Microwave cladding: A new approach in surface engineering

Cladding is generally characterized by partial dilution of the substrate and hence formation of metallurgical bonding between the substrate and the deposits. Laser cladding is one of the most widely practiced surface engineering techniques. The present work mainly focuses on a novel development in surface engineering techniques in the form of microwave cladding. Clads of tungsten carbide (WC) based WC10Co2Ni powder on austenitic stainless steel were produced using microwave hybrid heating. Microwave clads were developed by exposing the preplaced, preheated powder for a duration of 120 s to microwave radiation at 2.45 GHz frequency and 900 W power in a home microwave system. Characterization of the clads was carried out in the form of microstructural and elemental composition studies. Investigations show crack-free interface revealing good metallurgical bond associated with partial dilution of the stainless steel substrate and full melting of WC particles. Typical X-ray diffraction results confirm presence of metallic carbides in the clad which is primarily responsible for significantly higher microhardness of the clad. Process mechanism has been discussed.     

Development and characterization of microwave composite cladding

The development of cladding through microwave radiation is recently explored and very few, initial studies were reported elsewhere. In order to explore more viability of process, (EWAC (Ni based) + 20% Cr₂₃C₆ powder) composite cladding has been developed on substrate austenitic stainless steel (SS-316). The experiments were conducted in domestic microwave oven and the clad of thickness, approximate 500 m has been developed by the exposure of microwave radiation at frequency 2.45 GHz for duration of 360 s. Typical clads cross sections of composite clads showed good metallurgical bonding with the substrate by partial dilution. The back scattered electron image of clad cross section showed the reinforced chromium carbide (Cr₂₃C₆) particles are uniformly distributed and well embedded in the Ni based matrix. The developed clad is free from visible solidification cracking and has significantly less porosity which is of the order of 0.90%. The XRD pattern of the developed clad showed the presence of FeNi₃, NiSi and Cr₂₃C₆ phases. The average Vicker's microhardness of developed clad was observed as 425 ± 140 Hv.     

Effect of oxide-based fluxes on mechanical and metallurgical properties of Dissimilar Activating Flux Assisted-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds

Present investigation is to study the “Effect of Activating Fluxes on Mechanical and Metallurgical Properties of Dissimilar Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds”. Effect of current, welding speed, joint gap and electrode diameter on weld bead dimensions on 6 mm thick dissimilar weld between carbon steel to stainless steel, was studied under Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welding process. During this investigation three different types of oxide powders were used-TiO₂, ZnO and MnO₂. After welding samples were subject to mechanical testing, in addition to characterization via micro hardness and microstructures of Normal Tungsten Inert Gas Welds and Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Activating fluxes TiO₂ and ZnO are effective fluxes for Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welding of dissimilar weld between CS to SS. Highest depth/width (D/W) ratio reported under TiO₂ and ZnO fluxes compare to Normal-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Lowest angular distortion was observed under TiO₂ flux compare to Normal-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Mechanical properties, Joint Efficiency of Activated Flux-Tungsten Inert Gas Welds are higher than normal-Normal Tungsten Inert Gas Welds. Tensile Test specimens of both the processes failed from the parent metal (carbon steel side). Carbon migration from CS to SS, had occurred which led to failure of weld joints from CS side.     

Multi-function adsorbent-photocatalyst MXene-TiO2 composites for removal of enrofloxacin antibiotic from water

MXenes, a new family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides or nitrides, have attracted tremendous attention for various applications due to their unique properties such as good electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, and ion intercalability. In this work, Ti₃C₂ MXene, or MX, is converted to MX-TiO₂ composites using a simple and rapid microwave hydrothermal treatment in HCl/NaCl mixture solution that induces formation of fine TiO₂ particles on the MX parent structure and imparts photocatalytic activity to the resulting MX-TiO₂ composites. The composites were used for enrofloxacin (ENR), a frequently found contaminating antibiotic, removal from water. The relative amount of the MX and TiO₂ can be controlled by controlling the hydrothermal temperature resulting in composites with tunable adsorption/photocatalytic properties. NaCl addition was found to play important role as composites synthesized without NaCl could not adsorb enrofloxacin well. Adding NaCl into the hydrothermal treatment causes sodium ions to be simultaneously intercalated into the composite structure, improving ENR adsorption greatly from 1 to 6 mg ENR/g composite. It also slows down the MX to TiO₂ conversion leading to a smaller and more uniform distribution of TiO₂ particles on the structure. MX-TiO₂/NaCl composites, which have sodium intercalated in their structures, showed both higher ENR adsorption and photocatalytic activity than composites without NaCl despite the latter having higher TiO₂ content. Adsorbed ENR on the composites can be efficiently degraded by free radicals generated from the photoexcited TiO₂ particles, leading to high photocatalytic degradation efficiency. This demonstrates the synergetic effect between adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of the synthesized compounds.     

黄泥土不同粒径微团聚体对Cd2+的吸附与解吸研究

对采自太湖地区黄泥土进行了低能量超声波分离,采用平衡吸附法研究了不同粒径微团聚体颗粒对重金属Cd²⁺的吸附和解吸特点.结果表明,不同粒径微团聚体对Cd²⁺的吸附特性均符合Freundlich方程,模拟方程得到的K值介于152～503之间,以粘粒级和粗砂级为最大.微团聚体对Cd²⁺的吸附容量与其中游离氧化铁含量、CEC呈显著正相关.不同微团聚体Cd的解吸特点不同,粘粒级的解吸率仅为8.4%,远远低于其它粒径的微团聚体,这些结果有助于了解田间条件下土壤重金属化学行为和微观尺度的化学过程.     

微波植被指数在云南省植被动态监测中的适用性研究

基于遥感的植被指数是科学监测植被动态变化的最有效方法。然而,在我国西南地形复杂区域,基于植被光谱特征的光学植被指数常常因大气状况及环境条件等的影响而受到很大的限制。利用云南省2013年1月至2018年12月AMSR2 (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2,即先进微波扫描辐射计2)双极化亮温数据,计算了云南省2013—2018年多年平均逐月微波植被指数,并选取草地、耕地、落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林及常绿针叶林五种典型植被类型区,对比分析了不同植被类型区各微波植被指数的季节变化规律及其与光学植被指数(NDVI)的相关性。结果表明:各微波植被指数的变化幅度均较小,低频和高频微波极化差异指数(MPDI)可以反映云南省各种植被类型的季节变化规律,同时低频MPDI对植被季节变化特征的响应更显著,而低频微波植被指数(MVIA和MVIB)对草地的季节变化响应更敏感。各微波植被指数与NDVI的相关性在低矮植被区更显著,更能反映低矮植被类型随季节变化规律。总体看来,各微波植被指数能够很好地识别不同类型植被的季节变化规律,可作为光学植被指数的有力补充,用于长时序、大范围植被动态监测。     

基于LEAP模型的京津冀地区钢铁行业中长期减排潜力分析

京津冀地区是我国钢铁行业集中布局的地区,也是大气污染最突出的地区.分析京津冀地区钢铁行业各类治污工具的中长期减排影响,对于选择最优减排措施、加快推动该地区大气污染治理意义重大.构建基于LEAP模型的京津冀地区钢铁行业模型,以2015年为基准年,以每5 a为一个时间节点,结合规模减排、结构减排、技术减排、末端治理4种减排措施,模拟计算了4种单一政策情景及4种组合政策情景下2015-2030年京津冀地区钢铁行业主要污染物（SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO₂）排放量及相应的减排影响.结果表明:在单一政策情景下,规模减排情景对5种污染物减排效果均十分显著.在组合政策情景下,4种减排措施叠加的综合减排情景效果最好,在该情景下京津冀地区钢铁行业到2030年SO₂、NO_x、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、CO₂排放量将分别削减27.73×104、17.85×104、42.94×104、27.35×104、23.15×107 t;在规模-末端治理情景下,除CO₂外其余污染物减排效果仅次于综合减排情景;规模-结构减排情景对PM₁₀和PM_2.5的减排效果相对明显;规模-技术减排情景对CO₂、SO₂、NO_x的减排效果相对明显.研究显示,京津冀地区钢铁行业需要在大力淘汰落后过剩产能、缩减产量等源头治理措施的基础上,持续加强末端治理、提高废钢比例、提升节能减排技术水平等协同治理能力,以提高治污减排效果.      

淄博市冬季PM2.5载带金属元素污染特征、生态风险评价及来源分析

为研究淄博市城区冬季环境空气PM_2.5载带金属元素的污染特征、来源和生态风险,于2019年1月8～23日在淄博市采集环境空气PM_2.5滤膜样品并分析获取14种金属元素的浓度.结果表明,K含量均值为8 071.6 mg·kg^-1,是含量最高的元素,但未超过山东省A层土壤背景值,说明K主要来自自然源;Zn、 Pb、 Cu、 Cr、 As、 Ni和Cd等元素含量明显低于K元素(28.4～4 282.3 mg·kg^-1),但均明显高于山东省A层土壤背景值,依次为背景值的56.6、 19.0、 7.2、 2.4、 7.3、 1.4和283.8倍,反映出人为源的影响.地累积指数(I_geo)表明,冬季PM_2.5中Cd、 Zn、 Pb、 Cu和As受污染程度较高,均为中度污染及以上.潜在生态风险评价结果显示Cd存在极强的生态危害风险.综合运用相关性分析、富集因子法和主成分分析多种方法解析出,土壤扬尘、机动车尾气、燃煤和冶金行业是淄博市城区环境空气PM_2.5     

亚热带农田和林地大气氮湿沉降与混合沉降比较

本研究在位于我国亚热带区域的湖南省长沙县金井河流域,设置一个农田监测点和一个林地监测点,开展了完整的2a(2011年3月至2013年2月)大气氮素(N)湿沉降和混合沉降(湿沉降+部分干沉降)的监测,评价两种方法监测的大气氮素沉降的差别,并建立一种采用氮素混合沉降来估算氮素湿沉降的方法.结果表明采样点氮素湿沉降和混合沉降以NH_4~+-N沉降量最高,其中农田点大气氮湿沉降、混合沉降量分别为26.2 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)、28.9 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),湿沉降、混合沉降NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和可溶性有机氮(DON)分别占湿沉降、混合沉降总氮(TN)的49.7%、31.3%、19.0%和48.7%、31.6%、19.7%.林地点大气氮湿沉降、混合沉降量分别为23.6 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1)、27.8 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),湿沉降、混合沉降NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和DON分别占湿沉降、混合沉降TN的53.9%、34.8%、11.4%和49.6%、31.6%、18.9%.研究区域降雨量与湿沉降、混合沉降雨水中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TN浓度均有极显著负相关关系,而与沉降量有显著正相关性.两监测点湿沉降与混合沉降的雨水中N素浓度具有极显著线性相关性(决定系数大于0.82),根据二者之间建立的回归方程,农田点采用混合沉降估算湿沉降中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和TN沉降的系数值分别为0.875、0.774和0.852;林地点相应的系数值分别为0.859、0.783和0.819,该系数值主要与监测点的氮素湿沉降量及大气颗粒态氮的污染水平有关.亚热带区域采用大气氮素混合沉降替代氮素湿沉降,将导致氮素湿沉降被高估10%~18%,利用氮素混合沉降和氮素湿沉降之间的回归方程,可以较好实现采用混合沉降来估算湿沉降.     

Experimental investigation on mechanical and metallurgical properties of super duplex stainless steel joints using friction welding process

Friction welding is one of the most economical and highly practicable methods in joining similar and dissimilar metals. In this study, high-quality welds are produced in the super duplex stainless steel by continuous drive friction welding successfully. Design of experiment was done using central composite design of response surface methodology. In the present work, the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction welded super duplex stainless steel (UNS S32760) were examined. The base material has a microstructure consisting of the ferrite matrix with austenite islands. Ferrite content was analyzed through the phase analyzer software and found that it is in the range of 42–55% in all weld metals. The phases were further analyzed through X-ray diffraction method. All the weld metals have higher hardness than the base metals. Weld transverse tensile failures consistently occurred away from the weld zone and exhibit more hardness, yield and ultimate tensile strengths than the base material. The austenite content increases with nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen could enhance the yield stress and ultimately tensile strength of super duplex stainless steel. Secondary phase precipitation is not observed in the welded joint probably due to the shorter heating times.     

取代联苯的定量结构活性相关及联合毒性研究

测定了18种取代联苯对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)24h的单一毒性(24h-EC₅₀)及其混合物联合毒性.对单一毒性进行了定量结构活性相关(QSAR)分析,建立了辛醇-水分配系数(lgK_ow)模型,理论线性溶剂化能相关(TLSER)模型及量子化学参数模型,表明量子化学参数模型能很好地预测取代联苯的单一毒性.混合物联合毒性研究表明,取代联苯的联合毒性机制为浓度相加效应,并且根据浓度相加预测了混合物半数抑制浓度(EC_50mix),预测值与实验值非常吻合.     

中国钢铁行业大气环境影响

本研究基于2015年在线监测等数据,分析中国钢铁行业主要工序(烧结和球团)排口烟气浓度情况,自下而上建立了2015年中国高时空分辨率钢铁行业大气污染物排放清单(HSEC, 2015),使用CAMx模型,定量模拟钢铁行业排放对区域大气污染物浓度贡献.结果表明, 2015年中国钢铁行业共排放SO_2、NO_x、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PCDD/Fs、VOCs、CO、BC、OC、EC和F分别为37.48万t、 72.05万t、 33.48万t、 15.03万t、 1.91 kg、 84.29万t、 3 478.85万t、 0.64万t、 0.83万t、 0.08万t和0.77万t.从区域角度:上海和天津钢铁行业单位面积污染排放强度最大,对区域大气污染贡献比例较高.从工序角度:2015年烧结和球团烟气排口月平均浓度降低.从污染物角度:2015年钢铁行业排放NO_x对区域污染物浓度贡献最大,NO_x具有较大的减排潜力.     

Environmental friendly technology of cold-bonded bottom ash aggregate manufacture through chemical activation

Cold bonding facilitates production of aggregate with minimum energy consumption compared to the sintered aggregate, which requires a heat treatment in the range of 1000–1200 °C. The strengthening of pelletized bottom ash in cold bonding at ambient temperature is due to the formation of CSH gel during the hydration from the chemical reaction between CaO, water and the pozzolanic character of the bottom ash. Chemical activation is done using Na₂SO₄ to enhance the strength of the cold-bonded aggregate by accelerating the pozzolanic reaction and formation of more ettringite. Experimental runs were designed using Central Composite Design and the properties of cold-bonded aggregate like bulk density, ten percent fines value (TPFV), porosity and water absorption were studied. It was observed that increase in binder and Na₂SO₄ dosages increased the strength and decreased the open porosity thereby reducing the water absorption.     

烟台市典型工业排放PM2.5源成分谱特征研究

鉴于烟台市本地化源成分谱研究缺乏的现状,以及颗粒物精细化来源解析及环境管理的需求,采用NK-ZXF颗粒物再悬浮采样器,对6家烟台市典型工业下载灰源样品进行再悬浮采样,构建6类〔燃煤电厂、供热锅炉、生物质锅炉、钢铁（烧结）行业、玻璃行业和垃圾处理行业〕PM_2.5源成分谱,并对PM_2.5源成分谱特征及其排放颗粒物携带重金属特征进行评估.结果表明:①燃煤电厂PM_2.5源成分谱的标识组分包括Si、Cl-和SO₄2-,其质量分数分别为15.2%、9.3%和7.8%;与燃煤电厂相比,供热锅炉排放的PM_2.5中w（OC）偏高、w（SO₄2-）偏低;生物质锅炉排放的主要组分有K、Cl-和OC等,其质量分数分别为7.4%、13.3%和8.6%;钢铁（烧结）行业PM_2.5源成分谱中w（Ca）、w（Fe）和w（Cl-）较高;SO₄2-和Ca为玻璃行业PM_2.5源成分谱的主要组分,其质量分数分别为20.6%、8.2%;垃圾处理行业重金属质量分数最高,其主要组分为Cl-和SO₄2-.②CD（coefficient of divergence,分歧系数）计算结果表明,各源成分谱有一定相异性（CD范围为0.53~0.70）,其中生物质锅炉与垃圾处理行业PM_2.5源成分谱差异（CD为0.70）最大.③各典型工业排放PM_2.5所携带重金属特征显示,垃圾处理行业排放PM_2.5中的重金属质量分数（2.3%）最高,燃煤电厂、供热锅炉、生物质锅炉和玻璃行业排放的重金属中Cr、Ni和Cu相对质量分数较高,钢铁行业和垃圾处理行业排放的重金属中Pb相对质量分数较高.研究显示,所构建的烟台市各典型工业排放PM_2.5源成分谱特征鲜明,能够反映各行业PM_2.5排放特征.      

Hermetic joining of 316L stainless steel using a patterned nickel nanoparticle interlayer

This paper evaluates the use of a nickel nanoparticle (NiNP) interlayer for making hermetic joints in 316L stainless steel substrates via diffusion brazing. Different NiNP inks were prepared using commercial nanopowder (～9 nm) and in-house synthesized nanoparticles. Syringe pump deposition of ～9 nm NiNP ink and diffusion brazing at 900 °C for 30 min under 2 MPa resulted in a hermetic joint up to the tested pressure of 70 psi. In-house synthesis of NiNPs was carried out in ethylene glycol by the reduction of NiCl₂·6H₂O in the presence of hydrazine (N₂H₄) as a reducing agent. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirm the presence of pure fcc-Ni with an average particle size of 5.4 ± 0.9 nm. An as-synthesized suspension of NiNPs was patterned onto 316L stainless steel laminae via automated dispensing to a thickness of ～3 μm and bonded at 800 °C for 30 min at a pressure of 2 MPa. The diffusion-brazed test article was also found to be hermetic up to 70 psi. An examination of the bond line using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed good uniformity and continuity.     

Cr12MoV模具钢堆焊工艺及组织研究

研究了Cr12MoV模具钢堆焊工艺,对堆焊接头组织形貌分析和显微硬度测定表明,堆焊层具有高硬度,热影响区中的白亮带为残余奥氏体,它有利于缓解热应力。     

Sorption of chlorophenols onto fruit cuticles and potato periderm

To better understand the interaction mechanisms of plant surfaces with polar organic compounds, sorption of 4-chlorophenol, 2,4- dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol by fruit cuticles (i.e., tomato, apple, and pepper), and potato tuber periderm were investigated. The roles of cuticular components (waxes, cutin, cutan and sugar) on sorption of chlorophenols are quantitatively compared. Cutin and waxes govern the sorption capacity of bulk apple cuticle by hydrophobic interactions. Potato periderm with highest sugar content exhibits the lowest sorption capability for the chlorophenols. With the increase of hydrophobicity (i.e., K_ow ) of sorbate, the relative contribution of lipophilic components (wax, cutin and cutan) on total sorption increases, however, the ratios of K_oc to K_ow decreases due to increasing ionization degree of sorbates.     

Aerosol characteristics of Arctic haze sampled during AGASP-II

As part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II), Arctic aerosol samples were collected by the NOAA WP-3D aircraft in spring 1986. The samples were analyzed in bulk and individual-particle form, using ion chromatography (IC) and electron microscopy (EM), respectively. Information on the chemical composition of the aerosol as determined by various techniques is presented, as well as morphology, concentration, and size distribution data obtained from individual particle analyses. For most flights, a stratospheric sample and a haze profile samople were collected. Haze samples exhibited greater particle concentrations than stratospheric samples, the highest concentrations in haze reaching ∼10³ cm⁻³ (non-volatile particles > 0.05 μm diam). Sulfur was consistently observed to be a major element in both large and small particles in haze samples. Crustal elements such as Si, Al, K, Ca and Fe were often present in significant concentrations together with S. Particles that did not emit X-rays, possibly organic or sooty C, were observed in significant concentrations in both tropospheric and stratospheric samples. Chemical spot tests confirmed that SO₄²⁻ was the major S-containing species and that NO₃⁻ was not nearly as prevalent as SO₄²⁻ in the Arctic aerosol particles. The mass concentrations of major anions (Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) and cations (Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺) in the bulk aerosols were determined using IC. The ratios between ion concentrations, e.g. Ca²⁺/Na⁺, SO₄²⁻/Na⁺ and Cl⁻/Na⁺, may serve as indicators of aerosol origins and mixing status of various air masses. Aerosols collected on six flights demonstrated variability of particle characteristics in relation to sources and transport of Arctic haze.     

廊坊市大气污染特征与污染物排放源研究

通过廊坊市2014年12个监测站点的大气污染物监测数据,分析了廊坊市大气污染的主要特征,包括空气质量水平、大气污染的季节与空间分布.结果发现,虽然与2013年相比2014年空气质量有所改善,但12个站点空气质量超标均十分严重.秋季、冬季与春季PM_(2.5)为主要的空气污染物,夏季O3日最大8 h平均浓度频繁超标,需要引起重视.为实现廊坊市空气质量模拟,制定最优空气质量改善政策,基于污染源普查、环境统计数据,编制了廊坊市主要大气污染物排放清单.工业部门中,电力、热力生产和供应业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业是SO_2、NO_x和PM_(2.5)的重要来源.VOCs则主要来自于化学原料和化学制品制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、食品制造业.另外,廊坊全市道路扬尘和建筑施工扬尘污染贡献了PM2.5的38.6%,但扬尘的管理十分薄弱.同时结果表明,廊坊市黄标车排放在交通源排放中比重较高.因此,需要对上述重点排放源进行有效控制,从而改善廊坊市空气质量.     

Kinetics of microwave-enhanced oxidation of phenol by hydrogen peroxide

Aqueous solutions of phenol were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide assisted by microwave (MW) irradiation. A simple kinetic model for the overall degradation of phenol in the presence of excess H₂O₂ is proposed in which the degradation rate of phenol is expressed as a linear function of the concentrations of phenol and H₂O₂. A detailed parametric study showed that the degradation rate of phenol increased with increasing [H₂O₂] until saturation was observed. Phenol degradation followed apparent zero-order kinetics under MW radiation or H₂O₂ oxidation. However, after 90 min of irradiation, the observed kinetics shifted to pseudo first order. The overall reaction rates were significantly enhanced in the combined MW/H₂O₂ system, mainly because microwave could accelerate H₂O₂ to generate hydroxyl radical (·OH) and other reactive oxygen intermediates. The observed synergetic effects of the MW/H₂O₂ process resulted in an increased in the net reaction rate by a factor of 5.75. When hydrogen peroxide is present in a large stoichiometric excess, the time required to achieve complete mineralization is reduced significantly.