超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葡萄中氯吡脲和噻唑隆残留及消解

氯吡脲,可促进细胞增大和分化,能防止落花落果,常作为植物生长调节剂应用于葡萄的种植过程中.氯吡脲对人体、牲畜等具有一定的毒性,对眼睛和皮肤具有轻度刺激.噻唑隆也是一种常用于葡萄中的植物生长调节剂,可促进植物芽的分化,而残留于植物中的噻唑隆对人畜具有低毒作用,可对眼睛产生轻微的刺激.很多国家对于氯吡脲和噻唑隆在农业生产中的限量都制定了严格的残留限量标准,如我国国家标准GB 2763—2014中规定了氯吡脲和噻唑隆在葡萄中的最大残留限量都为0.05 mg·kg-1.国内外关于氯吡脲和噻唑隆残留的检测方法主要包括液相色谱和液相色谱-质谱联用等.     

受污染水体中未知药物和个人护理品的筛查和定量分析

本研究使用超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-Tof)和超高效液相色谱-串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)完成某流域受污染水体样中未知药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)的筛查和定量分析.检测结果磺胺二甲嘧啶检出含量最高,磺胺嘧啶的含量也处于较高含量水平.而磺胺甲唑的含量处于中等污染水平.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定河水中的多菌灵含量

多菌灵(carbendazim),又称苯并咪唑44号,化学名称为2-(甲氧基氨基甲酰)苯并咪唑,是一种高效低毒内吸性杀菌剂,高效液相色谱是目前测定多菌灵含量的一种常用分析方法,此外还有液相色谱-质谱联用法,分光光度法,酶联免疫分析法,毛细管电泳法及气相色谱法等.     

固相萃取-液相色谱/串联质谱法分析水体中痕量抗生素

由于环境介质中抗生素污染物的含量极低(多在ng·l-1-μg·l-1级),并且具有基质复杂及亲水性和/或亲脂性等特点,常规的液相或气相色谱等检测方法很难满足实际研究的需要.本文选择喹诺酮、大环内酯和磺胺三大类较为典型的抗生素为主要研究对象,采用固相萃取技术,13C3-咖啡因作为回收率指示物,建立了基于液相色谱-多级质谱联用(LC-MS-MS)技术的复杂水环境基质中典型抗生素的分离分析方法.     

典型有机磷酸酯阻燃剂分析方法研究进展

有机磷酸酯(OPEs)是一类重要的有机磷阻燃剂,近些年逐渐取代了溴代阻燃剂,广泛应用于各行各业,也因此导致在多种环境介质中有较高的暴露量和潜在风险。已有研究表明,OPEs具有一定的毒理效应,对人体及其他生物均有潜在危害。本文综述了近年来国内外OPEs的检测技术,详述了不同环境介质OPEs的前处理方法。结果表明,目前固相萃取(SPE)和固相微萃取(SPME)仍是水样前处理的主要方法;对于固体样品,加速溶剂萃取/加压液相萃取(ASE/PLE)和微波辅助萃取(MAE)应用较多;虽然大气样品仍以固体吸附剂方式为主,但已向在线一体化方向发展;而生物样品的前处理方法多与水样和固体样品方法相似;但是对于复杂环境介质中OPEs样品的前处理较为困难,方法有待改善;气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)和气相色谱-氮磷检测器(GC-NPD)对弱极性和易挥发的OPEs分析效果好,而强极性和难挥发的OPEs多用液相色谱-质谱联用(LCMS);气相色谱-质谱串联(GC-MS/MS)、液相色谱-质谱串联(LC-MS/MS)和高效液相色谱-质谱串联(UPLC-MS/MS)等对多种复杂的环境介质中的OPEs均有较好的检测分析效果,但并未普及。最后,对OPEs分析测试方法的发展趋势提出了展望。     

六溴环十二烷（HBCDs）异构体及对映体的植物富集、传输、修复及毒性研究进展

六溴环十二烷（hexabromocyclododecanes,HBCDs）是一种典型的疏水性脂肪族溴代阻燃剂,2013年被列入《斯德哥尔摩公约》受控名单中. HBCDs具有手性中心,多个对映异构体,不同的立体构型在环境中会发生选择性富集分布,降解转化和生物毒性等行为.植物是生态系统能量的生产者,HBCDs可通过植物吸收改变植物生理,影响其在食物链的传递乃至整个生态系统,对环境和人体健康存在潜在危害.本文对HBCDs异构体和对映体的植物提取分析方法、植物富集和传输、污染土壤的植物修复以及植物毒性效应的最新研究进行梳理.液相色谱质谱联用技术可有效检测植物中的HBCDs异构体和对映体,对映体水平的检测将成为未来HBCDs立体构型分析的发展方向. HBCDs已在各类植物中被陆续检出,多数研究中α-HBCD是主要的异构体.目前在HBCDs对映体水平上的研究还非常有限,其在植物体内的传输尚无统一规律.植物种植可有效清除土壤中的HBCDs,展现出生物修复应用前景.HBCDs会引起植物生长发育迟缓、氧化胁迫和基因损伤等效应,不同构型的HBCDs表现出特异的选择性毒性行为.鉴于目前关于HBCDs的植物研...     

多种色谱质谱联用技术测定沉积物中的十溴二苯醚

随着十溴二苯醚(BDE-209)正式进入《斯德哥尔摩公约》名单,准确测量其浓度水平对研究其环境行为具有重要意义.本文对多种色谱质谱联用技术——气相色谱-负化学电离质谱(GC-NCI-MS)、气相色谱-电子轰击电离质谱(GC-EI-MS)、气相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(GC-ICP-MS)和高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)进行了优化和评估,并对其在实际环境沉积物样品中检测BDE-209的性能进行了考察.4种检测方法的定量限为3—200 ng·mL~(-1),在0.5-10μg·mL~(-1)的范围内有良好的线性关系(r~2 0.995),测量结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.5%—8.7%之间,可以满足BDE-209分析检测的需求.应用到沉积物实际样品的检测时,各方法测量结果的RSD为0.7%—15.7%,基质效应为98%—166%,其中GC-EI-MS和GC-NCI-MS表现出基质增强效应且分析结果的稳定性受到影响,可通过内标或基质加标方式进行校正,GC-ICP-MS、HPLC-ICP-MS几乎不受实际样品基质的影响,测量结果的准确性良好.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定红曲类保健品中的桔青霉素

本文建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱对红曲类保健品中桔青霉素含量进行检测的方法.采用70%甲醇-水溶液提取,取出部分提取液经HLB固相萃取小柱净化,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定其中桔青霉素的含量,采用多反应监测(MRM)方式监测离子对m/z 251→233(桔青霉素).桔青霉素浓度在5—100 ng·m L-1范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9994),精密度RSD表示均低于8.2%,方法的定量限为50μg·kg-1,平均回收率在72.4%—82.0%的范围内.该方法快速、灵敏,结果准确,比免疫亲和柱净化方法操作简便,成本更低,适用于基质复杂的保健品中桔青霉素的定性定量检测.     

基于气相/液相色谱-高分辨率质谱联用技术的非目标化合物分析方法研究进展

近10多年来随着色谱(气相色谱和液相色谱)和高分辨率质谱联用技术以及相关数据处理软件和数据库的发展,使得高通量的非目标化合物分析方法得以实现,并在环境研究、食品监管、药物研发以及生物代谢物研究等领域得到日益广泛的应用.本文综述了基于气相/液相色谱-高分辨率质谱联用技术的非目标化合物分析方法的研究进展,包括其分析方法策略、流程及其在环境研究领域的实际应用情况,并探讨了该方法所存在的问题和发展前景,为环境中的新兴污染物及其代谢转化产物、关键致毒物的甄别、环境健康风险评估等提供一种新兴的高通量分析鉴别技术.     

植物挥发物对天敌昆虫异色瓢虫的引诱效应

采用嗅觉仪测定和比较了国槐、柳树、杨树、臭椿、榆树、白丁香、红花刺槐、蕃茄、枣树、云杉10种植物枝叶挥发物对蚧虫和蚜虫的重要天敌--异色瓢虫的引诱效应.结果表明.在所试验的lO种植物中,国槐枝叶对异色瓢虫的引诱作用最强,其平均趋向率达60%.通过用热脱附气相色谱/质谱联机分析(TCT-GC/MS)方法,从国槐枝叶的挥发物中检测出38种组分,烯类化合物含量最多,占63.3%(其中萜类化合物6种);烷烃类化合物dil6.2%;其它为萘及其衍生物、苯及其衍生物、酯类、醛类和醇类等.从检出的周槐挥发物组分中选取了6种物质引诱瓢虫,发现α-蒎烯在10-4～10-6g/mL、沉香醇10-4g/mL和已醛10-5g/mL的浓度下对瓢虫有显著的引诱作用.     

The impact of gasoline emission on plants – a review

This review presents the status of knowledge about gasoline exhaust pollution and its impact biochemical and physiological characteristics of plants. Parameters on such as leaf conductance, membrane permeability, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll and relative water content have been used as indicators to assess the impact of gasoline exhaust pollution on plant health. Tolerant plants such as Mangifera indica Linn. are reported showing an insignificant decrease in the percentage of chlorophyll content (3.6%) and a significant increase in the percentage of ascorbic acid (84.6%) and sensitive plants such as Cassia fistula are reported showing a significant decrease in the percentage of chlorophyll (66.4%) as well as ascorbic acid (32.9%). In the case of ornamental plants, Dracaena deremensis has been reported to show an insignificant decrease in the chlorophyll content but a significant increase in the ascorbic acid, pH and relative water content, which were found to be in tolerant category, while Dianthus caryophyllus showed sensitive characteristics. Such plants can be used as sinks and bioindicators for gasoline exhaust pollution. Though several studies reported biochemical impacts of individual or combined exhaust gases on plant species, the cumulative effect of gasoline exhaust on plant species has not been studied extensively, especially in the developing countries.     

水浮莲(Pisia stratiotes Linn.)的体外再生与繁殖

建立了水生单子叶植物水浮连(Pistia stratiotes Linn.)通过器官发生途径的体久高效再生与繁殖方法.采用叶、茎节和匍匐茎为外植体诱导愈伤组织,只有茎节能够在添加2,4-D和6-BA的MS基本培养基上形成合愈伤组织,而叶和茎在含有不同组合植物激素的培养基上都不能够诱导愈伤产生.将愈伤组织转到添加6-BA和NAA的MS固体分化培养基可以在2wk内形成小苗,将小苗移至含NAA的MS固体生根培养基形成完整的植株.将生根苗转入无植物激素的不同基本液体培养基里比较其生长效果,其中含有2倍大量元素的SH培养基最适合其生长繁殖,在2wk内可由1个小苗每秒殖出10个新的植株.本研究是关于该植物体外再生的首次报道.水浮莲体外再生及繁殖系统的建立不公可以用于在无菌条件下进行基础生理生化研究,还可以用于该植物遗传达室转化系统的建立.由于该植物生长迅速且为无性繁殖,生产成本低,通过基因工程方法表达外源基因将可以用于重组药用蛋白的生产及污染水体的转基因植物修复.     

四种抗污染木本植物对锑的生理响应及积累特征研究

以臭椿（Ailanthus altissima）、构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）、大叶黄杨（Buxus megistophylla）和紫穗槐（Amorpha fruticosa）4种抗污染木本植物苗木为材料,在盆栽条件下设置0、250、500、1000和2000 mg·kg^-1 5个锑的质量分数梯度,分析胁迫过程中苗木苗高、地径、生物量、耐性指数、相对叶绿素含量、POD活性和SOD活性等指标的变化,探讨这4种苗木对锑胁迫的生理响应,并通过测定苗木地上、地下部分锑的质量分数,明确这几种植物对锑的积累特征,以期为锑污染植物修复材料筛选提供理论基础。结果表明：在不同质量分数锑胁迫下,4种木本植物的苗高、地茎、生物量及耐性指数出现不同程度的下降,其中大叶黄杨在不同质量分数锑处理下的耐性指数均大于90%,表现出对锑较强的抗性。除大叶黄杨外,在中、中高质量分数（500、1000 mg·kg^-1）锑处理后,其他3种木本植物叶片叶绿素含量较对照均显著下降。而在高质量分数锑胁迫下,4种木本植物的叶绿素含量与对照相比均显著下降,表明锑能通过影响植物的光合作用来降低这4种木本植物的生物量合成。在中高质量分数锑胁迫下,4种植物根系的POD和SOD活性均呈现不同程度的增加;在高质量分数锑胁迫下,臭椿、构树和紫穗槐的POD及SOD活性增加幅度减少或受到抑制,表明抗氧化酶系统在植物抵抗锑胁迫过程中发挥重要作用,同时高质量分数的锑胁迫又能降低抗氧化酶系统清除活性氧的能力。在不同质量分数的锑胁迫下,4种木本植物地上、地下部分锑的质量分数存在差异,分别为构树＞紫穗槐＞臭椿＞大叶黄杨,紫穗槐＞构树＞臭椿＞大叶黄杨,表明大叶黄杨可能通过对锑较强的排斥能力,减少锑对叶绿素合成、POD和SOD活性的抑制作用,近而增强了其对锑胁迫的抗性。固氮植物紫穗槐根系最大锑?     

Effect of Diesel Fuel on Growth of Selected Plant Species

Diesel oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons with an average carbon number of C8–C26. The majority of components consist of alkanes, both straight chained and branched and aromatic compounds including mono-, di- and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Regardless of this complexity, diesel oil can be readily degraded by a number of soil microorganisms making it a likely candidate for bioremediation. The concept of using plants to enhance bioremediation, termed phytoremediation, is a relatively new area of scientific interest. It is particularly applicable to diesel oil contamination as diesel oil generally contaminates the top few metres of soil (surface soil) and contamination is not uniform throughout the site. By encouraging plants to grow on diesel oil contaminated soil, conditions are improved for the microbial degradation of the contaminant. During this study, establishing plants on diesel oil contaminated soil proved difficult. Diesel oil is phytotoxic to plants at relatively low concentrations. At concentrations below this phytotoxic level, the development of plants grown in diesel oil contaminated soil differs greatly from plants grown in uncontaminated soil. Tolerance of plants to diesel oil and ability to germinate in diesel oil contaminated soil varied greatly between plant species as well as within plant species. The broadest differences in germination were seen within the grasses with certain species thriving in low levels of contamination (e.g. Creeping bent) while others were intolerant of diesel oil contamination (e.g. Rough meadow grass). The herbs, legumes and commercial crops screened appeared to be largely unaffected by low levels of diesel oil contamination (25g dieselkg^–1). At the higher level of contamination (50g dieselkg^–1), half of the twenty two plants species screened failed to reach a germination rate equal to 50% of the control rate. Two species of grass failed to germinate at all at this contamination level. Plant species that successfully germinated and grew were studied further to determine the effect of diesel oil contamination on the later stages of plant development. This work investigates the effect of diesel oil on plant growth and development.     

Protection versus culture-driven exploitation of wild plant resources: the case on Changbai Mountain

Under Chinese culture it is believed that herbal medicine is always safe and wild food is always healthy. Generally, the rarer a plant, the higher its value. The booming economy in China has promoted tourism development in wilderness areas and wild medicinal and food plants are part of the attraction to tourists. Conflicts between wild plant exploitation and protection have emerged in many parts of China, such as Changbai Mountain. Changbai Mountain supports numerous medicinal and food plants but many have become rare and endangered. This paper numerically evaluates 30 plant species that have relatively high conservation value for each type (medicinal, ornamental and food), and briefly describes the uses of four to five top ranked species per type that need more protection on Changbai Mountain. This paper also addresses some tree species with important timber values on Changbai Mountain. Over 90% of China's medicinal, ornamental and food plant species, as well as valuable timber trees are found in the conifer–broadleaf mixed forest zone across the boundary of Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. It is a major challenge to protect the native biodiversity of mixed forest on Changbai Mountain and more efforts need to be made to protect rare and endangered plant species with high economic value.     

都江堰灵岩山3种人工林优势物种叶片的有机组分特征

叶片的有机组分特征不仅是植物光合产物分配策略和养分回收的重要参数,而且是衡量凋落叶分解难易程度的重要指标.为探究不同植物群落叶片间有机组分的差异,以华西雨屏区人工林的优势乔、灌、草植物作为对象,收集其成熟叶及凋落叶,研究其水溶性组分(water soluble component,WSC)、有机溶性组分(organic...     

利用植物净化室内甲醛污染的研究进展

室内甲醛污染已成为我国最主要的室内空气环境问题,严重地危害着人们的生命健康。大量的植物净化甲醛研究表明,利用观赏植物净化室内甲醛污染是一种经济有效,并符合公众需要和心理的污染修复技术。文章简要综述了近年来利用植物净化甲醛污染的机理及净化效果方面的研究进展。植物可以通过茎叶的气孔和保卫细胞的开启来吸收甲醛气体,其经过植物栅栏组织和海绵组织的扩散以及维管系统进行运输和分布,最终被植物代谢和转化,而甲醛脱氢酶和甲酸脱氢酶是植物体内代谢转化甲醛的关键酶。同时,根际微生物间的协同作用,以及更换吸附能力更强的基质或在植物叶面喷洒二氧化钛溶胶等方式也能有效地强化甲醛的去除效果。总结文献的植物筛选试验可以发现,五加科、唇形科、菊科、秋海棠科及蕨类的植物具有较好的去除甲醛效果。文章认为还需进一步加强筛选高效的净化植物、植物净化甲醛的动力学、提高植物净化甲醛能力的遗传操作以及开发联合修复技术等方面的研究。     

根系分泌物及其在植物营养中的作用

论述了根系分泌物的种类和影响因素，根系分泌物在植物营养中的调节作用、异种克生作用，根系分泌物与根际微生物的相互作用。在铁胁迫条件下，许多高等植物都能产生一系列生理和形态方面的适应性反应，禾本科植物通过根际特定分泌物——麦根酸类物质来自动调节其体内的铁营养状况；在磷胁迫条件下，根系分泌的低分子有机酸种类主要有柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸，它们在植物根际的富集能明显促进土壤中磷的释放，提高作物对磷的吸收，缓解植物的磷胁迫；在锌胁迫条件下，双子叶植物的根系分泌物对锌的活化作用不明显，而禾本科植物的根系分泌物可以活化石灰性土壤中难溶性锌。     

Mycorrhizal benefit differs among the sexes in a gynodioecious species

Both plant sex and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis influence resource acquisition and allocation in plants, but the interaction between these two components is not well established. As the different plant sexes differ in their resource needs and allocation patterns, it is logical to presume that they might differ in their relationship with AM as well. We investigate whether the association with AM symbiosis is different according to the host plant sex in the gynodioecious Geranium sylvaticum, of which, besides female and hermaphrodite plants, intermediate plants are also recognized. Specifically, we examine the effects of two different AM fungi in plant mass allocation and phosphorus acquisition using a factorial greenhouse/common garden experiment. Cloned G. sylvaticum material was grown in symbiosis with AM fungi or in non-mycorrhizal condition. We evaluated both the symbiotic plant benefit in terms of plant mass and plant P content and the fungal benefit in terms of AM colonization intensity in the plant roots and spore production. Our results suggest that G. sylvaticum plants benefit from the symbiosis with both AM fungal species tested but that the benefits gained from the symbiosis depend on the sex of the plant and on the trait investigated. Hermaphrodites suffered most from the lack of AM symbiosis as the proportion of flowering plants was dramatically reduced by the absence of AM fungi. However, females and intermediates benefited from the symbiosis relatively more than hermaphrodites in terms of higher P acquisition. The two AM fungal species differed in the amount of resources accumulated, and the fungal benefit was also dependent on the sex of the host plant. This study provides the first evidence of sex-specific benefits from mycorrhizal symbiosis in a gynodioecious plant species.     

喀斯特特有植物罗甸小米核桃幼苗对光照强度的可塑性响应

研究光照强度对1年生喀斯特特有植物罗甸小米核桃幼苗可塑性的影响,探讨其在个体定居初期如何响应不同光照强度的变化及其生态适应策略.设置约为自然光100％、75％、50％和25％的光照强度处理材料,4个月后收获,比较分析罗甸小米核桃幼苗的形态、生物量分配和生理性状在不同光照强度处理下的差异,并对可塑性指标进行综合评价.结果...