清洁生产

清洁生产ＣｌｅａｎｅｒＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ联合国环境署工业与环境中心清洁生产网络简讯,致力于促进清洁生产这个使环境保护与发展相和谐的预防性环境管理战略——对产品、生产工艺和服务的运用环境水准基点标定与清洁生产在１９９６年在牛津举行的１９９６年第四次高...     

清洁生产

联合国环境署工业与环境中心清洁生产网络简讯,致力于促进清洁生产这个使环境保护与发展相和谐的预防性环境管理战略对产品、生产工艺和服务的运用     

清洁生产

联合国环境署工业与环境中心清洁生产网络简讯,致力于促进清洁生产这个使环境保护与发展相和谐的预防性环境管理战略——对产品、生产工艺和服务的运用社论清洁生产宣言——１９９７—９８年政策举措Ｊ．ＡｌｏｉｓｉｄｅＬａｒｄｅｒｅｌ,联合国环境署工业与环境中心主...     

清洁生产

联合国环境署工业与环境中心清洁生产网络简讯，致力于促进清洁生产这个使环境保护与发展相和谐的预防性环境管理战略对产品、生产工艺和服务的运用随着在韩国第５次国际清洁生产高级研讨会上推出《国际清洁生产宣言》，联合国环境署把清洁生产（ＣＰ）领进一个新时代．《宣言》的产生是为了成为一种多利害攸关者伙伴关系，以提高清洁生产意识和对清洁生产的需求，以及更新清洁生产实践者的承诺．我们现在可以看到近两年协商和修改的成功结果．自从其推出以来对这项举措的支持一直是压倒多数的——我们必须保持这一势头．美国全国污染预防圆…     

推行清洁生产,实现化学工业可持续发展

化工行业把推行清洁生产、消除污染、保护环境与发展生产结合起来.制定了化学工业推行清洁生产的规划,提出了化学工业清洁生产的目标和步骤,进行了宣传教育培训,建立了化工清洁生产中心,指导化工行业的清洁生产工作,开展综合利用工作.变废为宝,进行技术改造,加强科研工作,推进技术进步,强化环境管理,积极开展对外交流与合作.清洁生产在化工行业得到了有效开展.今后化工行业的清洁生产工作,着重于开展下面几项工作:制定有关化工清洁生产的政策和技术规范,建立示范项目.完善、扩大中国清洁生产技术信息系统,为企业技术改造和推广清洁生产技术服务.继续开展清洁生产的宣传、教育与培训工作,促进化学工业的可持续发展.     

中欧环境管理合作计划(EMCP)——推动中国清洁生产和环境管理发展

1992年中国首次引进提出清洁生产概念,并在最近颁布的《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》中对清洁生产概念作了新的定义.尽管在中国已建立一系列的有利于环境管理机制包括清洁生产审计、ISO14000认证、生态标志等,中国清洁生产的进一步发展过程仍将面临以下几个方面挑战:◆注重清洁生产项目的实施,包括工程设计和对清洁生产项目投资与融资等方面;◆使清洁生产成为提高企业经营效率的重要工具或手段;◆认识到商业部门负责人在实施清洁生产以及加大采纳清洁生产方面作用.中国正在经历从计划经济体制到市场经济体制的转变.中国的开放及其社会发展对全球从贸易到环境都可能造成影响,因此清洁生产和环境管理是中国可持续发展的重要一步.本文概括了中国清洁生产和环境管理所面临的挑战和机遇,评价分析了中国和欧盟的合作项目《中欧环境管理合作计划》在强化中国清洁生产和环境管理方面的作用.     

推行清洁生产,实现化学工业可持续发展

化工行业把推行清洁生产、消除污染、保护环境与发展生产结合起来.制定了化学工业推行清洁生产的规划,提出了化学工业清洁生产的目标和步骤,进行了宣传教育培训,建立了化工清洁生产中心,指导化工行业的清洁生产工作,开展综合利用工作.变废为宝,进行技术改造,加强科研工作,推进技术进步,强化环境管理,积极开展对外交流与合作.清洁生产在化工行业得到了有效开展.今后化工行业的清洁生产工作,着重于开展下面几项工作:制定有关化工清洁生产的政策和技术规范,建立示范项目.完善、扩大中国清洁生产技术信息系统,为企业技术改造和推广清洁生产技术服务.继续开展清洁生产的宣传、教育与培训工作,促进化学工业的可持续发展.     

社论

ＫｌａｕｓＴｏｐｆｅｒ联合国副秘书长兼联合国环境署执行主任第５次国际清洁生产高级研讨会标志着联合国环境署清洁生产十周年．这次研讨会正好赶上世界性清洁生产举措和具体的联合国环境署清洁生产活动两年一次的评议．它也见证了《国际清洁生产宣言》的出台．１０年来,清洁生产已经建立了成功的记录．这其中包括国际机构对清洁生产哲理的采纳,国际战略和地区性战略的发展,以及１５０多个国家清洁生产中心的建立．各高等院校目前设置了有关课程,使各年级的学生以及研究生都能学习清洁生产．很多公司已经实施了清洁生产措施,而且正在…     

什么是清洁生产技术的未来问题?

把注意力集中在清洁生产技术的技术方面可以提高工业和政府的效率,使功能最佳化并且避免产生废物,鉴于当前对于与可持续的生产和消费系统有关的成就的挑战,必须把更广泛的社会和工作质量评价结合进目前的清洁生产概念中去,为了使可持续发展性成为可能,必须强调一系列的挑战.例如,在关注职业安全、环境和社会责任的同时,把清洁生产和生命周期方法结合进正在出现的生产技术.     

什么是清洁生产技术的未来问题?

把注意力集中在清洁生产技术的技术方面可以提高工业和政府的效率,使功能最佳化并且避免产生废物,鉴于当前对于与可持续的生产和消费系统有关的成就的挑战,必须把更广泛的社会和工作质量评价结合进目前的清洁生产概念中去,为了使可持续发展性成为可能,必须强调一系列的挑战.例如,在关注职业安全、环境和社会责任的同时,把清洁生产和生命周期方法结合进正在出现的生产技术.     

Human drivers,biophysical changes,and climatic variation affecting contemporary cropping proportions in the northern prairie of the U.S

Grassland to cropland conversion in the northern prairie of the United States has been a topic of recent land use change studies. Within this region more corn and soybeans are grown now (2017) than in the past, but most studies to date have not examined multi-decadal trends and the synergistic web of socio-ecological driving forces involved, opting instead for short-term analyses and easily targeted agents of change. This paper examines the coalescing of biophysical and socioeconomic driving forces that have brought change to the agricultural landscape of this region between 1980 and 2013. While land conversion has occurred, most of the region’s cropland in 2013 had been previously cropped by the early 1980s. Furthermore, the agricultural conditions in which crops were grown during those three decades have changed considerably because of non-biophysical alterations to production practices and changing agricultural markets. Findings revealed that human drivers played more of a role in crop change than biophysical changes, that blending quantitative and qualitative methods to tell a more complete story of crop change in this region was difficult because of the synergistic characteristics of the drivers involved, and that more research is needed to understand how farmers make crop choice decisions.     

劳资关系的分配视角分析

从历史发展进程的角度分析了劳资关系及其变化问题,并重点探讨劳动与资本之间分配关系的动态变化．“资本雇佣劳动”这种制度安排有其历史发展过程中的“路径依赖”特征,各种不同经济与法律环境对其形成与存在提供基础,而今后经济发展的复杂化将对传统的劳资关系产生重要的影响．劳资之间分配关系是劳资关系中最为重要而根本性的体现,劳资关系的变迁对于其分配关系也将产生影响,使劳资之间的分配模式从传统的“以物质资本为中心”的分配模式向新型的“以人力资本为中心”的分配模式转化．     

Predicting Risk of Habitat Conversion in Native Temperate Grasslands

Abstract: Native grasslands that support diverse populations of birds are being converted to cropland at an increasing rate in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Although limited funding is currently available to mitigate losses, accurate predictions of probability of conversion would increase the efficiency of conservation measures. We studied conversion of native grassland to cropland in the Missouri Coteau region of North and South Dakota (U.S.A.) during 1989–2003. We estimated the probability of conversion of native grassland to cropland with satellite imagery and logistic regression models that predicted risk of conversion and by comparing the overlap between areas of high biological value and areas most vulnerable to conversion. Annualized probability of conversion was 0.004, and 36,540 ha of native grassland were converted to cropland during the period of our study. Our predictive models fit the data and correctly predicted 70% of observed conversions of grassland. Probability of conversion varied spatially and was correlated with landscape features like amount of surrounding grassland, slope, and soil productivity. Tracts of high biological value were not always at high risk of conversion. We concluded the most biologically valuable areas that are most vulnerable to conversion should be prioritized for conservation. This approach can be applied broadly to other systems and offers great utility for implementing conservation in areas with spatially variable biological value and probability of conversion.     

A simple soil organic-matter model for biomass data assimilation in community-level carbon contracts.

Soil carbon (C) sequestration has been proposed as a transitional win-win strategy to help replenish organic-matter content in depleted agricultural soils and counter increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases. Data assimilation and remote sensing can reduce uncertainty in sequestered C mass estimates, but simple soil organic carbon (SOC) models are required to make operational predictions of tradeable amounts over large, heterogenous areas. Our study compared the performance of RothC26.3 and a reduced compartmental model on an 11-year fertilizer trial in subhumid West Africa. Root mean square error (RMSE) differences of 0.05 Mg C/ha between models on total SOC predictions suggest that for contractual purposes, SOC dynamics can be simulated by a two-pool structure with labile and stable components. Faster (seasonal) and slower (semicentennial and beyond) rates can be approximated by constants as instantaneous and infinite decay. In these systems, simulations indicate that cereal residue incorporation holds most potential for mitigation of transient C loss associated with recent land conversion to agriculture.     

PM-support interfacial effect and oxygen mobility in Pt,Pd or Rh-loaded (Ce,Zr,La)O2 catalysts

• Pt/CZL exhibits the optimum catalytic performance for HC and NO_x elimination. • The strong PM-Ce interaction favors the oxygen mobility and DOSC. • Pd/CZL shows higher catalytic activity for CO conversion due to more O_latt species. • Great oxygen mobility at high temperature broadens the dynamic operation window. • The relationship between DOSC and catalytic performance is revealed. The physicochemical properties of Pt-, Pd- and Rh- loaded (Ce,Zr,La)O₂ (shorted for CZL) catalysts before/after aging treatment were systematically characterized by various techniques to illustrate the relationship of the dynamic oxygen storage/release capacity and redox ability with their catalytic performances for HC, NO_x and CO conversions. Pt/CZL catalyst exhibits the optimum catalytic performance for HC and NO_x elimination, which mainly contribute to its excellent redox ability and dynamic oxygen storage/release capacity (DOSC) at lower temperature due to the stronger PM (precious metals)-support interaction. However, the worse stability of Pt-O-Ce species and volatile Pt oxides easily result in the dramatical decline in catalytic activity after aging. Pd/CZL shows higher catalytic activity for CO conversion by reason of more O_latt species as the active oxygen for CO oxidation reaction. Rh/CZL catalyst displays the widest dynamic operation window for NO_x elimination as a result of greater oxygen mobility at high temperature, and the ability to retain more Rh-O-Ce species after calcined at 1100°C effectively restrains sintering of active RhO_x species, improving the thermal stability of Rh/CZL catalyst.     

Synthesis and potential applications of cyclodextrin-based metal–organic frameworks: a review

Metal–organic frameworks are porous polymeric materials formed by linking metal ions with organic bridging ligands. Metal–organic frameworks are used as sensors, catalysts for organic transformations, biomass conversion, photovoltaics, electrochemical applications, gas storage and separation, and photocatalysis. Nonetheless, many actual metal–organic frameworks present limitations such as toxicity of preparation reagents and components, which make frameworks unusable for food and pharmaceutical applications. Here, we review the structure, synthesis and properties of cyclodextrin-based metal–organic frameworks that could be used in bioapplications. Synthetic methods include vapor diffusion, microwave-assisted, hydro/solvothermal, and ultrasound techniques. The vapor diffusion method can produce cyclodextrin-based metal–organic framework crystals with particle sizes ranging from 200 nm to 400 μm. Applications comprise food packaging, drug delivery, sensors, adsorbents, gas separation, and membranes. Cyclodextrin-based metal–organic frameworks showed loading efficacy of the bioactive compounds ranging from 3.29 to 97.80%.

     

染料敏化太阳能电池纳米TiO2制备及多孔电极膜研究进展

本文就目前在染料敏化太阳能电池产业化中急需解决的TiO2纳晶制备、电极薄膜修饰与改进等热点问题的最新研究进展进行了综合评述,分析了存在的问题并提出了对策.     

Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

Optimizing biomass pathways to bioenergy and biochar application in electricity generation,biodiesel production,and biohydrogen production

The current energy crisis, depletion of fossil fuels, and global climate change have made it imperative to find alternative sources of energy that are both economically sustainable and environmentally friendly. Here we review various pathways for converting biomass into bioenergy and biochar and their applications in producing electricity, biodiesel, and biohydrogen. Biomass can be converted into biofuels using different methods, including biochemical and thermochemical conversion methods. Determining which approach is best relies on the type of biomass involved, the desired final product, and whether or not it is economically sustainable. Biochemical conversion methods are currently the most widely used for producing biofuels from biomass, accounting for approximately 80% of all biofuels produced worldwide. Ethanol and biodiesel are the most prevalent biofuels produced via biochemical conversion processes. Thermochemical conversion is less used than biochemical conversion, accounting for approximately 20% of biofuels produced worldwide. Bio-oil and syngas, commonly manufactured from wood chips, agricultural waste, and municipal solid waste, are the major biofuels produced by thermochemical conversion. Biofuels produced from biomass have the potential to displace up to 27% of the world's transportation fuel by 2050, which could result in a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by up to 3.7 billion metric tons per year. Biochar from biomass can yield high biodiesel, ranging from 32.8% to 97.75%, and can also serve as an anode, cathode, and catalyst in microbial fuel cells with a maximum power density of 4346 mW/m². Biochar also plays a role in catalytic methane decomposition and dry methane reforming, with hydrogen conversion rates ranging from 13.4% to 95.7%. Biochar can also increase hydrogen yield by up to 220.3%.

     

应用高效离子交换色谱分析青枯菌的致病力分

应用高效离子交换色谱和激光光散射仪检测器对不同致病力的青枯菌进行分析,建立了一种快速检测青枯菌致病力分化的新方法青枯菌纯培养物经过高效离子交换色谱分离得到3个致病力不同的特征峰,大小依次为峰3组分>峰2组分>峰1组分.对10株青枯菌进行色谱分析,并结合番茄组培苗感染试验检测其致病力,结果发现,强致病力菌株经过色谱分离只在峰3的保留时间位置出现单一特征峰,在9 d内即可引起100%的番茄组培苗发病;若菌株经过色谱分离形成3个特征峰,则峰3所占的面积比越大,该菌株的致病性相对就越强.25株不同致病力青枯菌的验证试验表明了该方法的可行性,番茄组培苗发病率x与峰3面积比y之间呈现出良好的线性关系,回归方程y=0.9581x+5.4984,相关系数r=0.986.通过对青枯菌色谱行为、致病力、细胞表而黏附的EPS Ⅰ含量三者之间相互关系的进一步研究,发现青枯菌的致病力越强,则细胞表面黏附的EPSⅠ越多,峰3所占的面积比就越大.图3表6参15