规模化畜禽养殖产污系数研究

随着畜禽养殖逐渐走向规模化,畜禽养殖污染已成为农村污染的重要来源。以规模化畜禽养殖产生的废水和固体废弃物为监测对象,对规模化畜禽养殖产污系数进行研究,给出单位畜禽从出生到出栏的产污系数计算方法。以四川省内江市为实例,计算了不同季节、不同规模的规模化养猪场产污系数,并与第一次污染源普查数据进行比较。     

基于监测数据的规模化畜禽养殖面源污染总量测算研究

随着我国规模化畜禽养殖业的发展,畜禽养殖面源污染已超过工业源和生活源污染,成为最大的污染源,也成为"十二五"污染减排的重点。本文从规模化畜禽养殖面源污染影响因素分析着手,提出基于监测数据的"产生-削减-面源体现系数法"的畜禽养殖面源污染总量测算方法,并给出了计算公式和总量测算流程,最后以内江市规模化畜禽养猪场为例,介绍了总量测算过程,给出了内江市规模化养猪场面源污染总量。     

石楼镇饮食业废水污染的现状和对策

本文主要分析了广州市番禺区石楼镇饮食废水的污染状况,并提出解决城镇饮食废水污染环境的对策.     

规模化养猪场沼气工程发展的金融政策研究

沼气工程是养猪场废弃物污染治理的主要途径,可在一定程度上缓解农村的环境压力和能源问题。金融政策对具有正外部性的沼气项目具有激励作用,并可通过市场手段提高其综合效率。文章通过对影响养猪场的融资因素进行分析并对国内外金融政策进行比较,提出了促进规模化养猪场沼气工程发展的建议。     

中国全氟和多氟化合物的污染特征及其去除技术评述

工业生产与使用所造成的全球性全氟和多氟化合物（PFASs）环境污染问题已引起了广泛关注。本文综述了我国不同区域土壤、大气和水环境中PFASs的污染特征,同时对PFASs在不同环境介质中的迁移途径及其影响因素进行了阐述。最后基于控制废水中PFASs的环境排放量,探讨了废水中PFASs去除技术的主要研究内容和优缺点。     

京津冀地区典型城市地表水质污染类型划分及驱动力研究

根据京津冀地区典型城市水环境污染的主要来源,选取工业COD排放量,工业氨氮排放量、工业废水排放量、生活COD排放量、生活氨氮排放量、生活污水排放量共6项指标,对区域经济发展水平与水污染物排放之间的关系进行研究。基于经济发展水平和污染排放特征,利用系统聚类法划分城市类型,利用回归分析研究污染排放指标对GDP的贡献。结果表明:京津冀地区废水及主要污染物排放特征存在明显的行政区划差异性:A类城市中,生活污染源已超越工业污染源成为该地区水污染物排放的重中之重;B类城市和C类城市污染控制重点仍需放在工业污染源减排上。经过多年努力,主要工业污染物排放量已得到了有效的控制,生活污水排放量已成为京津冀地区不容忽视的减排对象。今后,应在此基础上针对不同行政区划内的污染排放特征,加强政策的针对性。     

上海典型城区阳台雨水管排放洗衣废水对水体污染的研究

大量已建成住宅建筑在阳台仅有雨水排放口,未设置污水排放口,导致分流制社区存在洗衣废水进入雨水管网系统从而进入河道的问题。文章以上海典型城区为切入点,采用问卷调查、实验分析、计算模拟等方式,统计分析了3个典型社区洗衣机放置阳台的现状,并根据三社区洗衣废水污染物排放量,估算其城市环境污染。研究结果表明,洗衣废水的特征污染因子为COD和TN,其对当地生活污水的COD排放贡献为9%～33%,对受纳水体COD污染贡献为1. 1%～6. 4%,而TN的污染贡献率分别为小于1%和0. 7%～3. 7%。洗衣废水的岸边排放造成的是沿河岸边宽度为1m的污染带。     

炼油企业工艺废水分质处理和循环利用

通过典型炼厂主要工艺废水中的来源、污染物组成和排放量的统计分析,并结合国内炼油企业的实际运行,讨论了国内炼油企业如何围绕酸性水、电脱盐废水和碱渣废水这三类废水开展工艺废水的分质处理和循环利用的工作,并指出进入21世纪以来,我国的炼油行业在炼油生产工艺的升级改造和清洁生产取得了明显成果,提升了污染源头控制能力,显著降低了各炼厂碱渣废水处理装置和污水处理场的运行负荷,极大地减轻了炼厂废水污染治理的工作压力。     

对控制乡镇企业废水污染的设想

针对乡镇企业废水多、无组织排放、造成污染范围大、事故多的问题,作者从加强废水计划管理的角度,设想了适合我国现阶段乡镇企业特点的3点对策。 1.定量排放废水作者认为:定量排放废水是实现废水计划管理的首要步骤。采取“双量控制法”一方面限制乡镇企业废水排放量,降低单位产     

四川省水污染及防治对策

我省的水污染主要来自工业废水和生活废水。随着工业的发展和人民生活的提高,废水排放量日益增加,给我省的水环境带来了较严重的污染,根据这两年我省废水排放情况及各水系水质状况,对我省的水污染防治作一初步探讨,并提出相应     

Analysis of constraints and potentials for wastewater management in the coastal city of Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Manado is the largest and most densely populated coastal city in North Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The city is facing problems of wastewater discharged from various sources. These problems are driven by high population pressure, increasing economic activity, and low household income, in combination with inadequate organizational structure of government institutions for addressing the wastewater problems as well as for law enforcement. There have been no community initiatives to prevent or mitigate wastewater problems. Therefore, a wastewater management plan is urgently needed to prevent and mitigate pollution caused by discharged wastewater. In this paper we analyze the current situation with respect to environmental state, sources and treatment of wastewater, socio-economic and institutional capacities as well as community awareness. Constraints and potentials are discussed to give recommendations for an integrated wastewater management plan for the city of Manado.     

Productive utilization of pig farm wastes: a case study for developing countries

This paper presents a case study on pig farm waste management in which pig manure is stabilized in two-stage anaerobic reactors (to produce methane), while pig farm wastewater is treated in water hyacinth ponds from which the harvested water hyacinth plants are used in the production of silage (animal feed) or compost fertilizer. The results suggest the technical feasibility of applying these technologies to treat and recycle pig farm wastes. Cost/benefit analysis reveals the option to produce methane gas and silage to be financially viable after 15 years of operation. A management concept of waste recycling programs is presented, including relationships among objectives, constraints and implementation plan. Decision on a waste recycling program should not be based only on cost/benefit analysis, but also on the pollution control and public health improvement to be gained.     

生猪养殖适度规模:产出、效益与环境——基于全国8省份1484个养殖户数据的实证

近年来，我国生猪养殖市场产生了剧烈波动，也催生了对生猪养殖适度规模问题的思考。本文基于8省份1484份生猪养殖户的调查数据，采用Translog生产函数和C-D生产函数，从产出、效益和环境三个维度对生猪养殖规模效应进行实证研究。研究表明：生猪养殖规模与环境污染之间存在倒“U”形关系；综合考虑产出、效益和环境三个方面，适度规模应为年出栏1000~1999头；养殖经验对生猪养殖的产出和效益影响显著，环保认知和参加培训状况对环境污染影响显著。基于此，积极引导养殖户合理科学扩大养殖规模、增强环境意识，提升生猪养殖从业人员长期经营的驱动力，对促进养殖行业绿色发展具有重要意义。     

Cost-effectiveness of two operational models at industrial wastewater treatment plants in China: A case study in Shengze town,Suzhou City

The widespread illegal discharge of industrial wastewater in China has posed significant challenges to the effective management of industrial wastewater treatment plants (IWTPs) and caused or exacerbated critical social issues such as trans-boundary environmental pollution. This study examines two operational strategies, decentralized model and an innovative integrated model, that have been used in the industrial town of Shengze (located in Suzhou City) over the past two decades at IWTPs handling wastewater from the city’s dyeing industry. Our cost-effectiveness analysis shows that, although the operational cost of IWTPs under the integrated model is higher than under the original decentralized model, the integrated model has significantly improved IWTP performance and effectively reduced illegal discharge of industrial wastewater. As a result, the number of reported incidents of unacceptable pollution in local receiving water bodies had declined from 13 in 2000–1 in 2008. Key factors contributing to the success of the innovative integrated model are strong support from municipal and provincial leaders, mandatory ownership transfer of IWTPs to a centralized management body, strong financial incentives for proper plant management, and geographically-clustered IWTPs.     

Concentrations of additive arsenic in Beijing pig feeds and the residues in pig manure

The swine industry in China has grown rapidly over last two decades. Great amount of pig manure is generated in China, which can be used as organic fertilizers on agricultural lands. Meanwhile, the organic arsenic compounds have been used as feed additives for swine disease control and weight improvement. Once the excessive additives are released in the environment, arsenic may compromise food safety and environmental quality. There is a growing public concern about the arsenic residues accumulation in pig manure, however, little work has been done to investigate the exact arsenic content in pig feed and the residues in manure in China This study investigates the concentrations of arsenic in 29 pig feed samples and 29 manure samples collected from eight pig farms in the Chaoyang district, Beijing city. The detected rate of arsenic in 29 couples of samples was 100%. The concentrations of arsenic in pig feeds and manures ranged from 0.15 to 37.8 mg/kg and 0.42 to 119.0 mg/kg, respectively. The result showed that arsenic concentration in pig manure will be greatly elevated when the arsenic in pig feed was largely increased. The loading rates of pig manure in fourteen Beijing counties and districts were in the range of 2.7–57.2 t/ha yr. Accordingly, the potential soil arsenic increase rates resulting from land application of pig manure might range between 11.8 and 78.9 μg/kg yr. Despite these findings, it is too early to draw the conclusion that arsenic pollution from pig manure is serious in Beijing farmland; therefore, longitudinal studies about the chemical form transformation and the environmental behaviors of pig manure arsenic are required in order to come up with more definitive conclusions.     

江苏省畜禽养殖污染减排措施与政策研究

为提高江苏省畜禽养殖污染治理水平,达到污染减排要求,完成污染减排任务,本文从分析江苏省畜禽养殖业污染产生量、排放量和污染特征入手,对污染治理措施和法律、法规及政策支撑等进行了归纳总结,深入分析了目前治理中存在的主要问题,提出了适合江苏畜禽养殖污染治理的技术模式,以及促进污染减排目标实现的管理机制和保障条件。     

An improved understanding of the environmental impact of open drains in a Nigerian city

Summary An investigation has been made of the environmental impact and degree of pollution resulting from open drains in Ibadan city, Nigeria. The parameters measured included: (a) pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness, and calcium, magnesium and chloride content of the water, and (b) depth, width, velocity, discharge and waste water generation; in drains located in three areas categorised according to population density. The results illustrate important differences in the wastewater properties of drains in low-medium and high population density (traditional core) areas of the city. While previous attention has been largely focused on the degree of pollution from open drains as characterised by parameters listed under (a), and on environmental hazards such as erosion, flooding and public nuisance, this study went further. It uses the parameters listed under (b) to recommend appropriate technology designs and some management techniques to arrest the problem.Dr A.Y. Sangodoyin is a member of staff of the Department of Agricultural Engineering at the University of Ibadan. He is qualified as a civil engineer.     

工业园区水污染防治技术与管理政策需求分析

工业园区水污染防控是“十二五”期间我国水环境治理的重要任务之一,但目前还普遍存在一些技术和管理上的不足,导致处理效果不理想。本文就此问题,对园区企业在废水预处理、收集和处理、末端排放、水循环利用和管理机制方面存在的问题进行了讨论和分析;从技术和管理两大方面,对园区水污染防治的需求进行了分类探讨,并对环境主管部门、园区管理者和环境服务商提出了工作建议。     

畜禽养殖废水处理技术探讨

介绍了畜禽养殖废水有机物和氨氮含量高、可生化性好等特点及其污染现状,从物化法和生物法两个方面综述了近年来国内外有关畜禽养殖废水处理技术的研究进展,并分析了现有处理方法的优缺点和存在的问题。在此基础上提出了现阶段厌氧（缺氧）一好氧组合工艺技术是处理较大规模畜禽养殖废水的主要方法。并建议畜禽养殖废水的治理应从“防”、“治”两个方面入手。     

河北省畜禽养殖业污染防治对策建议

河北省畜禽养殖业纳入环境管控范围比例较低,且传统的养殖业排放量占比较高。结合国家和河北省有关畜禽养殖污染防治政策、法规和规划,从空间布局、常规环境管理、污染防治设施及资金方向、总量减排四个方面分析了河北省畜禽污染防治存在的主要问题,并提出了加快完成禁养区划定、优化空间布局,扩大环境管理范围、加大环境管理力度,加大资金保障、提高设施配备率,开展畜禽养殖污染防治技术示范和推广、切实保障减排等具体防治措施。