玉米深加工过程中异味气体的来源及其治理措施

编者按 在对玉米组分和生产工艺过程分析的基础上,调查了玉米深加工行业在生产过程中异味气体的排放源,并对此类气体进行了初步的成份分析,发现其中主要含有脂类、醇类、烃类等有机物质,其产生原因为在高温作用下玉米淀粉、蛋白质等组分发生一系列有机化学反应,可采用低位能源回收、喷淋等方法对其降温进而达到治理的目的.     

玉米深加工过程中异味气体的来源及其治理措施

在对玉米组分和生产工艺过程分析的基础上，调查了玉米深加工行业在生产过程中异味气体的排放源，并对此类气体进行了初步的成份分析，发现其中主要含有脂类、醇类、烃类等有机物质，其产生原因为在高温作用下玉米淀粉、蛋白质等组分发生一系列有机化学反应，可采用低位能源回收、喷淋等方法对其降温进而达到治理的目的。[编者按]     

烟煤地下气化过程中硫的转化规律研究

在烟煤炭地下气化模型试验的基础上,研究了气化炉温度、气化工艺等对硫转化的影响;在纯氧气化工艺条件下,煤气中含硫气体的形态和含量主要受温度的影响,产生的H2S浓度在600～700℃达到最大值为7400mg·m-3,SO2在1000℃时达到最大值为270 mg·m-3.在纯氧-水蒸气工艺阶段,煤气中的含硫气体形态主要受煤气中氢气含量的影响,但在纯氧-水蒸气工艺后期,含硫气体量又转变为温度的函数.煤炭地下气化过程中,煤中的硫大部分以含硫气体的形式分布在煤气中;只有小部分硫分布在灰渣、焦油和冷凝水中.     

基于嗅觉效应的土壤苯系物关键因子识别及安全阈值研究

以某化工退役地块为例,从化学浓度及异味贡献两个角度对比了典型土壤气样品中苯系物的污染特征;并从嗅觉效应的角度,研究推导了基于嗅觉效应的主要致嗅组分土壤安全阈值,为污染地块异味风险控制提供理论依据.该地块土壤气组分中以苯浓度最高,其次为氯苯,分别占苯系物总质量浓度的67.3%和10.1%.从异味贡献来看,核心致嗅成分为乙苯,占土壤气总异味活度值的53.2%;其次为甲苯,异味贡献平均占比为14.1%.基于地块未来公园绿地规划,构建了长期及短期两种异味暴露场景下的概念模型和计算公式.经分析计算,短期（涉及建设开挖）的异味暴露风险较长期异味暴露风险更需引起关注.土壤中关键致嗅因子乙苯、甲苯、苯、间/对-二甲苯的土壤异味安全阈值分别为12.9、35、559.3和60.7 mg·kg^-1.将计算所得的安全阈值与现行土壤标准相较,以甲苯和间/对-二甲苯的反差最为显著.研究结果表明：存在异味的污染地块,应同时兼顾考虑毒理学健康效应和基于嗅觉效应的安全阈值,确保污染地块的安全利用.     

化学污染及药物中毒

化学污染物包括汞、铅、镉、砷等重金属及其化合物,苯类、酚类有机物,硫酸类、胺类恶臭物,酸、碱、盐、石油产品等四大类,通过废气、废水、废渣排入环境。环境中化学物质的浓度随着化学生产的增长而增加,达到一定浓度即对植物和人类产生危害。目前世界每年排出有害化学废物3.3亿吨,对人体有害的化学用品达3.5万种。     

一个烟厂除味系统

在对烟草进行加工制烟的过程中 ,会产生一定量的异味气体 ,污染烟厂及周围环境。在此介绍了某卷烟厂除味系统的基本原理、系统组成及运行情况。初步的运行表明该除味系统除味效率可达 95 %。     

一种新型静电油烟净化器的研制与应用

应用高压静电原理，采用多电场模块组合技术，将烹饪过程中产生的油烟、热裂解尘雾、燃料烟尘在静电和电场的作用下电荷、吸附及氧化，达到净化油烟、除去烟尘、除去异味的作用，电场内所产生的臭氧还能杀菌，去除异味和有害气体。利用高压静电研制的油烟净化器比湿式油烟净化器、过滤式的油烟净化器有更大的优越性和应用前景。     

军械装备库房有害气体分析及防治措施

目的寻找军械装备库房在长期储存武器弹药过程中产生的有害气体的预防和治理措施。方法分析军械装备库房有害气体种类、来源、分布规律,及其对储存环境和作业人员的危害。结果库房内主要存在碳氧化合物、苯系物、硫化物、氯化物、氮氧化合物、醚类、酮类等有害气体,主要来自军械装备、武器弹药包装、库房内部维修。提出了通过控制有害气体的产生,建立网络检测预警系统,采用物理吸附法、低温催化氧化法和光催化法净化等措施预防和治理库房的有害气体。结论该方法可有效地预防和治理军械装备库房在长期储存武器弹药过程中产生的有害气体。     

硫污染物在燃煤过程中的形成

在实验规模中利用粉煤燃烧器,对燃烧过程中二次空气涡流、化学计算比值(O_2/燃料)和煤炭的类型等对硫污染物(SO_2、H_2S、COS和CS_2)的形成及其反应,进行了测定。分别对固体、液体和气体选     

炼化含油污水恶臭处理中组合式生物技术应用

炼化废水处理过程中斜板隔油池、气浮池、污泥脱水间等为开放式运行,大量无组织气体排放,其中包括大量的恶臭气体,如硫化氢,氨气,苯系物质和其他气体,是一种大型的恶臭气体污染源。影响员工和周围居民身心健康和生活质量。恶臭气体的处理方法包括化学、物理和生物方法。生物方法有操作简单、可靠性高、效率高、成本低、投资少、运行成本高、无污染等优点。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.