关于地球上最古老的全岩同位素地质年龄——西格陵兰地区年龄工作简介

前寒武纪同位素地质年代学研究是探索地球及地壳物质起源和早期演化历史的重要基础工作。它对于了解地球上生命起源及进化、全球地质年表对比及制定、重要成矿期及成矿省的划分等均具重要意义。除此之外,前寒武纪早期年代学的工作还可将作为太阳系一员的地球与陨石、月球物质进行整体的对比研究。多年来,世界各国对古老岩石年龄测定工作虽都颇为重视,但所得结果大于30—32亿年的一些地区大     

极端环境下的生命

想象现在是2030年．地勤人员把你送上了前往火星的宇宙飞船。你的任务就是在这个红色星球上寻找生命。天文学家认为火星和地球在年轻的时候非常相似。还有一些科学家发现地球上的化石表明地球上的生命“仅仅”诞生于10亿年前(而地球到现在则有45亿岁了)。也许火星上也有生命存在。     

英国地球物理联合会春季年会讨论臭氧层臭氧损耗问题

2001年5月大约3000名来自各方的地球科学家云集波士顿参加地球物理联合会春季年会.年会交流的范围广泛,从波士顿上空的平流层臭氧到火星的神秘沟壑到6亿年前地球是否曾是一个大雪球. 关于中纬度上空臭氧层状况,研究人员发现除氯氟烃化学是溴氧损耗的原因外,可能还有温室气体增加引起的气候变化,这一次是由于全球气候变暖导致的气候锋(front)带的北移.马里兰大学的Rolert Hudson说:“我们看到的中纬度臭氧趋势不是化学原因,我认为这点相当可靠.”Hudson和他的同事利用Nimbus7号卫星上TOMS臭氧传感器数据画出了1978~1992年臭氧丰度的全球…     

环境问题、环境科学与环境保护

一、环境与环境问题什么叫环境?环境是以人类为中心的所有一切客观事物的总和。环境对人类生存的重要性:在太阳系的九大行星中,只有地球上有生物有人类,为什么?因为地球这样的环境适宜生物和人类的生存,或者说地球提供了生物和人类生存和发展的物质基础;地球离太阳距离适中,地球的自转也比较适度,地壳变迁相对稳定,地球的气候适合生物生存。地球外层有一层臭氧层,可以吸收太阳射来很大部分的紫外线,保护了生物和人类。地球的形成大约已有45亿年的历史,它不是一开始就有这样的环境。地球开始时是没有生命的,经过漫长的演变才适宜于生物生存,到了大约32亿年前才开始出现生命。5～6亿年前出现大量的生物,真正出现     

地球的起源与演化

<正> 序人们认为地球这颗行星大约是在45亿年前诞生的。地球在其诞生后的漫长岁月中发生了不断的演变,进而转变成了现在这样的形态。探索地球的演化过程是地球科学的中心课题,并得到了许多作者的关注。然而,地球的演化历史主要是指过去6亿年,因为在这一时期已发现了丰富的化     

“人类世”:为你我寻一个新坐标

说起“地质年代”,我们首先联想到的可能是“寒武纪生命大爆发”、“侏罗纪恐龙”.也可能你知道现在我们人类处于1万年前开始的“全新世”,但由于地质年代主要以化石记录来区分,动辄以百万年为单位,所以对于大多数人而言,不同的“纪”或“世”仅仅区分着静态的过去.     

行星地球的起源和演化模式──地球原始不均一性的起源及对后期演化的制约

本文指出地球具原始不均一性．并且，这种原始不均一性起源于前地球阶段堆积星子的不均一性。地球不均一性的演化从早期不均一性经1800Ma前后变格“事件”而发展成为晚期不均一性。地球化学不均一性和地球的形成、演化密切相关。地球形成经历了原地球堆积和补堆积两个阶段，地球的演化可以1800Ma为转折点具明显两阶段演化特征：早期以初生壳体星子源地体的形成和发展为特点，后期以岩石圈板快运动为特点。并认为，区域矿产分布的不均匀性，从根本上是由化学不均一控制的。     

地壳演化对成矿作用的影响

绪论 本文对大约四十亿年这段地质时期中与地壳构造和活动变化有关的矿化过程进行了研究。在地球历史的最早阶段,整个地壳是炽热、脆弱而活动的。年龄老于27亿年的多数矿床,其物质都是直接或间接地来源于地幔,这些矿床缺少在不稳定条件下易于分散的那些金属。大约在27亿年,最稳定的而且较冷却的克拉通地壳单元发生了演化,因而使各类矿床相续增     

地球上最古老的矿物年龄与太古宙地壳演化问题探讨

近年来,世界上许多地方相继报道了最老的地球矿物年龄,其最大年龄值可达4276Ma±6Ma。这些在地壳最早期形成时保留下来的信息,为研究早期地壳演化提供了重要线索和依据。 根据所报道的最老矿物的寄主岩石特征,推断地球上有最老的硅铝壳,并且它们在3800Ma以前就存在,从而不支持最早期的地壳都是基性的论点。 根据最老矿物年龄研究,可建立地壳早期演化模式。Krner(1989)根据对南非斯威士兰西北部地质及同位素年代学研究提出的早太古宙地壳生长、变形和演化史模式,是一个很好的实例和典范。世界各地前寒武纪地壳演化各具特色,但总体上都不同程度地服从全球演化规律。因此,Krner(1989)建立的模式,对研究世界其它地区前寒武纪地壳的演化具有很好的参考价值。     

世界各地古老岩石的同位素年代学研究

世界各地最古老岩石的同位素年龄测定是研究地球早期演化的重要的、必不可少的基础工作。70年代以来地球上各大洲均获得不少大于30亿年的同位素年龄测定数据,甚至有少量大于40亿年的测定结果,从而把有根据的地球史和生命史提前了十多亿年。人们现在可以几乎完整无缺地来探讨地球自形成到现在的整个历史了。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.