黄土丘陵区不同有机碳背景下侵蚀坡面土壤呼吸特征

以黄土丘陵区5个不同有机碳背景的坡面S型小区(坡顶为对照区、坡中为侵蚀区、坡脚为沉积区)为研究对象,通过对土壤呼吸速率的动态观测,分析坡面不同类型区土壤呼吸特征及其与土壤温湿度、有机碳和坡位的关系.结果表明,土壤温度的变化对沉积区土壤呼吸影响较大,土壤湿度的变化对侵蚀区土壤呼吸影响较大.有机碳是影响土壤呼吸的首要因子,可解释土壤呼吸变异的54.72%;其次是土壤湿度、坡位和土壤温度,分别可解释土壤呼吸变异的18.86%、16.13%和10.29%.侵蚀对坡面土壤呼吸的影响具有明显的原位和异位效应,侵蚀导致坡面侵蚀区土壤呼吸减小了21.14%,沉积区土壤呼吸增大了21.93%.侵蚀坡面土壤碳排放的源汇效应与有机碳水平有关,当土壤有机碳含量大于6.82 g·kg-1时,坡面侵蚀趋向于碳汇过程;当有机碳含量小于3.03 g·kg-1时,坡面侵蚀趋向于碳源过程.文中模型可以较好地反映有机碳和土壤温湿度与土壤呼吸的关系.     

Simulated-sunlight-activated photocatalysis of Methylene Blue using cerium-doped SiO2/TiO2 nanostructured fibers

Cerium-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ nanostructured fibers were fabricated by electrospinning technology. The prepared fibers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Using the fibers as catalysts, photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) aqueous solution was carried out under simulated sunlight. The 0.2% Ce doping proved to be the optimal concentration for the doping of TiO₂/SiO₂, compared to other Ce-doped molar concentrations. The 0.2% Ce-doped SiO₂/TiO₂ fibers exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than industrial Degussa P25 and the samples doped with only Ce or SiO₂. The reasons for improving the photocatalytic activity were also discussed. Several operational parameters were studied, which showed that the photocatalytic efficiency of MB was influenced by parameters such as the initial dye concentration, the initial pH, inorganic anions, and so on. In addition, the influences of an electron acceptor and a radical scavenger suggested that OH was the dominant photooxidant during the photocatalytic process. The reuse evaluation of the fibers indicated that their photocatalytic activity had good stability.     

铁改性掺氮碳纤维活化过一硫酸盐降解双酚A

通过静电纺丝制备了Fe和N掺杂改性的碳纳米纤维（Fe-N-CNF）,研究了该催化剂活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解双酚A（BPA）的性能.以聚丙烯腈为前驱体通过添加FeCl₃、尿素、NH₄Cl、均苯四甲酸二酐等配制溶胶进行静电纺丝,预氧化并高温碳化后获得Fe-N-CNF,研究了Fe-N-CNF投加量、PMS投加量、溶液初始pH对BPA降解效果的影响.结果表明,当Fe-N-CNF投加量为1 g·L^-1,PMS投加量为2 mmol·L^-1,初始pH为5时,30 min内对初始浓度为20 mg·L^-1 BPA的降解率可达100%.自由基淬灭实验和电子自旋共振波谱（ESR）分析证明,该体系中起主要作用的活性氧物种是O₂^·-和¹O₂.同时研究了Fe-N-CNF/PMS体系对多种有机污染物的降解效果.     

应用稳态酸化模型计算酸沉降临界负荷

应用稳定状态土壤化学模型ＰＲＯＦＩＬＥ计算了柳州薄层砂页岩红壤和地表水的酸沉降临界负荷。对模型所需参数,建立了系统完整的收集、测量与计算方法,得到柳州地区针叶林植被区域由湿沉降计算总沉降的经验公式。     

基于“质心”迁移的典型城市群氮排放-干沉降输送过程研究

含氮化合物的排放、输送和沉降是生物地球化学氮循环的关键过程，对生态系统和气候变化具有重要影响.其中输送过程的定量化表征一直是困扰沉降来源识别的突出难点之一.为此，本研究采用WRF-EMEP模型模拟2015年我国大气氮干沉降时空分布特征，通过标准差椭圆（SDE）"质心"迁移法定量分析京津冀地区（BTH）、长江三角洲（YRD）和珠江三角洲（PRD）3大典型城市群的氮排放-干沉降输送过程，评估不同区域大气氮干沉降输送过程的季节差异和影响因素.研究结果表明，我国典型城市群氮干沉降通量呈现出散布于城市群周边50~200 km地区的空间分布格局，其中氧化态氮（NO_y）和还原态氮（NH_x）沉降的年平均通量水平分别为8.5 （6.0~22.0） kg ·hm^-2·a^-1和10.2 （6.0~31.0） kg ·hm^-2·a^-1.氧化态氮和还原态氮的输送方向均受大气环流运动主导：在同一城市群，各季节氧化态氮和还原态氮的输送方向保持一致；在不同城市群，二者的输送方向具有季节性差异：京津冀地区氮沉降春秋冬三季多向东及东南方向迁移，夏季向南迁移；受西太平洋副热带反气旋环流影响，长三角地区春夏季氮沉降向西迁移；珠三角地区氮沉降在春夏季往偏北方向迁移，秋冬两季向西南方向迁移.氧化态氮和还原态氮的输送距离受其化学性质主导：在相同气象条件下，氧化态氮传输距离约为还原态氮传输距离的1~2倍，使得氧化氮多沉降在城市群的域外，而还原态氮主要沉降在排放源周边区域.其中，不同城市群氮沉降的输送距离有一定差异，除夏季外，京津冀地区（127~541 km）和长三角地区（108~374 km）的输送距离高于珠三角地区（57~285 km），其中京津冀地区和珠三角地区沉降主要在域外，即两地的氮排放更易输送到周边地区.因此，在开展氮沉降生态效应相关研究时，应关注周边地区对本地氧化态氮输送的影响.     

应用简单质量平衡法计算酸沉降临界负荷的研究

基于植物响应、土壤稳定性,铝浓度,碱度和ｐＨ标准,应用简单质量平衡法计算红壤各种土的酸沉降临界负荷。结果表明,沙质红泥土,红沙土,潮沙土、中度侵蚀红壤和潮沙泥土的酸沉降临界负荷较低,棕泥土和红壤土较大;     

CNFM的制备及其协同电动技术修复土壤重金属的研究

首先采用静电纺丝工艺制备壳聚糖纳米纤维膜并优化了其制备条件,将制备的纳米纤维膜协同电动技术对土壤中的重金属（Cu、Cr）进行了修复.结果表明,纳米纤维膜制备的优化条件为：m（壳聚糖CS）/m（聚乙烯醇PVA）为20：80,乙酸质量浓度为20%,混合溶液质量分数为8%;所制备的纳米纤维膜平均直径为37.11nm,对金属的吸附平衡时间为4h.单一的电动修复来处理土壤中的重金属效率较低,Cu和Cr的去除效率仅为34.9%和11.7%;采用电动技术协同壳聚糖纳米纤维膜能显著提高重金属的去除效率,二者的去除效率分别达到了82%和91%.     

应用稳态模型计算中国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷

为了解我国地表水体对酸沉降的响应情况,应用基于酸度平衡的稳态模型计算我国南方地表水的硫沉降临界负荷.文中根据我国实际情况获得了计算地表水背景硫酸盐浓度的经验公式.结果表明,我国南方绝大部分地表水的硫沉降临界负荷大于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1,对酸沉降不敏感.临界负荷小于2.0 keq·(hm²·a)^-1的水体主要为部分山地水体.除了这部分山地水体外,其余水体的现状S沉降都没有超过临界负荷,表明它们在短期内不会发生酸化.超临界负荷的地区分布和临界负荷类似,均表现为东南沿海的福建、广东和江西3省低于西南和华中地区.对模型结果的不确定性分析表明,只要模型参数的取值在合适的范围内,参数的不确定性对结果造成的误差较小,可以接受.     

Dry deposition of atmospheric aerosols by dual tracer method — I. Area source

Aerosol deposition velocities can be estimated from measurements of the ratio of the concentration of a depositing species, such as Pb, to a non-depositing (conserved) species, such as CO, when both originate from the same source (dual tracer method). This method has been applied to size-segregated aerosol samples collected in Los Angeles, CA during the Southern California Air Quality Study, summer 1987. Lead size distributions were measured in ambient and tunnel samples using an eight-stage low pressure impactor. A new parameter, the fraction of aerosol remaining airborne, was directly determined. This fraction is of great importance receptor modelling. Dry deposition velocities calculated using a stirred atmosphere (box) model, varied over three orders of magnitude depending on particle size. The calculated deposition velocity for unit density particles > 0.5 μm, was approximately proportional to D_p² as expected for deposition by an interception mechanism (d_p = particle aerodynamic diameter).     

乌梁素海低密度微塑料聚合物沉降规律

沉降是低密度微塑料聚合物在湖泊中的主要迁移过程.为探究乌梁素海中低密度微塑料聚合物的沉降规律,基于微塑料和悬浮微粒的相似和不同之处设计微塑料捕获器和沉降试验方法,定量描述不同形状和不同大小的低密度微塑料聚合物在乌梁素海的沉降过程.结果表明,各类型低密度微塑料聚合物沉降通量随风速变快而增大,其中形状为纤维状,各种尺寸(0...     

Statistical analysis of errors in estimating wet deposition using five surface estimation algorithms

Wet deposition measurements of H⁺, SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻ from 29 monitoring sites located in (16) and around (13) Pennsylvania, U.S., were analyzed to quantify errors associated with extrapolating point estimates of deposition using five surface-fitting algorithms. The influence of site density on estimation errors associated with each surfacing algorithm was also investigated. The five surfacing differed little in their abilities to predict the concentration or deposition of individual ions found in precipitation in Pennsylvania. However, the size of estimation errors for all parameters, even those based on the densest network, were quite high relative to the variation observed among monitoring sites in Pennsylvania. All monitoring site observations were within 22.8, 17.6 and 23.1 per cent of the median concentration and 33.9, 35.3 and 36.7 per cent of the median deposition for H⁺, NO₃⁻ and SO₄²⁻, respectively. Maximum per cent errors indicate that estimation errors may severely obscure actual surface features in at least some portions of the estimated concentration and deposition grids in Pennsylvania. Deposition and concentration estimates based on higher density networks were generally more accurate; however, the improvements afforded by the additional sites were quite modest. Based on the magnitude of estimation errors, kriging produced the most accurate estimates, although no single algorithm consistently yielded the most accurate estimates for all parameters.     

Investigation of colloidal biogenic sulfur flocculation: Optimization using response surface analysis

The colloidal properties of biogenic elemental sulfur(S~0)cause solid–liquid separation problems,such as poor settling and membrane fouling.In this study,the separation of S~0 from bulk liquids was performed using flocculation.Polyaluminum chloride(PAC),polyacrylamide(PAM)and microbial flocculant(MBF)were compared to investigate their abilities to flocculate S~0 produced during the treatment of sulfate-containing wastewater.A novel approach with response surface methodology(RSM)was employed to evaluate the effects and interactions of flocculant dose,pH and stirring intensity,on the treatment efficiency in terms of the S~0 flocculation and the supernatant turbidity removal.The dose optimization results indicated that the S~0 flocculation efficiency decreased in the following order PACMBFPAM.Optimum S~0 flocculation conditions were observed at pH 4.73,a stirring speed of 129 r/min and a flocculant dose of 2.42 mg PAC/mg S.During optimum flocculation conditions,the S~0f locculation rate reached 97.53%.Confirmation experiments demonstrated that employing PAC for S~0 flocculation is feasible and RSM is an efficient approach for optimizing the process of S~0 flocculation.The results provide basic parameters and conditions for recovering sulfur during the treatment of sulfate-laden wastewaters.     

Removal of reactive gases at indoor surfaces: Combining mass transport and surface kinetics

The rate of deposition of reactive gaseous pollutants onto indoor surfaces is examined, taking into account mass transport processes and the kinetics of gas-surface interactions. A conceptual model for predicting indoor deposition velocities is proposed, and approximate analysis based on this model is used to obtain algebraic expressions for the deposition velocity of reactive gases under three model airflow conditions: (1) forced laminar convection parallel to a flat plate, (2) laminar natural convection flow along an isothermal vertical plate, and (3) homogeneous turbulence in an enclosure. Numerical simulations are used to refine the approximate analysis results and to predict reactive gas deposition under laminar natural convection flow in an enclosure. The kinetics of gas-surface interactions are modeled in terms of the reaction probability γ, defined as the fraction of pollutant molecular collisions with a surface that result in irreversible removal. Values of γ for the reaction of ozone with surfaces are obtained from published reaction chamber and tube penetration experiments. For common indoor materials, values range from as low as O(10⁻⁷) for glass and aluminium to O(10⁻⁵–10⁻⁴) for materials such as bricks, concrete and latex paint. Our results indicate that ozone deposition occurs at the transport-limited rate when γ > − 3 × 10⁻⁴ for typical indoor air flow conditions, and that ozone deposition can be predicted by surface kinetics alone if γ < ∼ 5 × 10⁻⁷.     

Characteristics of mass distributions of aerosol particle and its inorganic water-soluble ions in summer over a suburb farmland in Beijing

Agricultural activity is one of the most important sources of aerosol particles. To understand the mass distribution and sources of aerosol particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in a suburb farmland of Beijing, particle samples were collected using a microorifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) in the summer of 2004 in a suburb vegetable field. The distribution of the particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in the diameter range of 0.18–18 μm were measured. The dominant fine particle ions were SO₄ ²⁻, NO₃ ⁻, and NH₄ ⁺. The association of day-to-day variation of the concentration of these ions with temperature, humidity, and solar radiation suggested that they are formed by the reaction of NH₃ released from the vegetable field with the acid species produced from photochemical reactions. Fine particle K⁺ is likely from vegetation emission and biomass burning. Coarse particles like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NO₃ ⁻, and SO₄ ²⁻ are suggested to come from the mechanical process by which the soil particle entered the atmosphere, and from the reaction of the acid species at the surface of the soil particle. The results show that fertilizer and soil are important factors determining the aerosol particle over agricultural fields, and vegetable fields in suburban Beijing contribute significantly to the aerosol particle. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(2): 193–199 [译自: 环境科学]     

Transport and deposition of indoor radon decay products—I. Model development and validation

Commonly used mathematical models of indoor radon decay product behavior are based on macroscopic mass-balances, often referred to as ‘uniformly-mixed models’. The uniformly-mixed model's applicability is limited by its inability to track the movement of pollutants from their sources to other areas within the enclosure, to permit spatial- or time-dependent sources, or to take proper account of interactions with macroscopic surfaces. Although the uniformly-mixed model parameterizes the deposition process as a constant volumetric removal rate, in reality the deposition process is actually a surface phenomenon and is strongly affected by environmental conditions.This paper describes the development of RADTRAN, a two-dimensional radon progeny transport model that begins with the differential conservation equations describing the motion of air and the transport of reactive pollutants, introduces appropriate boundary conditions to represent surface deposition, and then calculates the concentration distribution of radon progeny throughout the entire region of interest. Knowing the concentration gradient near the surface, a local mass-transfer coefficient (the deposition velocity) can be determined as a function of environmental conditions. RADTRAN simulations have been based on several flow conditions: buoyancy-driven recirculating enclosure flows, free and forced-convection boundary layer flows, and one-dimensional diffusion. Free progeny diffusivity, D^f, and attachment rate, X, were varied over representative ranges. For these conditions, RADTRAN calculated free deposition velocities of u^f = 0.014–0.079 cm s⁻¹, for ²¹⁸Po. RADTRAN predictions are compared to a range of experimental measurements. It was found that the predicted range of deposition velocities is in rough agreement with findings from experiments conducted in flow conditions similar to the simplified flows used in RADTRAN.     

氮沉降对缙云山柑橘林不同季节土壤微生物群落结构的影响

土壤微生物积极参与生态系统的物质循环和转化.人类活动造成全球氮沉降量激增,引起土壤微生物群落结构和功能的改变,进而导致生态系统失衡.2014年6月—2015年5月在缙云山柑橘林建立野外模拟氮沉降试验样地,原位设置4个施肥水平:对照(N0,0 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))(以N计,下同)、低氮(N20,20 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)),中氮(N4 0,40 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1))和高氮(N60,60 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1)).施氮处理2 d后,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)标记法和ACE(Automated Soil CO_2Exchange Station,UK)自动土壤呼吸监测系统对土壤微生物群落结构、土壤温湿度进行测定.研究表明:(1)不同季节土壤微生物对氮沉降的响应各异,春季氮沉降抑制土壤微生物量,夏、秋、冬季N40处理提高了土壤微生物量,N20、N60表现为抑制土壤微生物量;氮沉降对土壤温度有显著影响,但对土壤湿度影响不明显(p0.05).(2)土壤微生物丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在中氮沉降条件下达最大;Pielou均匀度指数则表现不一致,春季和夏季在中氮浓度下最大,秋季在高氮处理下最大,冬季则在低氮处理下最大.(3)土壤温度与放线菌呈显著负相关(p0.01);土壤湿度与细菌和总PLFA呈显著正相关(p0.01),与放线菌呈显著正相关(p0.05).综合分析表明,土壤微生物受土壤温度和含水量的共同影响,氮沉降降低了土壤微生物含量,此研究结果支持了氮沉降抑制土壤微生物的认识.     

沟渠化对三江平原湿地铁元素沉积过程的影响

沟渠化是湿地垦殖的标志性过程和景观.在三江平原洪河国家级自然保护区附近选择了一个典型四级排水沟渠系统,沿等级在沟渠底部布设沉积板,并以附近的河漫滩天然湿地为对照,连续两年定量采集了不同级别沟渠和天然湿地中的当年沉积物,分别计算了沉积通量和沉积物中的铁元素及其氧化物和生源要素含量.结果表明,各等级沟渠的枯落物、泥沙和总沉积通量都没有显著性差异,其均值分别为(57.00±16.90)、(3 997.57±798.98)和(4 054.57±792.91)g·(m2·a)-1,其中枯落物所占比例随沟渠等级增加而逐渐降低;天然湿地的枯落物沉积通量[(120.26±19.42)g·(m2·a)-1]显著高于沟渠,而泥沙[(35.41±11.15)g·(m2·a)-1]和总沉积通量[(155.67±20.75)g·(m2·a)-1]则显著低于沟渠;各级沟渠和天然湿地沉积物中的总铁含量没有显著性差异,但游离态铁含量显著低于天然湿地;农渠、斗渠和支渠沉积物的无定形铁和络合态铁含量都与天然湿地接近,且都高于干渠沉积物;各级沟渠沉积物中铁氧化物的游离度为天然湿地的60.2%,而络合度和活化度都没有显著性差异;各级沟渠沉积物中的总有机碳、总氮和总磷含量都没有显著差异,但都低于天然湿地,分别为天然湿地的14.6%、31.6%和41.0%.三江平原湿地垦殖形成的沟渠化对天然湿地的铁和生源要素沉积产生了显著影响,合理的农田用水管理才能避免由此带来的环境生态风险.     

Monitoring the dry deposition of SO2 in the Netherlands: Results for grassland and heather vegetation

An automated system based on the micrometeorological gradient technique has been developed to measure the dry deposition of SO₂ on a routine basis. Measurements were made at two locations in the Netherlands. From these results dry deposition fluxes, dry deposition velocities and surface resistances for a heathland and for an agricultural grassland site were estimated using a selected set of data and a calculation procedure based on micrometeorological considerations. An extensive analysis was made to determine uncertainties in the resulting deposition parameters. From this analysis it has been concluded that the uncertainty in these parameters is almost completely determined by the random errors in measured concentrations. The meteorological surface exchange parameters can be estimated sufficiently accurately (<20% uncertainty). At the grassland site, average surface resistances to deposition of 6(±8) and 13(±12) s m⁻¹ were calculated for wet and dry conditions, respectively. At the heathland site, a similar distinct difference between R_c values for wet and dry conditions was found. These values are 20(±21) and 70(±90) s m⁻¹, respectively. The yearly average dry deposition flux for SO₂ at the grassland site amounts to 585(±330) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, while at the heathland site the yearly average flux was 300(±270) mol ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The yearly average dry deposition velocity at 4 m height was 1.2(±0.3) cm s⁻¹ at the grassland site and 0.8(±0.4) cm s⁻¹ at the heathland site.     

Tests of models of cloudwater deposition to forest canopies using artificial and living collectors

Mechanistic cloud deposition models are very useful in the routine quantification of cloudwater deposition to forest canopies. In order to test, in a natural field situation, several assumptions in these models, a passive string cloudwater collector, a small artificial tree, and a living Norway spruce were exposed to cloudwater on a raised platform at the summit (elevation, 1686 m) of Whitetop Mountain, Virginia over a 5 month period. Cloudwater collection rates by these three collectors were used to examine relationships between these rates and measured values for two important meteorological variables in the models, liquid water content and wind speed, the product of which is the horizontal cloudwater flux. Collection rates for all three collectors were predicted moderately well by horizontal cloudwater flux (R² ranged from 0.54 to 0.73; p<0.0001) across all hours of observation, but were least strongly related when liquid water content was low, probably because of various measurement uncertainties under this condition. For all three collectors, simple linear regressions using the horizontal water flux to predict collection rates were not appreciably improved by inclusion of a cloudwater collection efficiency term or by conversion to binomial or curvilinear models. Cloudwater collection efficiency for all three collectors was related to the logarithm of horizontal water flux, as predicted by the models, only when this relationship was analyzed within individual cloud events. Between individual cloud events, collection efficiency varied across a wide range (0.12–0.50 for the spruce tree), with efficiencies much higher during events of short duration. Cloudwater collection efficiency was often lower than predicted by cloud deposition models, possibly because the models use wind speed measurements which do not take into account reductions in wind speed occurring within needle clusters on branches. Collection rates for all three collectors correlated highly with each other (R² ranged from 0.72 to 0.88; p<0.0001), as well as with a mature red spruce canopy. It was concluded that either the string collector or an artificial tree such as the one used in this study would serve as a good surrogate collector for living spruce tree crowns.     

黄河三角洲及邻近海域沉积物137Cs和210Pbex断代的适用性

¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex定年是确定近百年来浅层湖泊沉积物年代学框架的首选方法,然而,该方法在河口滩地及邻近海域沉积物断代中的适用性仍然不清。本文以渤海黄河三角洲为研究对象,通过钻孔采集了1929～1990年间四个不同成陆年限的淤成土泥芯,分析了¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex活度及粒度的深度分布特征;结合已报道的邻近海域水下地形特征、沉积物特性、沉积构造等资料,讨论了黄河口泥沙沉积和三角洲形成的特点,评价了沉积物¹³⁷Cs和²¹⁰Pb_ex断代法在该区域的适用性。结果表明,黄河三角洲是由入海口冲积扇不断向前推进而形成,具有快速且不均匀沉积的特点。20世纪50～70年代大气层核试验产生的放射性同位素¹³⁷Cs是黄河三角洲和邻近海域沉积物断代可靠的示踪物,含¹³⁷Cs的沉积物可被确定为1963年(或1954年)以来的沉积物。²¹⁰Pb<...