盐酸和硝酸介质中己二胺接枝壳聚糖微球吸附Hg(Ⅱ)的行为

制备并表征了氯化和氨化壳聚糖微球,考察了己二胺接枝壳聚糖微球(HDA-CS)在盐酸和硝酸介质中吸附Hg(Ⅱ)的行为及影响因素。结果表明,盐酸介质中,pH 3.0时,HDA-CS对Hg(Ⅱ)有较高的初始吸附速率,最大吸附容量为128.6 mg/g;硝酸介质中,pH 3.5时,它对Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量为37.7 mg/g。前者是后者的3.4倍。以1.0 mol/L的H2SO4为解吸剂,HDA-CS复用3次无溶解和流失现象。HDA-CS对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附主要是质子化氨基与汞配阴离子以静电引力实现的。     

ZnCl_2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl2化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征,并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物,实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用,以物理吸附作用为主;随着Hg0入口浓度的提高,污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg0饱和吸附容量增大;随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg0的吸附作用减弱;在吸附反应温度125℃,Hg0入口浓度60.4 ug/m3,污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg0的吸附容量分别为81.2 ug/g和53.8 ug/g,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附作用好于选定的活性炭.     

ZnCl2法污泥含炭吸附剂对模拟烟气中气态汞的吸附

采用改进的ZnCl₂化学活化法制备污泥含炭吸附剂,利用EDS以及氮吸附等多种测试手段对所制得的污泥含炭吸附剂进行表征,并利用其处理模拟烟气汞污染物,实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附包括物理吸附作用和化学吸附作用,以物理吸附作用为主;随着Hg0入口浓度的提高,污泥含炭吸附剂的Hg0饱和吸附容量增大;随着吸附反应温度的升高污泥含炭吸附对Hg0的吸附作用减弱;在吸附反应温度125℃,Hg0入口浓度60.4 μg/m³,污泥含炭吸附剂和选定的活性炭对Hg0的吸附容量分别为81.2 μg/g和53.8 μg/g,污泥含炭吸附剂对Hg0的吸附作用好于选定的活性炭。     

PS-TMT树脂的合成及其对水溶液中Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

以氯甲基聚苯乙烯树脂为载体与三聚硫氰酸反应,合成了功能化的螯合树脂PS-TMT,并对其进行了元素分析、红外光谱以及比表面表征。通过静态吸附实验研究了其对水溶液中Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附性能,结果表明,PS-TMT螯合树脂在pH值1～7范围内对Hg(Ⅱ)具有良好的吸附能力,在25℃、pH 7条件下对Hg(Ⅱ)的最大吸附容量为344 mg/g;动力学研究显示树脂对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附在240 min内可达到吸附平衡,吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型;吸附等温线则符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型。     

汞(Ⅱ)和砷(Ⅲ)在草炭土胡敏酸上的吸附

为研究汞和砷在胡敏酸上的吸附特性,从辽宁彰武采集了草炭土并用稀碱法提取胡敏酸。研究胡敏酸对Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅲ)吸附作用,探讨温度(15、25、35、45℃)、pH(3,5,7,9)和离子强度(Ca2+,H2PO-4)对该吸附的影响,并计算吸附活化能。结果表明:温度与胡敏酸对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附呈显著正相关,而对胡敏酸吸附As(Ⅲ)的影响较小;pH对胡敏酸吸附Hg(Ⅱ)也呈正相关,而胡敏酸对As(Ⅲ)的吸附以中性最好,酸性、碱性下吸附量均降低;Ca2+对Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附有明显的抑制作用,H2PO-4对As(Ⅲ)的吸附影响很小。对等温吸附实验结果拟合证明,胡敏酸对Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅲ)等温吸附更符合Freundlich模型。对动力学吸附实验结果拟合证明,准二级动力学方程能很好地描述胡敏酸对Hg(Ⅱ)和As(Ⅲ)的吸附。Hg和As(Ⅲ)在胡敏酸的吸附活化能分别为23.06 k J·mol-1和2.65 k J·mol-1,表明Hg(Ⅱ)在胡敏酸上的吸附以化学吸附为主,As(Ⅲ)在胡敏酸上的吸附以物理吸附为主。     

不同制备条件对生物焦汞吸附特性及吸附动力学的影响

为获得生物焦对汞的吸附特性,对不同制备条件下的生物焦进行研究。通过分析生物质种类、制备粒径、制备温度以及制备氧浓度对生物焦吸附汞的影响,并结合其吸附动力学过程,进一步探究吸附机理。结果表明:不同制备条件下生物焦汞吸附特性存在差异;生物焦对汞的物理吸附中,孔隙结构对其具有影响,累积孔体积越大,单位汞吸附量越高,利于生物焦对汞的吸附;与比表面积相比,比孔容积在汞吸附过程中发挥更为重要的作用;化学吸附与物理吸附均在生物焦汞吸附过程中起到重要影响,且化学吸附是其主要的控速步骤。     

温度对改性矿物吸附剂脱除气态汞影响

以蛭石、丝光沸石、膨润土及经改性后各物质为吸附剂,N2气氛下,在固定床实验台上进行了对烟气中单质汞脱除的实验研究,主要考察了温度的改变对改性矿物吸附剂脱除气态汞的影响。研究结果显示,膨润土、蛭石对汞的吸附基本不受温度的影响;未改性的吸附剂对汞的吸附能力均比较差;温度的提高有利于改性吸附剂对单质汞的脱除,说明改性后的吸附剂的脱汞过程以化学吸附为主;真正起作用的活性组分CeO2占据了丝光沸石的大部分表面积和空隙;丝光沸石经CuO改性前后吸附能力几乎未发生变化。     

草酸改性柚子皮对废水中镉离子的吸附性能

以粗柚子皮(PP)为吸附剂原材料,以草酸为改性剂制备出了改性柚子皮吸附剂(MPP)。采用批量实验研究了改性吸附剂对水中Cd(Ⅱ)吸附的影响因素(如溶液pH、吸附剂用量、接触时间和Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度)、吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学等,并讨论了其吸附机理。在溶液初始pH为5.0、吸附剂投加量为5 g/L、Cd(Ⅱ)初始浓度为50 mg/L条件下,吸附剂MPP对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附平衡时间为120 min,其吸附率可维持在95.63%以上。吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型描述。热力学分析结果显示,吸附剂(MPP)对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附是吸热反应,且能自发进行。     

氯化铜改性石墨相氮化碳吸附剂的脱汞性能

针对燃煤电厂汞污染物排放控制的问题,以尿素为前驱体,通过直接热聚合法制得绒毛状石墨相氮化碳(gC_3N_4),并用于低温条件下吸附脱除单质汞(Hg~0)。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氮气吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对吸附剂进行表征。结果表明:未改性g-C_3N_4具有良好的低温脱汞活性,在120°C时其脱汞效率可达84.7%;CuCl_2改性可以有效提高g-C_3N_4的脱汞性能,其脱汞效率在40～200°C范围内均可达到97%以上;温度对吸附剂脱汞效率的影响较小。XPS表征测试结果表明,铜离子和共价态氯原子均参与了单质汞的吸附脱除反应,Hg~0被Cu~(2+)离子和共价态Cl原子氧化成了Hg~(2+)离子,再吸附于g-C_3N_4表面而脱除。CO_2、SO_2和水蒸气对吸附剂脱汞效率影响较小,但水蒸气可提高汞吸附量。     

银负载对活性炭纤维汞吸附性能的影响

银氨溶液浸渍活性炭纤维制得载银量14.07%的载银活性炭纤维.以筒状吸附体吸附气态Hg0的方式研究活性炭纤维银载前后的汞吸附性能,结果表明,载银后活性炭纤维汞吸附性能明显提高.实验还发现:随吸附温度升高,活性炭纤维的汞吸附效率随先增加后降低,而载银活性炭纤维的汞吸附效率随吸附温度升高而一直降低;延长停留时间和添加H2O(g)对两者汞吸附均有利.采用片状吸附体对2种吸附剂的汞饱和吸附量进行了测定,实验得出:70℃下活性炭纤维汞饱和吸附量为29.4 mg/g,载银活性炭纤维汞饱和吸附量为192.3 mg/g,即活性炭纤维载银后汞饱和吸附量提高到原来的6.54倍.扫描电镜分析发现:活性炭纤维上物理吸附汞占绝大多数,化学吸附汞很少;负载银后汞只吸附在活性炭纤维的含银活性点上,银粒子与汞结合生成银汞齐后形状趋于规则,且主要分布于活性炭纤维微晶的晶棱交界处.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.     

土壤中砷的化学平衡

本文比较详细地综述了砷的化学特性,环境背景值及来源和循环,土壤中砷的三大化学平衡即沉淀溶解平衡,氧化还原平衡,吸附解吸平衡,以及微生物对砷的转化。     

Elemental uptake by edible herbs and lettuce (Latuca sativa)

The total concentration of toxic elements (aluminum, cadmium, chromium and lead) and selected macro and micro elements (iron, manganese, copper and zinc) are reported in six leafy edible vegetation species, namely lettuce, spinach, cabbage, chards and green and red types of Amaranth herbs. Although spinach and chards had greater than 125 mv of iron, both the amaranthus herbs recorded > than 320 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight. In both the spinach and chard species, the Mn and Zn levels were appreciable recording > 225 μ g g^{? 1} and 150 μ g g^{? 1} dry weight, respectively. Aluminum concentrations were (in μ g g^{? 1} dry weight) lettuce (10), cabbage (11), spinach (167), chards (65), amaranthus green (293) and amaranthus red (233). All the micro and macro elements and the toxic elements (Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb) elements analyzed, were below the recommended maximum permitted levels (RMI) in vegetables. Further the elemental uptake and distribution of the nine elements, at three growth stages of the lettuce plant grown on soil bed under controlled conditions are detailed. In the soil, except for iron (16%), greater than 33% of the other cations were in exchangeable form. Generally in the lettuce plant, roots retained much of the iron (> 224 μ g g^{? 1}) and aluminum (> 360 μ g g^{? 1}), while leaves had less than 200 μ g g^{? 1} of iron and 165 μ g g^{? 1} of Al. Although the concentrations of elements marginally decreased with growth, the lettuce leaves had significant amounts of Mn (30 μ g g^{? 1}), Zn (50 μ g g^{? 1}) and Cu (3.6 μ g g^{? 1}). Some presence of lead in leaves (2.0 μ g g^{? 1}) was noticed, but all the toxic and other elements analyzed were well below the RMI values for the vegetables.     

The dissipation of nonlyphenol in stream and pond water under simulated field conditions

Abstract

The dissipation of 1.0 ppm nonylphenol in stream and pond water, incubated in flasks at 16°C under simulated field conditions up to 44 days indicated that the half‐life was 2.5 days if the flasks were open, and 16 days if they were closed. A transformed product was detected in the closed flasks.

Translocation of nonylphenol in water occurred when treated water samples were incubated in the presence of sediment. After 10 days, nonylphenol was detected only in the sediment, but not in water (detection limit = 10 ppb). About 80% of the nonylphenol was degraded in 71 days, but no degradation occurred if the water and the sediment were autoclaved prior to incubation.