高效嗜油菌处理长庆油田采出水试用性研究

文章研究应用高效嗜油菌处理长庆油田采出水的可行性及对COD、石油类的去除效果。介绍了SBR试验装置概况、试验原理及方法,分析了SBR工艺处理模拟废水的运行效果,及未加入填料载体条件下、加入填料载体条件下SBR工艺处理油田采出水的运行效果,简要分析了所采用高效嗜油菌特性。结果表明:加入高效嗜油菌,SBR工艺处理长庆油田采出水效果较好,石油类去除率均值达到98.2%,COD去除率均值达到95.0%;当进水石油类浓度高于450mg/L的情况下,石油类去除率降低,SBR反应器运行状况不稳定。     

油气田采油(气)废水处理设施运行情况调查与评价

通过对全国19个油气田191套采油（气）废水处理设施进行调查，针对其工艺流程、建设投资、处理能力、运行费用、运行状况和处理效果，分析了现有处理方法存在的问题，并提出了解决的办法。对今后处理设施的管理、改进和处理技术的研究有一定参考价值。     

AB生物法处理污水的工艺特性、运行机理与应用效果

本文概述了AB生物法处理污水的工艺特性、运行机理、设计参数和应用效果。AB法以投资省,能耗低,效率高,处理效果好明显优于普通生物法受到人们的重视,在国外已广泛用于处理低浓度的城市污水。笔者认为,有必要深入开展AB法对中、高浓度废水处理且适合我国国情的设计参数和运行参数的研究,使这一新工艺在我国从实验室研究尽快应用于生产。     

超滤膜在新疆污水处理中的应用研究

超滤膜能有效去除大肠杆菌、细菌、SS等污染物质,并对COD和BOD也有一定的去除效果。由于新疆特殊的气候原因,导致新疆的污水水质与内地差异较大,因此采用超滤膜对新疆疾病控制中心生活污水处理站二级生化处理达标外排水进行深度处理,分别进行了管路流体力学特性实验、超滤膜截留特性实验、膜污染实验、膜的清洗实验等,掌握了膜污染变化规律和污染防治方法．为日后的此类工程设计提供了参考数据．     

生活(医院)污水处理设施运行情况分析

通过对江苏油田6套生活污水2套医院污水处理设施进行调查,针对其工艺流程、建设投资、处理能力、运行费用、运行状况及处理效果,分析了现有处理方法存在的问题,并提出了解决办法,对今后处理设施的管理、改进和处理技术有一定的参考价值。     

AB法工艺在河东污水处理厂的应用

乌鲁木齐河东污水处理厂采用AB活性污泥工艺 ,设计日处理污水 2 0× 10 4m3 /d ,于 1997- 0 7投入运行 ,至今运行状况良好。本文介绍了该工程的工艺流程、设计参数、主要处理构筑物和运行情况 ,对运行中出现的问题进行了分析和探讨     

CEMS检测平台流场效应研究与工程设计

本研究项目设计了小型立式环型风洞系统和流场模拟两套实验装置。用工程流体力学实验的方法，对系统内气体压力、流量变化的调节控制方法、通风机的能量消耗，以及在检测平台系统工作段形成均匀流动流场的设计方法等工程实际问题，进行了一系列的试验研究。在试验研究的基础上确定了检测平台系统的设计方案。     

ASM2G在污水处理中的研究与应用

针对用静态模型常规设计在设计效果与模拟分析上的不足,作者在研究动态机理模型ASM2d的基础上开发了污水处理仿真程序ASM2G,以分析污水生物处理,并进行模拟分析与辅助设计.本文首先介绍了此自编程序的机理模型ASM2d;其次说明了ASM2G的模拟过程;最后,通过对实际污水处理厂的模拟比较,说明了ASM2G在模拟分析上的优势,同时也反映了ASM2d能够较好地反映污水处理的运行状况,是一个较成熟的动态机理模型.文章试图为找到一种经济有效的设计方法提供一定的参考.     

废液焚烧炉的研究进展

焚烧法是目前实现废液减量化无害化和资源化的有效处理方法,焚烧炉的设计与选择对于处理效果有着至关重要的影响。本文重点介绍了目前国内外三种常见的废液处理焚烧炉的特性及其发展趋势,在此基础上尝试对目前使用的各种焚烧炉运行中的关键问题进行了探讨。     

雅安市青衣江流域乡镇污水处理情况的研究

通过对青衣江流域周公河、陇西河支流现有的25个乡镇一体化小型污水站运行情况进行水环境质量监测,用实验室方法分析其中水温、pH、CODCr、 BOD5、悬浮物、氨氮(以N计)、总磷(以P计)等项目,进一步了解乡镇污水站的运行状况和污水处理效果.调查研究表明:25个乡镇污水站处理排放达标率均值不足40％,处理效果从高到低依...     

Growth and macronutrient removal of water hyacinth in a small secondary sewage treatment plant

Studies have been made of the growth characteristics of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, and its ability to remove N, P and K, in a secondary settling pond of a small secondary sewage treatment plant serving both the academic and residential blocks of the Swire Marine Laboratory, University of Hong Kong. The treatment plant consists of, in series, a primary settling tank, a trickling filter compartment and a secondary settling pond from which part of the treated wastewater is recycled to the primary settling tank while the remaining effluent (1 to 2 m³ daily) mixes with and hence is diluted by the outflowing seawater from the aquarium system of the Swire Marine Laboratory before discharge to the sea. Samples of wastewater have been taken regularly from the primary sedimentation pond, the outflow of the trickling filter, the secondary settling pond and the effluent of the treatment plant (before mixing with aquarium outflow) since January, 1992. Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the samples have been determined and are typical of secondary effluents, with a mean pH of about 7.5, total solids 1200 mg L⁻¹, suspended solids 45 mg L⁻¹, conductivity 2000 μS cm⁻¹, salinity 1 ppt, dissolved oxygen 2 mg L⁻¹, BOD₅ 45 mg L⁻¹, Kjeldahl-N 30 mg L⁻¹, NH₄,-N 25 mg L⁻¹, NO₃-N 4 mg L⁻¹, total P 10 mg L⁻¹, K 35 mg L⁻¹ and total coliforms of less than 10⁵ colonies 100 ml⁻¹.Water hyacinth plants have been stocked in the secondary settling pond as an integral part of the treatment plant so as to improve the quality of, as well as to retrieving and recycling nutrient elements from, the wastewater. The plants are periodically harvested to maintain an active growing crop. The growth rate, standing crop biomass, tissue nutrient composition, nutrient storage and accumulation rate of two growth cycles, one from February 25 to March 18 (mean temperature 17.6°C) and the other from 22 April to 12 May (24.8°C) are reported. The water hyacinth assumed a relatively high standing crop biomass of 10 kg m⁻² (5 to 6 t DM ha⁻¹), and growth rates of 48 and 225 g m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively, for the first and second growth period. Nutrient storage capacities were relatively high, at about 20, 7.5 and 16.5 g m⁻² for N, P and K, respectively. The nutrient composition was very high, reaching 5.42% for N, 1.97 for P, and 4.57 for K. Both the stem and lamina accumulated high levels of N, while the petiole had the highest level of P and K. Apart from nutrient removal, the water hyacinth also helped to decrease the suspended solids, BOD₅ value and total coliforms of the wastewater.It is concluded that water hyacinth improves the quality of wastewater in such small-scale sewage treatment plants and it is recommended that frequent harvests of water hyacinth would increase the treatment efficiency, especially during the active growing season with high temperatures coupled with intense solar radiation.     

彩南污水处理技术改进研究及应用

针对彩南油田原有水处理技术不能满足工艺要求的现状,对水质净化工艺技术进行改进研究。确定预催化—强化絮凝净水的技术路线,并选定了最优药剂体系、加药量和加药位置;结合以往污水处理经验和现场实际情况,在预催化—强化絮凝净水技术基础上自行研发了新型污水反应器,对斜板沉降罐进出水系统、沉降罐收油槽、调储罐、污泥沉降池和杀菌技术进行了改进。通过现场实际运行,处理后含油污水水质达到Q/SY XJ0039—2001《彩南油田注水水质标准》。     

Optimisation of rainwater tank design from large roofs: A case study in Melbourne, Australia

Rainwater tanks for larger roof areas need optimisation of tank size, which is often not carried out before installation of these tanks. This paper presents a case study of rainwater tank evaluation and design for large roof areas, located in Melbourne, Australia, based on observed daily rainfall data representing three different climatic regimes (i.e. dry average, and wet years). With the aim of developing a comprehensive Decision Support Tool for the performance analysis and design of rainwater tanks, a simple spreadsheet based daily water balance model is developed using daily rainfall data, contributing roof area, rainfall loss factor, available storage volume, tank overflow and irrigation water demand. In this case study, two (185 m³ and 110 m³) underground rainwater tanks are considered. Using the developed model, effectiveness of each tank under different climatic scenarios are assessed. The analysis shows that both the tanks are quite effective in wet and average years, however less effective in dry years. A payback period analysis of the tanks is preformed which reveals that the total construction cost of the tanks can be recovered within 15-21 years time depending on tank size, climatic conditions and future water price increase rates. For the tanks, a relationship between water price increase rates and payback periods is developed. The study highlights the need for detailed optimisation and financial analysis for large rainwater tanks to maximise the benefits.     

曝气生物滤池在石化污水处理工程中的应用

曝气生物滤池可以用于石化污水的二段生化处理,是一种运行可靠、自动化程度高、出水水质好和抗冲击能力强的好氧生物处理新工艺。它与活性污泥法工艺相比,对于低基质污水二段生化工况,其有机物容积负荷高,污水停留时间短,其后不须设置二次沉淀池。与普通生物滤池相比,其占地面积小,不宜堵塞。与生物接触氧化方法相比,生物活性较高,处理效果好。曝气生物滤池集曝气池、二次沉淀池和滤池的功能于一身,其出水水质指标可以完全达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准。     

Design and operational parameters of a rooftop rainwater harvesting system: definition, sensitivity and verification

The appropriate design and evaluation of a rainwater harvesting (RWH) system is necessary to improve system performance and the stability of the water supply. The main design parameters (DPs) of an RWH system are rainfall, catchment area, collection efficiency, tank volume and water demand. Its operational parameters (OPs) include rainwater use efficiency (RUE), water saving efficiency (WSE) and cycle number (CN). The sensitivity analysis of a rooftop RWH system's DPs to its OPs reveals that the ratio of tank volume to catchment area (V/A) for an RWH system in Seoul, South Korea is recommended between 0.03 and 0.08 in terms of rate of change in RUE. The appropriate design value of V/A is varied with D/A. The extra tank volume up to V/A of 0.15～0.2 is also available, if necessary to secure more water. Accordingly, we should figure out suitable value or range of DPs based on the sensitivity analysis to optimize design of an RWH system or improve operation efficiency. The operational data employed in this study, which was carried out to validate the design and evaluation method of an RWH system, were obtained from the system in use at a dormitory complex at Seoul National University (SNU) in Korea. The results of these operational data are in good agreement with those used in the initial simulation. The proposed method and the results of this research will be useful in evaluating and comparing the performance of RWH systems. It is found that RUE can be increased by expanding the variety of rainwater uses, particularly in the high rainfall season.     

DO WETLANDS BEHAVE LIKE SHALLOW LAKES IN TERMS OF PHOSPHORUS DYNAMICS?1

ABSTRACT: The applicability of empirical relationships governing phosphorus (P) retention and nutrient assimilation in lakes and reservoirs was extended to include free surface water wetland treatment systems. Mixed reactor models have been used in lakes to predict steady state P concentration, characterize trophic state, compare P‐dynamics, and predict permissible P‐loading rates. Applying lake models to free surface water wetlands treatment systems, it was found that: sedimentation rates, loading rates, and settling velocity in these wetlands, and their typology are comparable to their lake counterparts. The analyses also suggest that phosphorus removal efficiency in a free surface water wetland treatment system is independent of trophic status, and similar to lakes, these wetlands can be classified according to their trophic state. Oligo‐and eutrophic wetland treatment systems can be defined by low and high TP inflow concentrations, respectively. In this study, olig‐otrophic status is defined as systems receiving inflow P‐loading less than 0.10 g m^‐2 year‐¹, and their P inputs are mainly derived from agricultural and stormwater runoff. Eutrophic treatment systems, on the other hand, are defined as those receiving inflow P‐loading higher than 0.20 g m² year‐¹, and their inputs are mainly derived from industrial and municipal wastewater. The comparability found between lakes and free surface water wetlands treatment systems raises the question: should we consider these wetlands “shallow lakes?”     

城市污水Al盐化学除磷的试验研究

针对新疆地区污水厂总磷去除效率有限,出水总磷存在超标排放风险的问题。试验中采用自配不同总磷含量的生活污水,通过小试试验,投加AlCl3进行试验室模拟化学除磷试验。研究结果表明:进水总磷浓度为2～4mg/L时,投加AlCl3/TP质量比为8.6;进水总磷浓度为6mg/L时,投加AlCl3/TP质量比上升到13.1,出水总磷浓度均<0.5mg/L,AlCl3投加不会改变污水的pH值,化学沉淀最佳时间为30min。建议设计除磷沉淀池的停留时间为25min～30min。     

上海市生活垃圾综合处理工艺研究

针对城市垃圾含水率高、成分复杂的特点,采用静置沥水5天后再筛分处理的措施,垃圾的含水率可去除10％～15％,增强了机械分选效果。对筛下物进行生物堆肥处理,两次发酵约35天后,产品基本达到无害化、稳定化的要求。同时,对筛上物进行了卫生填埋,渗滤液经过沉淀和UASB工艺预处理后与邻近污水厂污水合并处理,臭气经生物滤池后也得到有效控制。     

稠油联合站污水辐流式沉降罐的技术改造

稠油联合站污水辐流式沉降罐存在着技术问题，作者对沉降罐实施以下技术改造措施：油水隔板由２ｍ延长到３ｍ，油水分离室有效沉降容积由１２７ｍ３扩大到１９０ｍ３，油水分离沉降时间由２ｈ延长到３．０２ｈ，增设水力集砂、冲砂、洗砂装置等。使罐的出口水含油率由改造前的１３６５ｍｇ／Ｌ降到改造后的２４５ｍｇ／Ｌ，并且有可能将罐内沉积的油砂及时收集，同时即刻排入罐外的洗砂池内。凡经洗砂池清洗过的油砂含油量均低于０．１％。罐内清砂周期也因此由６个月延长到２４个月，大大降低了油、气、砂对清砂工人的危害，同时也改善了稠油油区的环境，取得了可观的经济效益和社会效益。     

Evaluating the Applicability of a Two‐dimensional Flow Model of a Highly Heterogeneous Domain to Flow and Environmental Management

Two‐dimensional simulation of highly heterogeneous domains, especially those with disparate length scales, roughness conditions, and geometries, often leads to challenges such as long computation times and numerical instability. Simulation of challenging domains is often needed to guide flood management and environmental regulation agencies in operation and potential domain modifications. This work evaluates the ability of a two‐dimensional unsteady hydrodynamic model to represent long‐duration transient flows over a domain with highly heterogeneous roughness, geometric characteristics, and length scales through bed roughness representation. The domain includes 13 km of Cache Creek and the 14.5 km² Cache Creek Settling Basin, which traps both sediment and mercury. Calibration under different bed roughness methods, validation, and modeling results of bathymetric modification scenarios are presented. The modeling approach's performance supports its application as a tool for management of similar domains, such as settling basins, leveed floodplains, and reservoirs. Accurate representation of flow dynamics can also inform environmental management that involves transport of sediments, nutrients, and heavy metals. This study found that a two‐dimensional unsteady flow model can accurately represent long‐duration transient flow in a large settling basin with highly heterogeneous characteristics without parsing of the domain or flow events simulated.