系统稳定运行.     

A_2ON工艺反硝化除磷研究

将活性污泥法与生物膜法相结合,基于反硝化除磷原理,开发出双相序批式脱氮除磷处理工艺A2ON。着重研究生活污水COD/TN比值变化的对除磷脱氮影响。试验结果表明,该工艺处理效果稳定,对水质的适应能力强,可以降低好氧需求,较大程度地减少除磷和反硝化对碳源的竞争,同时保证了世代时间长的硝化菌可稳定生长。     

铁型反硝化脱氮技术研究进展

传统反硝化工艺是非常有效的废水脱氮技术,具有反应快、效率高等优点,但受废水中有机碳源浓度影响较大.废水中碳源不足不能满足生物反硝化脱氮的需求且会导致总氮(TN)去除率偏低,而投加外源有机碳源会提高处理成本,极易造成二次污染,因而传统反硝化工艺对低碳氮比(C/N)废水脱氮处理具有一定局限性.铁型反硝化脱氮技术作为自养反硝...     

碳源浓度对同步硝化反硝化协同除磷影响研究

在厌氧/好氧SBR反应装置中,以模拟城市污水为处理对象,研究不同碳源浓度对同步硝化反硝化协同除磷效果的影响,同时对该过程中ORP的变化规律及影响作了探讨。结果表明,碳源浓度的变化对该系统中有机物和总磷的去除影响不显著,COD和TP的去除率分别>95%和90%,出水TP在0.5mg/L以下,当C/N比为6.7时,总氮去除率高达98.4%。本试验条件下,当COD:TN:TP约为200:30:7时,系统同步脱氮除磷运行效果最佳。     

印染废水中反硝化聚磷菌的筛选及其脱氮除磷特性的研究

为研究反硝化聚磷菌的生物学特性和脱氮除磷能力,从印染废水中分离筛选出3株高效反硝化聚磷菌,经鉴定分别属于克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）、肠杆菌属（Enterobacter）、链球菌属（Streptococcus）。将分离出来的反硝化聚磷菌富集培养,在缺磷培养液中厌氧培养24h,然后取少量培养液于4000rpm离心出菌体,投加于富磷培养液中厌氧培养24h,检测培养液中硝酸盐氮和磷的浓度变化。测得克雷伯氏菌A1的脱氮率为86．67％,除磷率为77．01％;肠杆菌A2的脱氮率为91．7％,除磷率为92．98％;链球菌A3的脱氮率为79．32％,除磷率为89．4％。     

基于短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的低碳源城市污水深度脱氮特性

短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化是一种新型生物脱氮技术,应用于城市污水深度脱氮有望大幅降低外碳源投加量.本研究接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,考察了短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化的深度脱氮性能与污泥特性.结果表明,接种厌氧氨氧化污泥可迅速启动短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化系统,在进水COD/TN为2.19±0.08时,出水TN浓度为(4.82±1.84)mg·L~(-1),实现了低碳源污水深度脱氮.系统粒径大于0.20 mm的污泥占86.16%,污泥实现了颗粒化,有助于厌氧氨氧化菌在系统内的有效持留.将短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化深度脱氮应用于城市污水处理厂二沉池出水深度脱氮,可降低外碳源投加量,同时可降低污水处理厂硝化池耗氧量.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.