基于响应面法的新型餐厨垃圾菌剂制备

设计三因素三水平实验并采用响应面优化法对反应适宜的实验参数进行了优化.选择温度、供氧条件和反应时间作为菌剂制备的可控因素,选择温度、菌剂投加量和木屑投加量(水分调节)作为菌剂处理厨余垃圾的可控因素,研究菌剂制备与处理垃圾的优化工艺参数.研究结果表明,菌剂的最优制备条件为:温度35℃、间歇震荡、培养108 h,按重量百分比为碎花生壳∶刨花∶鱼骨粉∶麸皮∶菌体=2∶1∶1∶1∶1比例制得的固体菌剂具有较高的活性.菌剂处理厨余垃圾的响应面优化法分析结果表明,当温度为45℃,菌剂投加量为6％,木屑投加量为30％时,厨余垃圾的减量率最大,2d降解率可达40％.     

Box-Behnken响应面分析法对双阳极电Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液工艺的优化

采用双阳极电Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液,并在阴极曝气。应用Box-Behnken响应面分析法对电Fenton法处理的结果进行了优化,将Fe~(2+)投加量、电压、和反应时间3个因素进行实验设计,得到二次响应曲面模型。响应面分析表明,Fe~(2+)投加量与反应时间的交互作用对COD去除率影响最大,其次是电压与反应时间的交互作用。优化后的结果:Fe~(2+)投加量、电压、和反应时间分别为3 219.2 mg/L、6.11 V和180 min。模型方差分析得到F值和R2分别为24.2和0.977,说明该二次方程是显著的,模型在整个回归区域内拟合好,能够很好地反映电Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的过程。     

用于填埋场恶臭气体控制的微生物除臭剂筛选及其除臭机制研究

从上海市老港垃圾填埋场的污泥和垃圾渗滤液中分离筛选得到数株具有较强除臭能力的菌株,并制成复合微生物除臭剂,考察了该除臭剂对污泥和垃圾释放NH3以及恶臭气体浓度等的去除效果,并结合聚合酶链式反应(PCR)-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对该除臭剂的微生物群落结构进行分析,初步探究其除臭机制。结果表明:(1)实验室小试时,48h,复合微生物除臭剂对污泥释放NH3的去除率维持在30%~45%,对垃圾释放NH3的去除率维持在25%~35%,去除效果好于EM菌剂。(2)污泥中转码头100t污泥中试试验表明,在复合微生物除臭剂投加量为0.5t条件下,24h后复合微生物除臭剂对NH3的去除率达到37.5%,恶臭气体浓度下降了19.1%。(3)PCR-DGGE结果显示,复合微生物除臭剂的优势菌种为产碱杆菌、芽孢杆菌和显核菌,与EM菌剂差异较明显,且Shannon-Wiener多样性指数明显高于EM菌剂。其除臭机制可能为化学吸收与微生物降解、抑制的联合作用除臭。     

MAP-Fenton法预处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

采用MAP-Fenton法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理研究,以氨氮和COD的去除率为衡量指标,根据单因素实验和正交实验确定其最佳工艺条件。MAP阶段的最佳工艺条件:pH=9.5、Mg2+∶NH+4∶PO3-4(摩尔比)=1.3∶1.0∶1.3、反应时间为25min;Fenton阶段的最佳工艺条件:pH=3.5、30%(质量分数)H2O2投加量20mL/L、H2O2∶FeSO4·7H2O(摩尔比)=5∶1、反应时间为2.0h。在上述最佳工艺条件下,垃圾渗滤液氨氮和COD去除率的平均值分别为93.89%和90.12%。     

磷酸铵镁沉淀法预处理垃圾渗滤液

探讨了用磷酸铵镁沉淀法预处理垃圾渗滤液时,沉淀剂种类、pH值、物质摩尔配比和反应时间等因素对氨氮去除效果的影响。得出了处理氨氮浓度为2 677.34 mg/L的垃圾渗滤液时,在兼顾所用镁盐量尽量低和处理出水氨氮或磷酸盐的残留量都比较低的较佳实验条件为:沉淀剂种类为:MgSO4.7H2O和Na2HPO4.12H2O,反应时间为20 min,pH=9.5,n(Mg)∶n(P)∶n(N)=1.3∶1.15∶1.0。在较佳实验条件下,垃圾渗滤液的NH3-N去除率为97.05%,处理出水PO34--P含量为8.35 mg/L,NH3-N含量为75.86 mg/L。对所得沉淀物进行了成分分析和X-衍射光谱、扫描电镜表征,表明大部分沉淀物为磷酸铵镁物质。     

电化学氧化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液

垃圾渗滤液是一种成分复杂、毒性较强且难处理的废水之一。实验采用混凝沉淀-厌氧-电解-好氧一体化组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液,探索了混凝沉淀池和电解池的运行参数对垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响,并分析了组合工艺对于6种重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr和Ni)的去除效果。实验结果表明,以PAC为混凝剂PAM为助凝剂时,投加量分别为1.2 g/L和1mg/L,COD去除率可达57%。电化学工艺阶段,在p H为6.0,电流密度15 m A/cm2,Cl-浓度2 200~2 400 mg/L,电解2.5h,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率达55.4%。一体化电生物滤池对于重金属的去除具有明显的效果,Cu、Cd和Zn去除率达100%,Ni去除率超过90%,Cr去除率超过80%,COD整体去除率达94%;NH+4-N去除率达97.2%;TN去除率达73.6%。混凝沉淀-厌氧-电化学-好氧的组合工艺来处理垃圾渗滤液,能够有效地去除水体中的重金属及COD、NH+4-N。     

铁炭微电解-MAP沉淀法联合预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用铁炭微电解-磷酸氨镁(MAP)沉淀法对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,实验结果表明,铁炭比为5∶1,pH值为3,反应时间为3 h时,铁炭微电解的COD的去除率为47.5%;在投加药剂n(Mg2+)∶n(PO43-)∶n(NH4+)为1.4∶1∶1,pH值为9,反应时间为1 h的条件下,垃圾渗滤液氨氮去除率达到79.7%。     

铝铁复合淀粉絮凝-微波/H_2O_2氧化协同处理垃圾渗滤液

针对垃圾渗滤液成分复杂、污染物浓度高、可生化性差等特点,采用铝铁复合淀粉(CAFS)絮凝-微波/H2O2联用技术对垃圾渗滤液进行处理,考察了初始p H、絮凝剂投加量、微波辐射反应时间和H2O2投加量等因素对处理水质的影响。结果表明,絮凝最佳反应条件为p H 6.0,投加量13 m L/L;微波/H2O2氧化的最佳反应条件为p H 3.0,30%H2O225m L/L,温度70℃,反应时间5 min。在上述最佳条件下,单独CAFS絮凝、单独微波/H2O2和CAFS絮凝-微波/H2O2联用对垃圾渗滤液COD的去除率分别为32.3%、42.4%和85.7%,CAFS絮凝与微波/H2O2联用,可利用CAFS残余的Fe2+与H2O2构成Fenton氧化体系,实现絮凝与微波催化氧化工艺的耦合,两者起到很好的协同作用。     

混凝+芬顿法对中晚期垃圾渗滤液色度去除

垃圾渗滤液经一般生化处理后色度很大。对混凝和芬顿法结合深度处理垃圾渗滤液对色度去除进行了研究。混凝段通过中心复合设计(简称CCD)和响应面方法(简称RSM)分析了混凝的色度去除率的响应特征,建立了实际因素的最终方程模型:Y(色度去除率,%)=-553.40+73.74A+229.06B+0.38AB-34.16A2-22.67B2,(Y、A、B分别代表色度去除率、投加量和pH)并对絮凝条件进行优化,得到混凝反应的最佳优化条件:投加量1.11 g/L,pH 5.06,及在此条件下的去除率67.2%。在芬顿段,将芬顿反应对水中亲水性有机物相对含量(UV254)与对色度的去除特征相结合进行了研究,证明色度的去除跟该类有机物的去除有关,色度去除率最优值条件选择为H2O2/COD=1.0,Fe2+/H2O2=0.35∶1,而初始pH=2.5时对色度的去除达到99%以上。整个工艺出水可达到达标排放标(GB16889-2008)。     

间歇式生物反应器填埋结构对渗滤液水质的影响研究

通过2套间歇式生物反应器填埋模拟装置开展实验,对不同填埋结构下垃圾降解前期渗滤液pH值、COD、NH 4＋-N、VFA以及渗滤液产生量的变化规律进行了对比研究。实验结果表明：间歇式生物反应器填埋方式能够有效抑制填埋初期渗滤液pH值的快速下降,渗滤液采取部分回灌能有效降低NH4＋-N浓度的积累,新鲜垃圾与半腐熟垃圾分层并...     

超声波-膜生物法联合处理垃圾焚烧厂渗滤液

采用超声波-膜生物法(MBR)联合处理垃圾渗滤液,探讨了超声波辐射时间和MBR的水力负荷对COD、NH3-N和TP去除的影响。结果表明,(1)超声波单独处理时,超声波辐射时间在30～90 s时,COD、NH3-N最大增加率分别34.31%、3.36%,而对TP的去除没有影响;(2)超声波-膜生物(MBR)联合处理时,超声波辐射时间为300 s,MBR的水力负荷为6.4 L/(m2.d)时,COD、NH3-N和TP的最佳去除率分别为92.20%、80.10%和91.12%;MBR的水力负荷为12.8 L/(m2.d),超声波辐射时间在5～20 min时,COD、NH3-N的最佳去除率分别为92.34%、79.93%,TP的浓度低于0.2 mg/L;MBR反应时间为7 h,超声波辐射时间为5～20 min,与未进行超声波辐射处理(超声波辐射时间为0 min)相比,COD、NH3-N的去除率增加了11.37%、15.26%;超声波预处理有助于提高后续MBR对COD、NH3-N的去除作用。     

酸性洗涤塔-生物滤塔-生物曝气池组合工艺处理恶臭气体NH3和H2S

采用酸性洗涤塔、生物滤塔和生物曝气池的组合工艺处理NH3、H2S恶臭混合气体,研究表明,该组合工艺对NH3和H2S有很好的去除效果,在进气流量为35 L/min,喷淋量45 L/h时,NH3进气浓度50.15~525.4 mg/m3,H2S进气浓度10.23~110.36 mg/m3时,NH3单一进气去除率稳定在99%以上,H2S单一进气去除率90%以上。混合进气后,NH3去除率几乎为100%,H2S的去除率提高至98%以上。在一定的浓度范围内,NH3和H2S之间的相互作用对两者的去除效果没有明显的影响,而且起到了相互促进降解的作用。同时,进气流量和填料层高度都会影响NH3、H2S的去除率。系统对进气容积负荷变化的缓冲能力强,在偶尔超负荷条件下运行并不能使系统崩溃,并且微生物对高负荷逐渐表现出适应性。大部分溶于水的氨由生物曝气池去除,去除率达到96.9%。     

反硝化抑制石油集输系统中硫酸盐还原菌的现场实验

针对长庆油田采油四厂艾家湾作业区集输系统中硫化氢气体浓度较高的问题,采用生物竞争抑制技术对该石油集输系统中H2S进行了处理和现场实验研究。研究结果表明,采用单井生物前端抑制可以使集输系统中沉降罐、污水罐中H2S气体浓度由最初的268mg／m^3降低至《工作场所有害因素职业接触限值》（GBZ2—2002）要求的10mg／m^3以下。在实验周期内,系统中的反硝化细菌的数量随加药时间的延长逐渐增加,从最初的3000cfu／100mL增加至600000cfu／100mL,而此时系统内的ORP值由硫酸盐还原菌生存的最佳微环境（-300～-350mV）升高至反硝化细菌生存的最佳微环境（-50--100mV）。16SrDNA测序结果表明,反硝化微生物种群和数量增长很快,并得到适宜于艾家湾作业区集输系统中硫酸盐还原菌抑制的反硝化微生物主要是耐盐芽孢杆菌、产碱假单胞菌和奈瑟菌。完善了集输系统中硫酸盐还原菌次生H2S的生物抑制技术,证实了处理技术与实施工艺的可行性。     

Biological elimination of H2S and NH3 from wastegases by biofilter packed with immobilized heterotrophic bacteria

Biotreatment of various ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures was studied using the biofilters, packed with co-immobilized cells (Arthrobacter oxydans CH8 for NH₃ and Pseudomonas putida CH11 for H₂S). Extensive tests to determine removal characteristics, removal efficiency, removal kinetics, and pressure drops of the biofilters were performed. To estimate the largest allowable inlet concentration, a prediction model was also employed. Greater than 95% and 90% removal efficiencies were observed for NH₃ and H₂S, respectively, irrespective of the ratios of H₂S and NH₃ gas mixtures. The results showed that H₂S removal of the biofilter was significantly affected by high inlet concentrations of H₂S and NH₃. As high H₂S concentration was an inhibitory substrate for the growth of heterotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the activity of H₂S oxidation was thus inhibited. In the case of high NH₃ concentration, the poor H₂S removal efficiency might be attributed to the acidification of the biofilter. The phenomenon was caused by acidic metabolite accumulation of NH₃. Through kinetic analysis, the presence of NH₃ did not hinder the NH₃ removal, but a high H₂S concentration would result in low removal efficiency. Conversely, H₂S of adequate concentrations would favor the removal of incoming NH₃. The results also indicated that maximum inlet concentrations (model-estimated) agreed well with the experimental values for space velocities of 50–150 h⁻¹. Hence, the results would be used as the guideline for the design and operation of biofilters.     

Effectiveness evaluation of glyphosate oxidation employing the H2O2/UVC process: Toxicity assays with Vibrio fischeri and Rhinella arenarum tadpoles

The H₂O₂/UVC process was applied to the photodegradation of a commercial formulation of glyphosate in water. Two organisms (Vibrio fischeri bacteria and Rhinella arenarum tadpoles) were used to investigate the toxicity of glyphosate in samples M_1, M₂, and M₃ following different photodegradation reaction times (120, 240 and 360 min, respectively) that had differing amounts of residual H₂O₂. Subsamples of M₁, M₂, and M₃ were then used to create samples M_1,E, M_2,E and M_3,E in which the H₂O₂ had been removed. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activities were measured in tadpoles to determine possible sub-lethal effects. In V. fischeri, M_1,E, which was collected early in the photodegradation process, caused 52% inhibition, while M_3,E, which was collected at the end of the photodegradation process, caused only 17% inhibition. Survival of tadpoles was 100% in samples M₂, M₃, and in M_1,E, M_2,E and M_3,E. The lowest percentages of enzymatic inhibition were observed in samples without removal of H₂O₂: 13.96% (AChE) and 16% (BChE) for M₂, and 24.12% (AChE) and 13.83% (BChE) for M₃. These results show the efficiency of the H₂O₂/UVC process in reducing the toxicity of water or wastewater polluted by commercial formulations of glyphosate. According to the ecotoxicity assays, the conditions corresponding to M₂ (11 ± 1 mg a.e. L^?1 glyphosate and 11 ± 1 mg L^?1 H₂O₂) could be used as a final point for glyphosate treatment with the H₂O₂/UV process.     

掺Al-TiO2改性膨润土去除微污染水中COD和NH4-N

采用掺Al-TiO2作为改性剂制备改性膨润土,考察了微波辐射功率、辐射时间、TiO2改性剂用量、铝盐掺杂量、pH值对微污染水中COD和NH4-N去除效果的影响。实验表明,微波辐射功率为460 W,辐射时间为8 min,TiO2改性剂用量为1.3 mmol/g,铝盐掺杂量为0.2 mmol/g为最佳制备条件。pH值为6.0,改性膨润土投加量为40 mg/L,沉淀时间为30min时,对微污染水中初始浓度15 mg/L的COD和5 mg/L的NH4-N去除率分别达到92%和59%以上。     

O3/H2O2处理嘧啶废水的研究

采用O3/H2O2法对嘧啶废水进行处理,考察了不同反应条件对嘧啶和COD去除率的影响,并对O3/H2O2降解嘧啶的反应机制和动力学进行了初步探讨.实验结果表明,在pH值为11,反应时间为70 min,O3流量为4g/h,H2O2投加量为50 mmol/L的条件下,废水的嘧啶和COD的去除率分别达到86.46%和74.9...     

锌冶炼废渣浸出液硫化法除砷的研究

以硫化钠为沉淀剂,将锌冶炼废渣浸出液中的砷以硫化砷的形式沉淀析出,实验考察了浸出液酸度、硫化钠加入量、反应时间等因素对除砷效率的影响.实验结果表明,当浸出液中游离H2SO4浓度为3 mol/L,Na2S·9H2O投加量为16.1 g/L(浸出液),反应时间为30 min时,浸出液中的砷去除率达到99.3%,较好地解决了...     

臭氧辅助UV/Fenton法处理电镀添加剂生产废水

采用臭氧辅助光芬顿法处理电镀添加剂生产废水,考察双氧水、FeSO₄·7H₂O、pH和反应时间等因素对废水COD和UV₂₅₄去除的影响。实验结果表明,pH=4,臭氧通入量为0.25 g,双氧水的投加量93.3 mL/L,FeSO₄·7H₂O投加量为5.3 g/L,最佳反应时间为30 min,COD和UV₂₅₄去除率分别达到92.64%和87.95%。这表明,臭氧辅助光芬顿法对电镀添加剂生产废水处理效果显著,处理时间大大减少。     

Catalytic destruction of pentachlorobenzene in simulated flue gas by a V2O5-WO3/TiO2 catalyst

Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) in simulated flue gas was destructed by a commercial V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂ catalyst in this study. The effects of reaction temperature, oxygen concentration, space velocity and some co-existing pollutants on PeCB conversion were investigated. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for the oxidation of PeCB over the vanadium oxide on the catalysts was proposed. Results show that the increase of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) and the decrease of operating temperature both resulted in the decrease of PeCB removal over the catalyst, while the effect of the oxygen content in the range of 5-20% (v/v) on PeCB conversion was negligible. PeCB decomposition could be obviously affected by the denitration reactions under the conditions because of the positive effect of NO but negative effect of NH₃. The introduction of SO₂ caused the catalyst poisoning, probably due to the sulfur-containing species formed and deposited on the catalyst surface. The PeCB molecules were first adsorbed on the catalyst surface, and then oxidized into the non-aromatic acyclic intermediates, low chlorinated aromatics and maleic anhydride.