GIS在矿产资源评价中的应用

在矿产资源评价领域中,GIS的应用受到广泛的关注。作为一种地理学领域的信息系统,综合其它地质勘探、物探、化学等多种方法进行分析、判断,对矿产资源进行全面评价。讨论了GIS在矿产资源评价应用中的进展、作用、思路与方法以及应用过程中的关键问题。     

规划环境影响评价中的生物多样性评价方法探析

通过对国内外生物多样性评价现状、以GIS为基础的生态模型应用和生物多样性评价层次选择的分析,提出了将景观生态学和GIS为基础的生态模型综合以用于规划环评生物多样性评价的新思路     

城市环境综合整治定量考核工作展望

1988年9月国务院环委会公布了《关于城市环境综合整治定量考核的决定》,同年底又公布了《城市环境综合整治定量考核实施办法》及一些有关文件。这个“决定”和“办法”不仅使城市环境综合整治进入了一个新的阶段,而且也使我国城市环境管理工作有了重大发展。所谓城市环境综合整治定量考核,就是用一组城市环境综合整治指标定量地反映、评价城市环境综合整治     

区域开发SEA综合评价体系初探

根据区域可持续发展的要求,为了实现区域环境保护从战略酝酿阶段就参与区域国民经济综合评价,本文首次尝试提出了一套实际操作性强的、定量的、着眼于整体的区域可持续性发展SEA综合评价模式,并以成都市羊安工业集中发展区为例,从经济、社会、环境三个子系统出发建立指标体系对其进行综合评价。     

基于模糊数学方法的土壤肥力综合评价及应用

模糊数学是一种研究和处理模糊现象的定量化分析方法,在各个领域具有广泛的应用价值.以GIS技术为基础,阐述了该方法在土壤肥力综合评价中的应用.以安庆市土壤样点数据为例,建立包括土壤的pH值、有机质、全氮等8项指标土壤肥力多指标评价模型,对安庆市范围的土壤肥力状况进行评价,分析土壤肥力空间分布.结果表明,模糊数学方法在土壤肥力综合指标评价中具有简便可行性.     

GIS噪声环境监测与管理

环境噪声是评价城市环境质量的一个重要指标,但噪声污染与水污染、大气污染不同,不能通过"资源化"、"化害为利"等方式来治理,因而要解决噪声污染就必须准确地获取环境噪声信息,并对其影响进行科学评价,以及时进行噪声治理决策规划和管理。本文探讨了GIS在噪声环境监测与管理中的应用。     

决策树法在城乡用地综合分区中的应用研究——以煤矿资源型城市凤台县为例

针对城乡用地供需矛盾日益突出的现状,以合理划分城乡用地为目标,对城乡用地综合分区的相关方法进行梳理,提出基于决策树的城乡用地综合分区理论体系,构建在GIS技术平台的支持下对限定性因子和非限定性因子分别进行评价的方法。在此基础上,以安徽省凤台县为例,采用决策树法对煤矿资源城市进行综合分区,并对研究结果进行分析和评价,该方法可为未来资源型城市用地综合分区的实际应用提供参考。     

多时域航空影象与GIS应用——武昌县土地资源变迁分析

通过对武昌县多时域航空影象的判读和 GIS 的快速处理,结合其它辅助数据,对不同时期武昌县土地资源变化情况作了定性、定量和定位的分析研究.研究结果表明,多时域航空影象能较快地获取有关土地资源演变的静态和动态信息。GIS 是进行土地变迁复合研究及县域规划管理的一种有效技术手段。     

区域旅游经济与生态环境耦合协调发展研究——基于黑龙江省的数据

以黑龙江省为例,运用耦合协调度数学模型及计算方法定量评价了旅游经济与生态环境的综合评价函数及耦合协调度。结果显示,黑龙江省旅游经济与生态环境综合评价函数、耦合协调度在1995—2011年均呈现出阶段上升的特征,耦合协调类型从极度失调状态逐步跃升到优质协调状态,增长方式由旅游经济滞后型转变为旅游经济与生态环境同步发展型,表明黑龙江省旅游经济与生态环境系统之间耦合互动关系密切。     

长江(江苏段)沿江开发水质监控预警系统建设

长江（江苏段）水质监控预警体系是以信息技术为基础，综合运用地理信息系统（GIS）、遥感（NS）、网络、多媒体等现代高新科技手段，在沿江开发现状分析和评价的基础上，建立长江（江苏段）水质基础信息平台、不同功能的水质模型及其相应的管理系统，为区域的环境风险管理提供数据支持。     

Integrating social preference in GIS-aided planning for forestry and conservation activities: a case study from rural SE Asia

Land-use planning using geographic information systems (GIS) commonly emphasizes biophysical spatial data; however planning can be improved by integrating spatial sets of socioeconomic data into the GIS. As an example, we compared a traditional GIS-aided forestry planning protocol that considered only biophysical suitability, with an integrated GIS-aided approach that incorporated both biophysical and socioeconomic suitability. The analyses were conducted for the planning of plantation investments in the Kyaukpadaung Township in the dry zone of central Myanmar. The traditional approach used three biophysical layers for suitability: land use, slope, and accessibility. In contrast, the integrated GIS approach included biophysical suitability data, perceptions and preferences of local villagers towards forestry (social suitability), and quantitative socioeconomic data. The results indicated that the integrated approach provided two principal benefits over the traditional method. First, the integrated method resulted in a more precise idea of suitable sites for plantation investment that could benefit more rural people and also lead to greater investment efficiency. Second, incorporating social preference into the GIS takes into account the crucial element of social capital (viz., social preference), which should lead to higher levels of community acceptance of plantation projects because those plantations would be established on socially suitable land. A second GIS exercise showed how conservation investment decisions could be informed using the integrated method. The results of this study support the idea that GIS-aided planning activities can be enhanced through the incorporation of social data into the analysis. When applicable, spatial data collection efforts for GIS-based planning exercises should incorporate spatial socioeconomic data.     

Participatory GIS and its application in governance: the example of air quality and the implications for noise pollution

Abstract

Participatory GIS (geographic information systems) is designed to use community mapping exercises to produce spatial representations of local knowledge. The ideals of Participatory GIS revolve around the concept of public participation in the use of spatial data leading to increased community involvement in policy-setting and decision-making (Weiner et al., Community participation and geographic information systems, in: Craig et al., Community participation and geographic information systems, London: Taylor & Francis, 2002). This paper reports on findings from two case studies, one relating to assessments of air quality and how Participatory GIS has been used in the UK to improve local government policy, and the second on assessments of noise pollution. It concludes by discussing a caveat on the use of Participatory GIS for environmental governance, which is that, ideally, only issues on which participants are likely to have direct experiential knowledge should be targeted.     

京津冀地区矿产资源开发的生态环境影响研究

京津冀地区位于我国北方农牧交错带前缘,坝上、燕山、太行山等地区是区域水源的主要发源地,同样是京津及华北平原的主要生态屏障。对京津冀地区矿产资源开发的生态环境影响进行评价,具有重要现实意义。本文根据京津冀地区矿产资源开发现状、规划空间布局和生态环境特点,综合运用GIS空间分析技术和生态风险理论,从矿产资源的空间布局合理性角度入手,分析京津冀地区矿产资源开发利用的生态环境影响,并以此识别区域内矿产资源开发的生态风险高发区和较高发区。结果显示,京津冀地区矿产资源开发空间布局与燕山、太行山山地水源涵养与水土保持区、坝上高原风沙防护区等生态功能区存在空间重叠,规模性的矿产开发会对区域内的水源涵养、土壤保持、生物多样性维护等生态功能构成持续性影响;高海拔地区的高强度开矿同样会加剧水土流失和荒漠化。天津市滨海区,承德市宽城满族自治县,邯郸市武安市等市县因密集分布了已有的矿产开发企业,并囊括了近期矿产资源开发的众多矿区,矿产资源开发的遗留性问题也比较突出,成为矿产资源开发的生态风险高发区。在生态影响分析基础上,本文提出了有针对性的空间差异性生态保护对策,以期为京津冀地区矿产资源开发布局优化提供技术支撑。     

矿产资源总体规划对四川省甘孜州资源-环境承载力影响分析研究

本文根据矿区资源环境承载力的内涵,构建了"目标层-准则层-因子层-指标层"资源环境承载力评价体系,并在此基础上通过专家咨询打分的方式,采用层次分析法(AHP法)计算得出甘孜州矿产资源总体规划实施现状年、近景年、远景年3个时间段资源-环境承载力综合指数,为四川省甘孜州矿产资源总体规划环评影响影响评价提供了技术支撑和科学根...     

基于GIS的城市土地利用与交通网络一体化模型

在蓬勃发展的城市化进程中,一方面,城市交通需求迅速增长,交通运输供给能力不足成为制约区域经济快速发展的瓶颈;另一方面,在城市化进程中突出的景观标志--土地利用的变化包含着城市极其丰富的信息量,城市交通网络设计必然要求将城市土地利用与交通网络设计整合考虑.概述了土地利用与交通网络设计的关系,构建了一个基于GIS的城市土地利用与交通网络设计一体化模型 (LTGIS) ,同时对模型中的系统设计进行了论述,表明城市土地利用与交通网络设计是密切相关的.基于GIS的城市土地利用与交通网络设计一体化模型(LTGIS)的提出具有理论与实践的双重意义.     

Landscape Characterization Integrating Expert and Local Spatial Knowledge of Land and Forest Resources

In many developing countries, political documentation acknowledges the crucial elements of participation and spatiality for effective land use planning. However, operative approaches to spatial data inclusion and representation in participatory land management are often lacking. In this paper, we apply and develop an integrated landscape characterization approach to enhance spatial knowledge generation about the complex human–nature interactions in landscapes in the context of Zanzibar, Tanzania. We apply an integrated landscape conceptualization as a theoretical framework where the expert and local knowledge can meet in spatial context. The characterization is based on combining multiple data sources in GIS, and involves local communities and their local spatial knowledge since the beginning into the process. Focusing on the expected information needs for community forest management, our characterization integrates physical landscape features and retrospective landscape change data with place-specific community knowledge collected through participatory GIS techniques. The characterization is established in a map form consisting of four themes and their synthesis. The characterization maps are designed to support intuitive interpretation, express the inherently uncertain nature of the data, and accompanied by photographs to enhance communication. Visual interpretation of the characterization mediates information about the character of areas and places in the studied local landscape, depicting the role of forest resources as part of the landscape entity. We conclude that landscape characterization applied in GIS is a highly potential tool for participatory land and resource management, where spatial argumentation, stakeholder communication, and empowerment are critical issues.     

A Nationally Consistent NHDPlus Framework for Identifying Interstate Waters: Implications for Integrated Assessments and Interjurisdictional TMDLs

The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) program promotes nationally consistent approaches for documenting the progress in restoring impaired waters. EPA’s TMDL program provides tracking systems comprising both database and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping components. The GIS mapping is implemented using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). The EPA and the US Geological Survey have developed an enhanced NHD product (NHDPlus) that is applied in this study to define an interstate waters framework for the conterminous United States. This NHDPlus-based framework provides an efficient watershed-oriented approach for selecting interstate waters. Greater consistency in approaches for interstate waters is essential for providing improved techniques for integrated assessment and management programs. Improved analysis tools for interstate waters are clearly important from a federal perspective. Insights based on tools for federal interstate waters are also of interest for state water quality agencies when they deal with complicated interjurisdictional challenges that can require leveraging support from a wide range of stakeholders. Summaries are provided on the degree of consistency documented for inland waters where states have provided TMDL listing GIS information for shared interstate NHD reaches, and summaries are provided on the patterns for interstate assessments organized according to the ecoregions developed for EPA’s Wadeable Streams Assessment. The relevance of this interstate waters framework in leveraging the TMDL program to provide enhanced support for watershed oriented management approaches is also explored.     

Feasibility of geographic information systems approach for natural resource management

Geographic information systems (GIS) technology is altering the work environment for planning and decision-making tasks. This article is an account of a resource application that make use of the GIS technology. It provides some cost estimates and reasons for the fairly slow development toward an integrated resource data base for environmental planning and management. It tries to identify some of the constraints of such an integrated data-base approach toward environmental assessment.     

Conservation strategies for effective land management of protected areas using an erosion prediction information system (EPIS)

This research demonstrates the predictive modeling capabilities of a geographic information system (GIS)-based soil erosion potential model to assess the effects of implementing land use change within a tropical watershed. The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was integrated with a GIS to produce an Erosion Prediction Information System (EPIS) and modified to reflect conditions found in the mountainous tropics. Research was conducted in the Zenzontia subcatchment of the Río Ayuquíla, located within the Sierra de Manantlán Biosphere Reserve (SMBR), México. Expanding agricultural activities within this area will accentuate the already high rate of soil erosion and resultant sediment loading occurring in the Río Ayuquíla. Two land-use change scenarios are modeled with the EPIS: (1) implementation of soil conservation practices in erosion prone locations; and (2) selection of sites for agricultural expansion which minimize potential soil loss. Confronted with limited financial resources and the necessity for expedient action, managers of the SMBR can draw upon the predictive capacity of the EPIS to facilitate rapid and informed land-use planning decisions.