数理统计分析方法用于珠江三角洲表层沉积物中有机污染物分析

利用环境统计分析技术对珠江三角洲水体表层沉积物样品中优控有机污染浓度的定量分析数据进行分析。因子分析结果表明，主要有三种类型的污染物来源，它们对环境样品的贡献分别为56%、19%和12%，对三个因子的组成也进行了探讨。     

珠江三角洲河流沉积物中的壬基酚

对珠江三角洲河流表层沉积物中的壬基酚(NP)进行了分析.结果表明,NP在所有样品中均有检出,其含量范围在110～7808ng/g之间.其中,珠江广州河段污染水平最高,狮子洋水道明显低于上游珠江广州河段,东江位居其后,西江最低.沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)的分布特征与NP相似,相关分析显示TOC与NP之间显著性相关.     

Distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated ultisols of the Niger Delta (Nigeria)

The distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated sandy loam ultisols of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was studied to aid in understanding the effect of hydrocarbons on indigenous microbial population in tropical soils. The average total counts of actinomycetes in all the oil samples analysed was 103 cfu/g. Higher counts of actinomycetes were observed during the dry season than during the wet season. The counts of hydrocarbonoclastic actinomycetes correlated positively with the total count of actinomycetes.The actinomycetes were generally restricted to the top soil(0-10 cm soil depth) although a seemingly deeper(down to 40 cm soil depth) distribution was noticed in the dry season. The isolates included oil degrading species of Actinoplanes, Norcadia,Streptomyces and Streptosporangium. Their high oil utilization ability indicates their positive potential and role in the bioremediation of oil-spilled soils.     

Distribution of actinomycetes in oil contaminated ultisols of the Niger Delta (Nigeria)

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Trace metals distribution in synodontis membranaceus, sediments, Asystasia Gangetica and Platostoma Africanium from Ofuafor River around Delta Glass Factory in Ughelli North Local Government Area, Delta State Nigeria

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Trace metals distribution in synodontis membranaceus,sediments,Asystasia Gangetica and Platostoma Africanium from Ofuafor River around Delta Glass Factory in Ughelli North Local Government Area,Delta

The trace metals analysis in synodontis membranaceus(head and tail),bottom sediments,Asystasia Gangetica and Platostoma Africanium were carried out using atomic absorption spectrometer of model Perkin Elmer 3110.Metals analysed were copper,nickel,mangenese,chromium,iron lead and cobalt.These metals were detected in the above samples.Vegetation samples concentration in copper,manganese,chromium,iron and cobalt were higher than those obtained in bottom sediments.The tail part of the fish contents of trace metals were also higher than those of the head.The results obtained in this work exceeded the results of water analysis carried out by Omoregha on the same river.Metals such as copper,nickel,manganese and chromium were below detection limit in the water from the same river.The bioaccumulation of these trace metals in these samples were traced to activities of Delta Glass Factory.     

东江表层沉积物中的有机磷系阻燃剂

采用索氏抽提,HLB固相萃取柱分离净化和气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS-EI/SIM)的分析方法对采自东江的17个沉积物中的8种有机磷系阻燃剂(OPFRs)的浓度及分布进行研究.结果表明,所有样品中均检测到了OPFRs,其总浓度为1.52~86.17ng/g.三(1-氯-2-丙基)磷酸酯(TCPP)为最主要污染物,最高浓度达51.64ng/g,其后为三苯基磷酸酯(TPP)、三(2-氯乙基)磷酸酯(TCEP)、三(1,3-二氯异丙基)磷酸酯(TDCP),最高浓度分别为22.03,9.51,6.09ng/g,而其他烷基类OPFRs除三乙基磷酸酯(TEP)外未被检出.OPFRs总浓度和与总有机碳(TOC)存在极显著的相关性(r=0.74,P＜0.001),说明沉积物中TOC的含量对有机氯代磷系阻燃剂的分布起重要作用.尽管东江沉积物中的OPFRs含量(均值25.43ng/g)远低于多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)含量(均值588ng/g),但随着PBDEs的全球禁用,相关有机磷系阻燃剂的污染态势需要引起更多关注.     

Organochlorines in sediments and mussels collected from coastal sites along the Pearl River Delta, South China

IntroductionContaminationofthemarineenvironmentassociatedwithorganochlorineshasreceivedincreasingattentionoverthelastthirtyyears.Particularattentionhasbeenfocusedonthecoastalzoneandestuaries ,especiallynearmetropolitanregion(Sericano ,1990 ) .ThePearlRiverestuarine ,rangefromDayaBayintheeasttoChangshanIslandsinthewest,supportslargepopulationsofmarineorganismsandextensivefisheriesintheSouthChina .Sincethe 1980s ,therehasbeenrapideconomicdevelopmentinthePearlRiverDeltaresultinginexcessivedi…     

珠江三角洲河流和珠江口表层沉积物中有机污染物研究——多环芳烃和有机氯农药的分布及特征

参照美国ＥＰＡ８０００系列方法及质量保证和质量控制，对江三角洲河流和珠江口的表层沉积物中多环芳烃和有机氯农药进行了分析。结果表明，珠江广州河段及澳门内港的ＰＡＨｓ和有机氯农药含量最高；进入狮子洋水道后，污染物的含量显著减少；珠江口西岩污染物的含量高于东岸；西江表层沉积物中优控制ＰＡＨｓ的含量相对较高。对多环芳烃的来源也作了初步探讨。     

大清河水系河流表层沉积物重金属污染特征

沉积物中重金属污染是影响河流水生态系统健康的重要因素.本文采集大清河水系河流表层沉积物,分析了沉积物粒径分布、沉积物中有机质及6种重金属的含量,并采用富集系数法和生态危害指数法进行了重金属的来源解析和风险评价.结果表明:大清河水系河流表层沉积物粒径分布以粉砂为主,占51.27%,砂、黏土所占比例较低,分别为38.56%和10.17%;沉积物中有机质平均含量达到3.94%,且平原/滨海段含量较高;6种重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量均值分别为0.68、110.28、73.91、34.74、32.01和227.88 mg·kg-1,均超出背景值.Cd、Cu和Zn的富集系数分别为5.90、2.69和2.15,以人为来源为主;潜在生态危害指数大小顺序为Cd(217.38)Cu(16.05)Pb(7.45)Ni(5.64)Cr(3.23)Zn(2.91),其中Cd呈很强生态危害;重金属综合潜在生态危害表明,大清河水系河流表层沉积物整体处于中度生态危害(RI=253.56).此外,随沉积物中有机质含量增加,Cu和Zn含量增加;随沉积物粒径中值增大,Cd含量增加.     

黄河表层沉积物中有机氯农药的相关性分析与风险评价

利用GC-ECD检测了黄河中下游干支流23个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,探讨了有机氯农药含量与沉积物粒度、TOC之间以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性,评价了有机氯农药的污染水平和生态风险.结果表明:沉积物中有机氯农药总含量范围为0.35～22.92 ng·g-1,其中HCHs与DDTs的含量较高,分别为0.09～12.88 ng·g-1和0.05-5.03 ng·g-1.干流中有机氯农药的含量从中游到中下游呈逐渐升高趋势,主要支流中的含量为:新蟒河＞金堤河＞汜水＞伊洛河＞沁河.沉积物中牯土、TOC、六氯苯、HCHs、九氯、B-硫丹类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.HCHs和六氯苯、反式氯丹、硫丹类农药,氯丹和九氯、硫丹硫酸盐类农药;六氯苯和β-硫丹含量显著相关,很可能具有相似的分布机制和输入来源;而DDTs与其它类农药含量不相关,其分布和来源可能不相同.与沉积物风险评估值对比,黄河表层沉积物中的有机氯农药存在一定的生态风险.     

胶州湾大沽河河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征、来源及生态风险评价

对胶州湾大沽河河口18个站点处表层沉积物中多环芳烃的含量及其分布特征进行研究,并对其来源进行解析以及潜在风险展开评价。研究表明,大沽河河口表层沉积物中所测得的16种优先控制的多环芳烃总量为21.93×10-9~634.64×10-9,平均含量为239.41×10-9,根据沉积物中PAHs污染等级划分,大沽河河口PAHs污染状况属于中度污染,且7月份PAHs含量高于10月份。所有站点中16种PAHs平均含量最高的前三位分别为芴（58.10×10-9）、荧蒽（28.71×10-9）、芘（23.69×10-9）,含量最低的为苊（0.65×10-9）。同时与国内外多个海湾河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染状况比较,大沽河河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃污染状况处于中等水平,应引起注意。运用特征比值法及主成分分析法对研究区多环芳烃来源进行解析,显示大沽河河口表层沉积物中多环芳烃来源主要为机动车尾气排放及化石燃料等燃烧而产生的石油燃烧源及原油等直接泄漏导致的石油源。采用效应区间低、中值法（ERL/ERM）对大沽河河口表层沉积物中的多环芳烃进行生态风险评价,仅个别站点芴含量超出效应区间低值（ERL）,其余站点PAHs含量均在ERL值以下,对生态环境潜在负面效应很小。根据苯并（a）芘的等效致癌毒性（BEQ）评价发现大沽河河口表层沉积物中PAHs对人体健康不存在威胁。     

长江口邻近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃的分布特征和来源分析

通过对长江口邻近海域表层沉积物中正构烷烃（n-alkanes）的含量进行调查,结果表明:沉积物中烷烃的含量范围介于17.3×10-9~2132.3×10-9之间,平均值821.2×10-9。靠近长江口附近烷烃含量较低,除S5和S6站位,沿长江冲淡水自西向东方向,烷烃浓度自近岸至外海大致呈降低趋势。沉积物样品中烷烃的碳优势指数CPI_13-22和CPI_23-32分别介于0.43~0.72和1.13~2.81之间;除长江口近岸S5、S7站位,陆源有机质和海源有机质比值（TAR_HC）均显著小于1,低分子量烷烃与高分子量烷烃的比值（LMW/HMW）范围介于2.07~54.85之间,烷烃的生物标志物参数表明,沉积物中烷烃多为短链烷烃,且短链烷烃（C < 25）中的偶碳烷烃占优势,主要来源于海洋自生有机体的输入。     

九龙江近岸表层沉积物重金属污染评价及来源解析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)和原子吸收光谱法(AAS)分析测定了九龙江39个近岸表层沉积物中26种重金属的含量,运用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险,并运用多元统计方法进行源解析.研究结果表明:各金属在九龙江不同区域(北溪、西溪和河口)分布存在差异,其中Mn、Zn、Cd、Mo、Sb、Cs、Y、Th和U元素的高含量出现在北溪和西溪,Fe、Ni、Cr、V、Co、Sc、Li、Rb、Sr、Tl和Ga元素的高含量出现在河口区域.大部分金属已存在一定程度的富集.地质累积指数法表明Cd的污染程度最高,10.3%的采样点达严重污染.10种重金属的潜在生态风险程度顺序为Cd >Hg >Cu >Pb >Ni >Co >Cr >Mn >Zn >V,Cd和Hg对综合潜在生态风险的贡献最大,分别为78.1%和12.1%.多元统计分析结果表明,九龙江近岸表层沉积物中,Fe、Mn、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Hg、Mo、Sb和Bi元素主要来源于农业生产活动和采矿活动;Ni、Co、Sc、Li、Rb、Sr、Be、Ga和Tl元素主要来源于化石燃料燃烧释放;Ba、Y、V、Th、U和Cs元素主要来源于流域花岗岩等岩石风化.     

闽江福州段与城市内河表层沉积物重金属污染特征研究

为了探讨城市内河对闽江福州段重金属污染的影响特征,本文对闽江福州段和福州城市主要内河表层沉积物中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb 6种重金属元素进行了系统的分析,并采用地累积指数法和潜在生态风险评价法进行污染情况和潜在危险评估.研究结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As和Pb含量范围分别为:5.55~131.35、0.74~138.82、2.45~95.84、24.24~609.72、2.82~95.90、13.91~108.45mg·kg~(-1),各重金属含量平均值明显高于福建省土壤环境背景值,但低于国家土壤环境质量Ⅱ类标准值(除As略高于Ⅱ类标准).地累积指数法评价结果表明,表层沉积物中重金属大多为无污染或中污染程度,受人类活动影响强烈.潜在生态风险评价法表明,表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb和Zn存在轻微潜在风险,As以中等潜在风险为主,总体存在轻微潜在风险.重金属污染物的空间分布与福州市的发展格局相适应,人类活动集中的老城区和工业密集区,是闽江与内河重金属污染物含量相对较高的区域.城市内河汇入闽江后,携带的大量重金属污染物加剧了闽江重金属污染.建议加强对闽江重金属含量较高的晋安河段、光明港段-磨溪河段的污水排放监控.     

有机氯农药在海河菹草根际和非根际沉积物中的分布特征

于2008年3～5月对海河干流沉水植物菹草根际和非根际沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)的分布进行了采样调查.结果表明,菹草根际沉积物中六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)的含量分别为6.95～31.55ng·g-1(均值16.43ng·g-1,下同)和13.99～42.57ng·g-1(23·77ng·g-1),非根际沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的含量分别为1.80～8.09ng·g-1(4.66ng·g-1)和3.27～26.51ng·g-1(14.81ng·g-1);;除1个数据点外,菹草根际沉积物中OCPs含量均比非根际沉积物有明显的增加;;菹草根际沉积物中β-HCH、p,p′-DDE分别是HCHs和DDTs的主要组成成分,而非根际沉积物中β-HCH和p,p′-DDE和p,p′-DDD是主要成分.     

海河及渤海表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布与来源

采集海河和渤海表层沉积物样品,测定16种EPA规定多环芳烃.海河∑PAH含量（干重）范围为445～2185 ng·g-1,平均值为964 ng·g-1;渤海∑PAH含量范围为171～290 ng·g-1,平均值为226 ng·g-1.海河塘沽区段和天津市区段沉积物中∑PAH含量比郊区段含量高.LMW/HMW(低分子质量/高分子质量)和异构体比值分析表明,生物质及煤的燃烧为海河表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源;对于渤海湾大部分区域来说,石油污染是其PAHs的主要来源,而热解来源的PAHs主要以生物质及煤的燃烧为主;滨海旅游度假村附近海域因受旅游活动影响而燃烧源的贡献较大.风险评价表明,海河及部分渤海海域存在潜在生态危害,滨海村附近海域存在潜在生态风险可能性较低.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenylethane in surface sediments from Fuhe River and Baiyangdian Lake, North China

Nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river (Fuhe River) in North China were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE). The concentrations of PBDEs and DBDPE in sediments ranged from 5.5 to 300.7 ng/g dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 68.2 ng/g dw, respectively. Their levels in sediments in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake. Compared to data from other regions, the PBDE levels in surface sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River were in the medium to lower range. Among the PBDE congeners, BDE209 was predominant, with contributions to the total PBDEs ranging from 79.4% to 97.3% in sediment samples. For the lowly brominated congeners (tri- to hepta-BDE), BDE47 and BDE99 were the most abundant, which contributed 52.1% and 44.1% to the sum of tri- to hepta-BDEs in the sediments from Baiyangdian Lake and Fuhe River, respectively. The compositional patterns of PBDEs in Baiyangdian Lake sediments indicated that technical deca-BDE mixture was the major pollutant sources with a minor contribution of penta-BDE mixture. The present study suggested that the importance of Fuhe River as a possibly potential sources of PBDEs contamination in Baiyangdian Lake.