常温下基质与时间对ANAMMOX污泥活性保藏影响

采用厌氧氨氧化污泥,通过脱氮效能的测定,研究了常温（15±2）℃下保藏过程中基质添加与保藏时间对污泥活性的影响以及探讨长期保持污泥活性的保藏策略。结果表明,在无营养物添加的情况下,保藏的前45天厌氧氨氧化污泥氮去除速率由0.107 kg/（m3·d）下降到0.025 kg/（m3·d）,其速率下降最快,但是经过6 d培养,污泥的活性可以得到恢复;当保藏365 d后,厌氧氨氧化污泥活性基本消失,即使通过11 d恢复也无明显的厌氧氨氧化特性。说明常温下保藏时间对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性影响显著,随着保藏时间的延长污泥氮去除速率会大幅降低,甚至消失。根据衰减指数模型拟合出常温状态下厌氧氨氧化污泥活性衰减模型为y=0.547×exp（-0.0109×t）。通过定期（15 d）投加营养物,经过150d和365 d保藏后的厌氧氨氧化污泥仍然保持48%和31%的活性。说明定期投加营养物可以有效缓解厌氧氨氧化污泥活性在常温保藏过程中的衰减,适用于厌氧氨氧化污泥常温下长期保藏。     

保藏温度对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性的影响研究

通过序批式实验,研究了不同的保藏温度对厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)污泥活性的影响以及保藏后污泥活性的恢复情况,并且对保藏前后的污泥的颜色作了对比.结果表明,不同保藏温度对ANAMMOX污泥的活性有不同程度的影响,保藏30 d后,常温保藏下污泥的TN去除速率最高(为0.040 kg/(m3·d),而中温保藏后污泥的TN去...     

厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）生物滤池反应器的启动特性

采用平行对比实验,讨论不同实验条件下上向流厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）滤池反应器的启动特性。对比条件为温度、接种污泥、联氨和羟胺。结果表明：温度是影响厌氧氨氧化细菌活性的主要因素;接种200mL具有活性的厌氧氨氧化污泥后,在避光、加热38℃、不控制联氨和羟氨的条件下,45d可成功启动厌氧氨氧化滤池反应器;反应过程NH4^＋N：NO2^-·N：NO3-N的化学计量摩尔比为1：1．17：0．30,其总氮去除率达到87．38％,总氮容积去除负荷可达到1．41kg／（m^3·d）。     

降温模式对不同污泥形态厌氧氨氧化系统的影响研究

为解决厌氧氨氧化系统受温度影响大的问题,建立絮状-颗粒耦合污泥的厌氧氨氧化系统(SBR1)和单一颗粒污泥厌氧氨氧化系统(SBR2).探讨瞬时降温模式(35℃直接降至15℃)和梯度降温模式(35℃ 逐步降至30、25、20、15℃)对两系统脱氮性能的影响,并对比两系统的稳定性以及恢复性能.结果表明,低温会削弱甚至抑制厌氧...     

改良型UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器运行效能对比

为探究组合启动模式实现厌氧氨氧化反应器高效启动和稳定运行的可行性,分别采用接种短程硝化污泥结合提高进水基质(A)和接种厌氧氨氧化污泥结合缩短水力停留时间(B)2种组合方式启动改良型UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器,对反应器启动效果进行研究,并通过改变进水基质比和低温冲击探究启动成功后的反应器性能。结果表明:A反应器启动成功时的总氮去除负荷(NRR)为0.520 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)、亚硝化单胞菌Nitrosomonas相对丰度大幅下降、主要厌氧氨氧化菌属由Candidatus Kuenenia转化为Candidatus Brocadia;而B反应器NRR达到1.950 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1)、Candidatus Kuenenia始终为优势菌属。随着进水基质比的提高,B反应器的NRR和上升幅度始终高于A反应器,具有更强的抗负荷能力。当温度由35℃下降至15℃时,A和B反应器污泥对基质的降解速率分别下降92.94%和81.38%;温度恢复至35℃后,A反应器污泥降解速率的回升率大于B反应器污泥。因此,接种厌氧氨氧化污泥和缩短水力停留时间的组合方式更有利于改良型UASB厌氧氨氧化反应器的高效启动和稳定运行。     

低浓度乙酸盐诱导下厌氧氨氧化与异养反硝化高效耦合脱氮

通过连续流实验研究了低浓度乙酸盐诱导下厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥与异养反硝化菌的耦合脱氮性能,同时采用批试实验考察耦合系统中的氮素转化及去除途径。结果表明:采用低浓度乙酸盐对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥进行驯化,可以实现厌氧氨氧化与异养反硝化的高效耦合脱氮。系统在稳定时期,进水NH_4~+-N为30~40 mg·L~(-1)、NO_2~--N为45~55 mg·L~(-1)、CH_3COONa为60~80 mg·L~(-1),NH_4~+-N、NO_2~--N和TN的去除率分别为93.84%、94.62%和86.46%。耦合系统中的颗粒污泥同时存在厌氧氨氧化特性、硝化特性和反硝化特性。颗粒污泥表现出良好的厌氧氨氧化特性,总氮去除速率为12.46 mg·(g MLSS·h)~(-1)。系统中存在的硝化细菌可以消耗进水中的溶解氧从而缓解溶解氧对ANAMMOX菌的抑制,其中AOB活性高于NOB活性。系统中颗粒污泥对硝氮的反硝化作用强于对亚硝氮的反硝化作用,亚硝氮反硝化和硝氮反硝化的降解速率分别为1.89和3.59 mg·(g MLSS·h)~(-1)。当亚硝氮和硝氮同时存在时,反硝化菌优先将硝氮还原成亚硝氮。     

饥饿对厌氧氨氧化污泥颗粒化及污泥形态的影响

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥经过长期保存会逐渐解体成絮状,但目前关于保存后期的饥饿环境对不同形态污泥的影响尚缺乏深入研究。针对该问题,以饥饿15 d颗粒解体后的厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥作为接种污泥,考察了其颗粒化过程及其对于反应器启动和运行的影响,同时对比研究了絮状和颗粒状厌氧氨氧化污泥对于饥饿的响应及其活性恢复情况。结果表明:饥饿10 d后补料继续培养3个批次,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥反应活性的恢复速率高于絮状污泥;接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥80 d左右,反应器中NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N的去除率均达到100%,160 d可以实现污泥的颗粒化。此研究结果可为利用长期保存下的种泥启动厌氧氨氧化反应器提供参考。     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的脱氮性能及污泥性状

通过连续实验和血清瓶批式实验研究了厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化的代谢特性。在pH 7.8、温度25℃左右、水力停留时间1.5 h和苯酚浓度18.82 mg/L的条件下,耦合反应器能长期稳定运行。结果表明,NH+4-N、NO-2-N去除率高达100%,TN去除率为87.51%。消耗的NH+4-N、NO-2-N与生成的NO-3-N之比为1∶1.49∶0.12,平均总氮容积负荷为2.53 kg/(m3·d),平均总氮去除负荷可达2.26 kg/(m3·d)。系统内异养反硝化与厌氧氨氧化存在协同和竞争关系,总氮的去除是异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌共同作用的结果。耦合系统中ANAMMOX对TN去除贡献率达到86.72%,异养反硝化对TN去除贡献率达到13.28%(其中以NO-2-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为7.16%,以NO-3-N为电子受体的反硝化比例为5.89%)。污泥性状研究表明,颗粒污泥存在3种形式:一种是ANAMMOX颗粒污泥;一种是苯酚反硝化颗粒污泥;一种是ANAMMOX菌外面包裹苯酚反硝化菌的颗粒污泥。另外,颗粒污泥的无机组分较高。污泥扫描电镜照片显示厌氧氨氧化菌为球状,反硝化菌为短杆状。     

浅谈ANAMMOX反应的启动研究

厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）是一种新型的生物脱氮技术,在废水处理方面具有良好的应用前景。但由于厌氧氨氧化细菌生长缓慢,倍增时间长达11d,因此,厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动成为众多学者的研究对象。文中概述了近年来的学者们在研究厌氧氨氧化启动时,以选择不同反应器、接种不同污泥和采用不同方法,富集培养的过程及经验。同时通过分析启动过程中各种氮的变化情况,来进一步理解启动过程。     

Much Ado: How Big Is the Problem of Hydrolysis of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MtBE) to Form Tertiary Butyl Alcohol (tBA)?

Groundwater contaminated by the gasoline additive methyl tertiary butyl ether (MtBE) is also frequently impacted by tertiary butyl alcohol (tBA). The USEPA recently sponsored a study that discusses the possibility of hydrolysis of MtBE to form tBA during analytical procedures. This finding is important because it suggests that existing tBA data may not accurately depict tBA or MtBE concentrations in groundwater. This article discusses the mechanism and kinetics of MtBE hydrolysis, then presents three case studies of analytical results from sites in California, USA. Although these case studies are limited in scope, the data do not support the occurrence of the hydrolysis of MtBE to form tBA due to acid preservation of groundwater samples. At a minimum, this suggests that MtBE hydrolysis may not be as pervasive a problem as suggested in USEPA's study; therefore, concerns about the validity of historical tBA data may not be warranted. The reason for this result may be simple: there are two necessary factors that promote hydrolysis: low pH and high temperature (above 40°C). Although the static headspace analysis method used to obtain the data in the White et al. study may require heating to achieve adequate sensitivity, many laboratories perform purge-and-trap analyses without heating. Under those conditions, hydrolysis may not occur. However, it may be prudent to preserve samples with alkaline preservatives, to eschew high temperatures during the analysis of groundwater samples, or to neutralize the sample pH before heating.     

预制床法生物修复胜利油田含油污泥的研究

针对胜利油田滨一污水站产生的含油污泥,建立了面积2400 m2的预制床处理工程,使用石油降解菌菌剂对含油量为110 160mg(以每千克烘干含油污泥计)的污泥进行了生物修复,经过160 d的处理后,含油污泥中石油降解率可达52.75%.针对北方冬季低温的特点,在处理场中建立了温室保温措施.温室内外修复效果的比较表明,在冬季采取适当的保温措施可以明显提高污泥中石油烃类的降解率.     

Amendment of arsenic and chromium polluted soil from wood preservation by iron residues from water treatment

An iron-rich water treatment residue (WTR) consisting mainly of ferrihydrite was used for immobilization of arsenic and chromium in a soil contaminated by wood preservatives. A leaching batch experiment was conducted using two soils, a highly contaminated soil (1033 mg kg⁻¹ As and 371 mg kg⁻¹ Cr) and slightly contaminated soil (225 mg kg⁻¹ As and 27 mg kg⁻¹ Cr). Compared to an untreated reference soil, amendment with 5% WTR reduced leaching in the highly contaminated soil by 91% for Cr and 98% for As. No aging effect was observed after 103 d. In a small field experiment, soil was mixed with 2.5% WTR in situ. Pore water was extracted during 3 years from the amended soil and a control site. Pore water arsenic concentrations in the amended soil were more than two orders of magnitude lower than in the control for the upper samplers. An increased release of arsenic was observed during winter in both fields, mostly in the deepest samplers. This is likely due to the formation of a pseudo-gley because of precipitation surplus. Stabilization of arsenic and chromium contaminated soil using WTR is a promising method but the transformation of ferrihydrite in soil proves a concern in case of waterlogged soils. Still the amendment minimized the leaching of arsenic, even in cases of seasonal releases.     

Dioxins,chlorophenols and other chlorinated organic pollutants in colloidal and water fractions of groundwater from a contaminated sawmill site

BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE: The distribution of chlorinated organic contaminants in groundwater and the importance of colloids were studied in groundwater from a sawmill site contaminated by chlorophenol preservatives. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The groundwater was fractionated into three different size ranges: (1) >0.7 mum, (2) 0.4-0.7 mum and (3) 0.2-0.4 mum and the filtered water phase. The concentrations of chlorophenols (CP), chlorinated phenoxy phenols (PCPP), chlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE), chlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) were determined in each fraction. The colloids were characterised regarding the chemical composition using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). RESULTS: Chlorophenols were mostly found in the water fraction and PCDD/Fs were found almost exclusively in the particulate fractions. For example, the filtered water phase contained 2,100 mug l(-1) and 0.72 ng l(-1) for CPs and PCDD/Fs, respectively, and the particulate fractions contained 27 mug l(-1) and 32 ng l(-1) for CPs and PCDD/Fs, respectively. XPS evaluation of the particulate phases showed no correlation between the surface chemistry of the particle properties and the distribution of chlorinated compounds. DISCUSSION: The results suggest that groundwater transport of CPs, PCPPs, PCDEs and PCDD/Fs may occur from contaminated sawmill sites and that the colloid-facilitated transport, especially of PCDD/Fs, is substantial. The results correlated well with previous studies of compounds sorbed to dissolved organic carbon, which indicate that dissolved and colloidal organic carbon facilitated the transport of PCDEs, PCDFs and PCDDs particularly. CONCLUSIONS: Several classes of chlorinated compounds were readily detected in the groundwater samples. Due to the differences in their physicochemical properties, CPs, PCPPs, PCDEs and PCDD/Fs vary in their partitioning between colloidal fractions and the filtered groundwater. The proportion of the bound fraction increased with an increasing hydrophobicity of the chlorinated compounds. The groundwater transport of colloid-associated pollutants from the site may be significant. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES: The results imply that colloidal particles <0.7 mum are freely mobile in groundwater from this site. The groundwater transport of colloid-associated pollutants may be significant. However, the extent of the problem is not yet known and, thus, further research is needed to evaluate the impact of colloidal transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants. In Sweden alone, 400 to 500 sawmill sites are estimated to be contaminated with PCDD/Fs as a result of the former use of CP-based wood preservatives. The widespread use of CP mixtures for a variety of applications, including wood preservation, indicates that potential colloidal transport will be an issue of concern in many countries.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。