西辽河沉积物中不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征

采用平衡解吸法研究了西辽河沉积物不同粒径微团聚体磷的解吸特征.结果表明,不同粒径团聚体磷的解吸比例为黏粒(0.20)<粉粒(0.28)<细砂(0.45)<粗砂(0.93);其原因为:细粒级微团聚体中腐殖质含量远远高于粗粒级;细粒级微团聚体中有机质是通过可溶有机质与黏土矿物相互结合形成复合体而富集,在其所形成的复合体团聚结构中引起的团聚体结构不可逆形变是导致磷的解吸比例降低,解吸迟滞性指数增大的根本原因;西辽河冲泻质泥沙黏粒和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的可解吸态磷(NAP)入海后可分别为上覆水提供磷(212.93±38.60)mg/kg,(159.45±31.44)mg/kg.沉积物黏粒级和粉粒级微团聚体所携载的NAP是磷素循环的重要组成部分.     

Application of CGP-cross route process for microstructure refinement and mechanical properties improvement in steel sheets

A modified method of severe plastic deformation (SPD) entitled constrained groove pressing-cross route (CGP-CR) was introduced for imposing a high magnitude of equivalent strain of about 2.32 per pass on the sheet form samples. The major benefit of this improved route compared to previous common route was the more homogeneity of strain in the rolling (RD) and transverse (TD) directions of sheets. In this study, low carbon steel samples were used for examination of evolutions in microstructure and mechanical properties during SPD via CGP-CR process. Mechanical properties improvement were measured by tensile and macro hardness tests. The results indicate that CGP-CR process can effectively improve tensile strength; and also, yield stress and hardness of as-received low carbon steel samples were improved up to about 100% after two deformation passes. Also, high magnitude of inhomogeneity can be observed in hardness distribution through first pass of the process which diminishes in the subsequent passes. Microstructural evolutions during process were monitored by optical microscopy observations and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results demonstrate that initial ferritic microstructure with grain size of about 30 μm was refined to a 225 nm cell structure after two passes of CGP-CR process.     

Finite element modeling of microstructural changes in turning of AA7075-T651 Alloy

The surface characteristics of a machined product strongly influence its functional performance. During machining, the grain size of the surface is frequently modified, thus the properties of the machined surface are different to that of the original bulk material. These changes must be taken into account when modeling the surface integrity effects resulting from machining. In the present work, grain size changes induced during turning of AA7075-T651 (160 HV) alloy are modeled using the Finite Element (FE) method and a user subroutine is implemented in the FE code to describe the microstructural change and to simulate the dynamic recrystallization, with the consequent formation of new grains. In particular, a procedure utilizing the Zener–Hollomon and Hall–Petch equations is implemented in the user subroutine to predict the evolution of the material grain size and the surface hardness when varying the cutting speeds (180–720 m/min) and tool nose radii (0.4–1.2 mm). All simulations were performed for dry cutting conditions using uncoated carbide tools. The effectiveness of the proposed FE model was demonstrated through its capability to predict grain size evolution and hardness modification from the bulk material to machined surface. The model is validated by comparing the predicted results with those experimentally observed.     

Effect of specimen planar area on electromagnetic flanging

The specimen parameter that is often mentioned with respect to the ability to achieve electromagnetic forming (EMF) is the specimen thickness. If the skin depth is small compared to this parameter, efficient forming will be achieved. However, another parameter that may affect the ability to achieve efficient forming is the specimen's planar area, i.e., the length and width of the specimen. This would particularly become an important factor if EMF is used to fabricate meso/microscale components. In this research, a flat spiral coil was used to flange 0.508 mm thickness, CuZn30 specimens of varying widths (i.e., 10, 14, 18, 22, 35, and 47 mm). These widths were varied in order to modify the projected area of the coil over the specimen. Results showed that a decrease in the specimen width was generally associated with a decrease in forming (i.e., lower flanging angle) due to edge effects in induced eddy currents. Since the magnetic field distribution from the flat spiral coil is asymmetric, material was overhung on both sides of the die. This yielded an extra half turn on the left side of the specimen, and increased forming. The die was also translated to assess differences in flanging generated. In order to achieve meso/microforming with EMF, attention to the interaction between coil design and specimen dimensions is required.     

钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱尺寸效应研究

现行钢筋混凝土结构设计方法是基于小尺寸构件的试验研究建立起来的,大尺寸构件的设计的科学性和合理性有待进一步研究.本文制作2组4根钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱,偏心距为0.6h0,试件的截面几何尺寸分别为200 mm×200 mm、400 mm × 400 mm.研究相同偏心距下,不同尺寸的钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱的破坏特征,极...     

方头柱塞冷挤镦工艺及模具设计

分析了硬铝合金方头柱塞件的冷挤镦工艺 ,设计了方头柱塞冷挤镦件图 ,计算及选用了毛坯形状及尺寸 ,验算了许可变形程度 ,选择了冷成形用的设备 ,拟制了冷挤镦工艺前的毛坯处理并设计了方头柱塞冷挤镦模具结构。     

Influence of displacement constraints in thermomechanical analysis of laser micro-spot welding process

The evolution of mechanical components into smaller size generating a need for microwelding of these components using laser which offers better control as compared to arc and plasma processing. The present article describes the numerical simulation of laser micro-spot welding using finite element method. A two dimensional Gaussian distributed surface heat flux as a function of time is used to perform a sequentially coupled thermal and mechanical analysis. The model is used for simulating laser micro-spot welding of stainless steel sheet under different power conditions and configurations of mechanical constraints. The temperature dependent physical properties of SS304 have been considered for the simulation and an isotropic strain hardening model has been used. The simulated weld bead dimensions have been compared with experimental results and temperature profiles have been calculated. The maximum deformation of 0.02 mm is obtained with maximum laser power of 75 W. The thermal stress is more inducing factor to temperature induced residual stresses and plastic strain as compared to mechanical constraints. The plastic strain changes significantly by displacement constraints as compared to residual stress.     

A multi-scale study of Orthoptera species richness and human population size controlling for sampling effort

Recent large-scale studies have shown that biodiversity-rich regions also tend to be densely populated areas. The most obvious explanation is that biodiversity and human beings tend to match the distribution of energy availability, environmental stability and/or habitat heterogeneity. However, the species–people correlation can also be an artefact, as more populated regions could show more species because of a more thorough sampling. Few studies have tested this sampling bias hypothesis. Using a newly collated dataset, we studied whether Orthoptera species richness is related to human population size in Italy’s regions (average area 15,000 km²) and provinces (2,900 km²). As expected, the observed number of species increases significantly with increasing human population size for both grain sizes, although the proportion of variance explained is minimal at the provincial level. However, variations in observed Orthoptera species richness are primarily associated with the available number of records, which is in turn well correlated with human population size (at least at the regional level). Estimated Orthoptera species richness (Chao2 and Jackknife) also increases with human population size both for regions and provinces. Both for regions and provinces, this increase is not significant when controlling for variation in area and number of records. Our study confirms the hypothesis that broad-scale human population–biodiversity correlations can in some cases be artefactual. More systematic sampling of less studied taxa such as invertebrates is necessary to ascertain whether biogeographical patterns persist when sampling effort is kept constant or included in models.     

The development of a microscale strain measurement system applied to sheet bulge hydroforming

Micro and multiscale sheet metal forming processes represent new and attractive solutions to many manufacturing problems. However, evaluating the strains in these products is a difficult endeavor. Larger organizations are utilizing commercially available microscale digital image correlation systems to measure the strains in microscale parts or on macroscale parts with critical microscale features. The cost of these strain measurement systems is preventing smaller research and development organizations from entering this challenging area or they are forgoing the ability to determine strains. The present paper describes the development of a method for creating microscale grids and measuring strains on microscale parts or microscale locations on larger parts. The method developed was able to measure true strains up to 0.618 for square grids that are 127 μm measured from center-to-center. Microscale strains resulting from sheet bulge hydroforming experiments using 11 mm, 5 mm, and 1 mm diameter dies were evaluated and material properties of the sheet metal were estimated based upon the strains measured in conjunction with FEA simulations and compared to analytical solutions and microscale tension tests. The material properties determined using the strains and FEM approach were consistent with the other methods.     

刚性隔热瓦对舱段结构动特性影响规律分析

目的 分析刚性隔热瓦尺寸、瓦间缝隙大小及热环境对典型舱段结构动特性的影响规律.方法 以刚性隔热瓦式热防护系统的高超声速飞行器舱段结构为研究对象,建立其动力学模型,分别研究自由-自由边界条件下刚性隔热瓦尺寸及瓦间缝隙大小对舱段结构动特性的影响规律.开展热环境下舱段结构的稳态热传导分析,获得热环境下舱段结构的温度场分布,然...     

镦挤变形的数值模拟

建立了镦挤变形的模式,采用上限元技术模拟了镦挤变形的全过程,并讨论了摩擦和模口尺寸等参数对变形力和金属流动的影响。     

某型装甲车底盘系统平衡肘断裂分析

目的 探讨平衡肘断裂原因,消除故障隐患和防止类似问题发生。方法 采用单反相机、扫描电镜、金相显微镜、硬度计、电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪等对平衡肘故障件的宏观形貌、微观形貌、显微组织、硬度、化学成分等开展表征分析。利用ANSYS有限元软件对内花键进行应力分析,并对2次淬火的试样尺寸进行测量。结果 右4平衡肘裂纹源断口为撕裂和沿晶的混合断裂,断口芯部为解理断裂;右2平衡肘断口内表层淬火层为沿晶和韧窝的混合断裂,芯部为韧性断裂。故障件显微组织和化学成分均无明显变化,仅表面硬度值较实验前降低了7%~9%。断裂失效原因是由于内花键二次高频淬火后收缩变形,齿根圆弧部位在腐蚀介质和交变载荷的共同作用下因应力集中而形成裂纹,在后期循环应力作用下,裂纹继续扩展导致疲劳断裂。结论 从加强腐蚀控制和热处理的角度出发,通过选用抗腐蚀性能好的材料、进行表面防护处理、控制车体环境的湿度和温度等加强腐蚀控制,并增加采用电脉冲等方式对变形花键齿进行修形工序严格控制尺寸范围,避免产生过大拉应力,确保装备质量。     

胶州湾沉积物氮的环境生物地球化学意义

利用氮的分级浸取技术,研究了胶州湾不同粒级沉积物中氮的赋存形态.研究表明,胶州湾沉积物中可转化态氮可分为离子交换态、弱酸浸取态、强碱浸取态和强氧化剂浸取态.不同粒级沉积物中各形态氮占可转化态氮的比例各不相同.在细、中和粗粒级沉积物中,强氧化剂浸取态氮是可交换态氮的优势形态,分别占可转化氮的35.38%、44.38%和58.69%.在中、粗粒级沉积物中,强碱浸取态氮是无机氮的主要赋存形态,分别占可转化态氮的26.31%和25.85%.在细粒级沉积物中,离子交换态氮是优势态的无机氮,占可转化态氮的27.67%.相关分析表明,对于胶州湾来说,沉积物的粒度越细,氮的含量就越高,各形态氮大致与细、中粒级沉积物含量呈正相关,而与粗粒级沉积物含量呈负相关.研究还表明,不同粒级沉积物中氮与浮游植物数量、叶绿素a以及上覆水体中硝酸盐的含量大致都在一定程度上呈正相关,这一方面说明了沉积物对上覆水体元素的含量有着不可忽视的影响,另一方面也说明了沉积物中的氮对海水的富营养化水平有着较好的指示和十分重要的环境意义.     

The effect of cold rolling on the foaming efficiency of aluminium precursors

The objective of the present study is to investigate the role of cold rolling on the foaming ability (or foamability) of aluminium precursors, made by continuous rotary extrusion, a process performed at elevated temperature, starting by powder. For this purpose, the effect of different parameters including initial shape of precursors, rolling direction, amount of deformation in each rolling pass and final thickness of rolled specimens are experimentally investigated. Furthermore, the foaming efficiency of both rolled precursors and as-received extruded ones is compared. To clarify the role of secondary processing operations on the foaming efficiency, precursor samples are prepared following different forming and machining process chains, before the final foaming operation. Finally, hardness tests are performed on as-received precursors and rolled samples to notice the correlation between rolling parameters, state of strain, foaming efficiency and hardness. The results of the study show that: (a) cold rolling considerably improves foamability, (b) rectangular precursor bars have higher foaming efficiency than round ones, both before and after cold rolling. Besides, the improvement in foamability due to cold rolling is greater if precursors are rolled in the extrusion direction, rather than the orthogonal direction.     

Orthogonal machining of single-crystal and coarse-grained aluminum

Orthogonal machining of single-crystal and coarse-grained (i.e., grain size considerably larger than the uncut chip thickness) materials has been a subject to many studies in the literature. The first part of this paper presents background on machining single-crystal materials, including experimental and modeling attempts. The second part briefly describes more recent modeling results from the authors, and presents new experimental results on planing and plunge-turning of single-crystal and coarse-grained aluminum using diamond tools. The experiments indicate that (1) cutting across grains of a coarse-grained aluminum workpiece produces distinctly varying forces and surface roughness from one grain to another, (2) plunge-turning and planing of single crystal aluminum provide equivalent force data for large rake angles, (3) forces alter between two distinct levels while cutting single crystals with small rake angles, and (4) with small rake angles, subsurface damage on single-crystal aluminum is extensive, reaching depths comparable to the uncut chip thickness.     

Metallurgical and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded super-duplex stainless steel UNS 32750

This paper addresses the weldability of 6 mm thick plates of super-duplex stainless steel by electron beam welding (EBW) process. Microstructure investigations conducted using optical and SE microscopy showed the presence of large ferrite grains with intra- and inter-granular austenite. Ferrite content studies on the weld zone estimated that there is no significant element partitioning between austenite and ferrite phases. Hardness studies portrayed that the weld hardness is found to be greater than the parent metal which is acquainted due to the solid solution strengthening effect. Tensile results corroborated that the joints obtained by EB welding process have better strength than the base metal. A detailed structure–property relationships has also been carried out through point and line mapping EDAX analysis across the weldment to substantiate the discussions.     

生活垃圾腐殖土物化性质及资源化利用途径——以浙江省某高龄期填埋场为例

以填埋龄期23~37a、粒径<15mm腐殖土为对象,测试分析了其物质组成、理化性质和浸出液性质.测试与分析结果表明:腐殖土中粒径范围2~15mm、0.075~2mm和<0.075mm的组分分别占比42.9%~53.9%、40.9%~44.1%和5.1%~13.0%,属于细粒砂土;随着填埋龄期增加,腐殖土特征粒径d₅₀和d₁₀呈现减小趋势,比重明显增大,并在30a后趋于稳定.腐殖土中有机质含量(18.1%~19.1%,)、氮磷钾含量、浸出液pH值(7.26~8.30)及电导率(1.08~2.51mS/cm)等指标均满足国家现行《绿化用有机基质》要求.腐殖土中重金属Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr含量均超出国家现行《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》、《绿化种植土壤》和《绿化用有机基质》的标准要求,内梅罗综合污染指数高达15.48~17.95,属于重度污染类型,且重金属主要富集在粒径<2mm的细颗粒.建议将腐殖土进一步精细化筛分为粒径2~15mm与粒径<2mm两部分,针对粒径<2mm部分采用微生物诱导碳酸盐沉淀等技术,降低重金属浸出浓度.处理后的腐殖土可作为园林绿化、填埋场覆盖以及废弃矿山修复的绿化土层.     

SiC颗粒尺寸对喷射共沉积7075 Al/SiCp挤压及轧制的组织和性能的影响

研究了喷射共沉积方法制备的7075 Al / SiCp复合材料挤压及轧制过程中SiC颗粒的分布.通过拉伸实验、微观组织的金相及拉伸断口SEM观察分析了SiCp颗粒尺寸对材料组织和性能的影响.实验表明,SiCp在挤压过程中沿厚度方向形成分层分布,SiCp的尺寸及粒度分布对于聚集有较大的影响;轧制过程对挤压时形成的SiCp分层分布有一定的减弱作用,但改善程度和SiCp的尺寸有关;SiCp颗粒尺寸对复合材料的力学性能及断裂机制有很大的影响.     

Scale-up modeling of the twin roll casting process for AZ31 magnesium alloy

In the present study, a 2-D finite-element method (FEM) thermal-fluid-stress model has been developed and validated for the twin roll casting (TRC) of AZ31 magnesium alloy. The model was then used to quantify how the thermo-mechanical history experienced by the strip during TRC would change as the equipment was scaled up from a laboratory size (roll diameter = 355 mm) to a pilot scale (roll diameter = 600 mm) and to an industrial scale (roll diameter = 1150 mm) machine. The model predictions showed that the thermal history and solidification cooling rate experienced by the strip are not affected significantly by caster scale-up. However, the mechanical history experienced by the strip did change remarkably depending on the roll diameters. Casting with bigger rolls led to the development of higher stress levels at the strip surface. The roll separating force/mm width of strip was also predicted to increase significantly when the TRC was scaled to larger sizes. Using the model predicted results, the effect of both casting speed and roll diameter was integrated into an empirical equation to predict the exit temperature and the roll separating force for AZ31. Using this approach, a TRC process map was generated for AZ31 which included roll diameter and casting speed.     

基于最佳分析粒度的大辽河流域湿地景观格局分析

湿地景观格局分析是湿地生态和全球变化研究领域的热点,最佳分析粒度是景观格局分析准确性的关键指标.定性与定量相结合,综合利用景观指数粒度效应分析和信息损失评价,确定了大辽河流域湿地景观格局的最佳分析粒度为60m.在该粒度下,选取反映空间组成和空间构型的指数,进行湿地景观格局分析.结果表明:①大辽河流域湿地景观主体为水田、...