蚕沙资源的综合开发及利用探析

蚕沙中含有多种有用的化学成分,其用途广泛、开发和利用前景广阔,从蚕沙中可以提取叶绿素、果胶、植醇、叶蛋白等多种化学物质。简介了蚕沙的化学组成和保存方法,详细论述了从蚕沙中提取叶绿素、果胶、植醇、叶蛋白等物质的工艺流程、应用现状及研究进展,最后得出开发蚕沙资源应该变单一提取个别产品为分级提取多种产品,不但可以保护环境、节约资源,还可大大提高蚕沙的综合利用价值,产生可观的经济效益。     

蚕沙中叶黄素的提取研究

研究了从蚕沙中提取叶黄素的方法,并通过紫外线对叶黄素进行了表征研究。结果表明:利用95%乙醇在常温下提取16h,石油醚作为萃取剂,叶黄素的提取效果较好,产率为0.4%。     

超声波辅助提取毛竹叶中叶绿素的研究

在超声波作用下,通过使用不同溶剂,研究了毛竹叶中叶绿素的提取方法,并对其提取液中叶绿素的含量进行了检测。结果表明,以丙酮为提取溶剂,料液比为1∶40,超声波提取30min,是从毛竹叶中提取叶绿素的最佳技术工艺。     

构树叶蛋白质的提取研究

构树在我国各地均有分布,具有易成活、繁殖快、适应环境能力强等特点。构树叶营养丰富,是潜在的优质蛋白质来源,经过提取提纯后能广泛用于食品加工行业,具有重大的经济价值。以构树叶粉为原料,研究了不同提取方法和参数下的粗叶蛋白含量和提取率,以粗蛋白提取率为指标,确定提取的最佳方式为酸热法提取叶蛋白,提取条件为pH值3、加热温度60℃、液料比30∶1。     

大有开发价值的蛋白质新资源——植物叶蛋白

随着世界人口的剧增和人民生活水平的提高,对优质蛋白质的需求越来越大,开发新的蛋白资源势在必行。作者从原料,营养价值,食用效果及经济效益四方面论述了植物叶蛋白的开发价值。     

分光光度法测定海水中叶绿素a的方法研究

海水中叶绿素a指标是评价海水富营养化的一个重要参数,现行标准GB 17378.7—2007《海洋监测规范》中规定海水中叶绿素a的两种分析方法,分别是荧光分光光度法和分光光度法,但是这两种分析方法都没明确检出限、精密度和准确度等方法特征性指标。以GB 17378.7—2007《海洋监测规范》和HJ 168—2020《环境监测分析方法标准制订技术导则》等为依据,采用分光光度法,通过试验确立分光光度法分析海水中叶绿素a的检出限等特征性指标数据,以方便日常工作数据填报以及为其他实验室分析人员提供参考。     

关于叶绿素a测定萃取时间的探讨

在叶绿素a的测定过程中，萃取时间长短对测定结果产生影响，得出了萃取时间5小时可满足叶绿素a测定要求的结论。     

嘉兴饮用水源地叶绿素a与环境因子的关系分析

叶绿素a是重要的水质监测指标,反映水体营养状况,分析饮用水源地叶绿素a的分布特征和影响因素,有助于饮用水源水华的防治。利用分布在饮用水源地水质自动监测站对2020年夏季嘉兴市3个饮用水源地水体中叶绿素a和相关环境因子开展监测,分析各饮用水源地叶绿素a的动态变化特征,利用Pearson相关系数法分析其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,夏季嘉兴市3个饮用水源地监测点位叶绿素a时间上表现为6月~7月中旬较低,7月下旬~8月有明显的增长;空间上表现千亩荡>太浦河水厂>果园桥。多元分析表明,嘉兴市3个饮用水源地叶绿素a与环境因子的相关性各有不同。水温和TP可能是太浦河水厂浮游植物生长的限制性因子。果园桥所处水体较高浊度是限制水体藻类生长的原因。千亩荡叶绿素a与营养盐的不规律变化导致其限制因子尚不明确。综合现有研究,不同饮用水源地叶绿素a受水质多种因素影响,科学防治水华需根据其对应的限制性因子分类施策。     

提高畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气量的研究进展

随着畜禽养殖规模的不断扩大,合理处理畜禽粪便是目前刻不容缓的问题.目前,沼气发酵是解决畜禽养殖场粪污处理和资源化利用的主要方式之一,且通过提高畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气量可以实现将粪便变废为宝的目的和达到资源利用最大化效果.综述了畜禽粪便沼气发酵产气的内在影响因素和外在影响因素对产气量的影响,为提高畜禽粪便的利用率和沼气发酵...     

有机肥结构特征对污染土壤Cd形态的影响

研究了以污泥和鸡粪为主要来源的两种不同有机肥主要组分和结构特征差异,结合吸附和土壤平衡试验,探讨了各组分对Cd吸附反应特征和土壤Cd形态分布的影响。结果表明:供试污泥有机肥含有较多的羧基,其最大络合量大于鸡厩肥;同时能更有效降低NH4NO3提取态Cd,但因为结合形态相对不稳定,因此导致EDTA提取态Cd有明显增加。而鸡厩有机肥含有更多π键,芳香化和腐熟化程度较高,与Cd吸附更稳定,在降低NH4NO3提取态Cd的同时也能降低EDTA提取态Cd。研究表明有机肥腐殖化、芳香化程度是影响其对重金属污染土壤修复与改良效果的主要因素。     

Closing the phosphorus loop in England: The spatio-temporal balance of phosphorus capture from manure versus crop demand for fertiliser

Every year 90 million tonnes of housed livestock manures are produced in the UK. This is a valuable reservoir of global phosphorus (P) and a point in the cycle where it is vulnerable to being lost from the terrestrial system. Improved manure management for the effective reuse of phosphorus is vital to simultaneously tackle a major source of water pollution and reduce our dependence on imported fertilisers. This paper quantifies, for the first time, the spatial and temporal challenges of recycling the required amount of manure P from areas of livestock production to areas of crop production in eight regions of England. The analysis shows that England has a P deficit and therefore the capacity to fully utilise the manure P on arable land, but that uneven spatial distribution of livestock poses a significant challenge to closing the P loop in agriculture. Two of the eight regions were shown to have surplus manure P, with the remaining six regions having P deficits, indicating that an annual export of 4.7 thousand tonnes P (2.8 million tonnes manure) must take place from the west to the east of the country each year to balance P supply and demand. Moreover, housed manure production peaks between October and February, requiring an excess of 23.0 thousand tonnes P (15 million tonnes manure) to be stored until it can be used for crop fertilisation from March onwards. The results demonstrate the scale of the challenge in managing manure P in an agricultural system that has separated livestock production from crop production, a pattern that is echoed throughout the developed world. To overcome the spatial and temporal challenges, a logistical system is recommended that will balance the nutrient potential (nitrogen and P content and availability) and pollution potential (eutrophication, greenhouse gas emissions, particulates and nitrous oxide from transport) for cost-effective and environmentally compatible redistribution of manure P from areas of surplus to areas of deficit, when required.     

Use of organic coagulant/flocculant for treatment of effluents generated in intensive rearing of swine

Separation of water for reuse is essential in an effluent treatment system, especially in activities with high water consumption, such as a pig production system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of Tanfloc SG^® coagulant tannin/organic flocculant used to treat effluent generated during the intensive rearing of swine. For the evaluation, laboratory and in situ tests (field test) were performed. The laboratory tests were performed to define the concentration (1 and 16%), dosage (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0, and 16.0 milliliters of the solution), and time (24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) of coagulation/flocculation treatment of the solid portion of the effluent. The parameters pH, turbidity, oxidation reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electroconductivity (in microsiemens per centimeter) were evaluated using a multiparameter probe and the parameters ammonia (NH₃), nitrate (NO₃), and nitrite (NO₂) in the laboratory, in relation to the coagulation/flocculation time of the solid part of the effluent. The use of tannin as a coagulant/flocculant of plant origin in the treatment of swine effluents was effective in reducing turbidity and concentrations of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate, and it allowed separation of the solid–liquid phase in approximately 68% as liquid phase.     

我国南方某城市垃圾焚烧飞灰特性及固化/稳定化处置实验

我国南方某城市主要采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾,已建7个焚烧厂日产生飞灰量为101.62 t/d。文章分析了各个垃圾焚烧厂飞灰的化学组成和重金属浸出毒性,其主要成分为CaO、SiO2、MgO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、Na2O、SO3和Cl,所有焚烧飞灰都有至少一种重金属浸出浓度超标,属于危险废物。在飞灰处置出路亟待解决的背景下,实验探讨了飞灰稳定化工艺,结果表明10%的水泥添加量可以使飞灰中超标重金属(Cd、Pb和Zn)的浸出浓度满足危险废物鉴别浓度限值和安全填埋场入场浓度限值。同时,通过人体健康风险评价分析了飞灰豁免管理的可行性,并对近期和远期该城市焚烧厂飞灰的处理处置及管理提出建议。     

碳中和目标下的北京城市道路移动源CO2和大气污染物协同减排效应研究

为实现2060年碳中和目标,研究北京城市道路移动源CO_2和大气污染物(CO、NO_x、PM_(2.5))的协同减排效应。本文以2016年为基准年,建立CO_2和大气污染物排放量的LEAP模型,设计三种政策情景,预测到2060年各类污染物排放量,并通过减排效应坐标系分析和减排弹性系数法研究不同措施下CO_2和大气污染物的协同减排效应。结果显示,综合政策情景的减排作用最好,且协同减排效应最显著,但在2060年无法实现碳中和目标;单一措施情景下,严格排放标准措施的协同减排效果有限,但对各污染物的减排协同性最优,推广公共交通减排协同性次之,发展新能源车辆措施具有较好的协同减排效果,但对CO_2—CO和CO_2—PM_(2.5)的减排协同度较差。对此,本文提出应加快推动交通能源结构转型,在新能源车取代燃油类机动车的同时,要不断减少天然气类车型的比例,尽可能实现"电能+新能源汽车"的零排放能源结构;还要加严机动车排放标准限值以加强CO_2和大气污染物的减排协同度;制定相应的机动车CO_2和大气污染物协同排放限值标准目标,构建CO_2与大气污染物排放协同管理体系等建议。