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土壤环境质量研究的回顾和展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
土壤环境质量作为土壤质量的重要组成部分之一,是表征土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染物的能力。目前对土壤环境质量定义尚无统一的意见,陈怀满教授给出了土壤环境质量的参考定义,指出土壤环境质量是在一定的时间和空间范围内,土壤自身性状对其持续利用和其他环境要素,特别是对人类或其他生物的生存、繁衍以及社会经济发展的适宜性。本文从土壤污染、环境容量、污染物迁移转化、生态安全以及修复技术等角度回顾了国内外土壤环境质量的研究内容。对今后土壤环境质量的发展趋势进行了展望,指出土壤环境质量在我国的研究和应用还比较薄弱,在土壤持续污染物防治、土壤污染风险评价等方面急需加强。随着我国环境形势日益严峻,土壤环境污染机理及其防治也提上议事日程,土壤环境质量的研究和应用对于我国的农业安全、食品安全、生态安全都具有极为重要的理论和现实意义。 相似文献
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王耕李泽阳王晓蕊张召鹏 《资源开发与市场》2017,(11):1312-1316
为探究快速发展地区的土地利用和覆被变化规律,解译大连金州区2005年、2010年、2015年三期Landsat TM影像,构造综合生态风险指数模型,以街道作为生态风险评价单元,基于GIS和地统计学方法,将土地利用结构转化为生态风险变量,通过土地利用类型的时空转移探究生态风险演变,揭示金州区"十五"到"十二五"以来土地利用变化引起的生态风险时空分布规律。结果表明:2005—2015年金州区土地利用发生变化的面积达1164.9km2,占总面积的85.45%,建设用地面积增加,耕地、林地等面积减少,综合生态风险指数由2005年的0.1073增加到2015年的0.1506,增加了28.75%;高风险区集中在南部和西部地区,较低风险区集中在中部和东北部的山地地区,生态风险变化大致呈现递阶结构,由东北向西南逐渐增加,这与人口与经济的集聚等因素相关。研究结果揭示了城市化快速发展下,金州区土地利用人为干扰的空间差异。该结论可为金州未来建立生态型新城新区以及土地利用规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
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结合黄河中上游能源化工区重点产业发展战略生态风险宏观性、综合性、复杂性的特点,论文以生态风险景观评价方法及3S技术等为研究手段,综合考虑重点产业发展战略人为风险源及自然风险源,以生态风险受体和终点选择、风险源分析、暴露危害分析、生态风险综合评价及生态风险分区为评价步骤,揭示了重点产业发展战略潜在生态风险空间分异特征。研究结果表明:黄河中上游重点产业战略实施区可划分为三类生态风险监控区,生态风险重点监控区自然风险源分布集中,重点产业人为风险源和自然风险源交织在一起,极易发生生态风险放大效应,生态风险次重点监控区自然生态风险源分布较单一,局部重点产业人为风险源强度增强,将增加区域生态风险水平,生态风险监控区自然生态风险源分布范围较小,潜在生态风险水平相对较低。论文探索了战略环评生态风险评价方法和评价思路,为国内重点产业发展战略生态风险评价提供了借鉴。 相似文献
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《资源开发与市场》2017,(11)
为探究快速发展地区的土地利用和覆被变化规律,解译大连金州区2005年、2010年、2015年三期Landsat TM影像,构造综合生态风险指数模型,以街道作为生态风险评价单元,基于GIS和地统计学方法,将土地利用结构转化为生态风险变量,通过土地利用类型的时空转移探究生态风险演变,揭示金州区"十五"到"十二五"以来土地利用变化引起的生态风险时空分布规律。结果表明:2005—2015年金州区土地利用发生变化的面积达1164.9km2,占总面积的85.45%,建设用地面积增加,耕地、林地等面积减少,综合生态风险指数由2005年的0.1073增加到2015年的0.1506,增加了28.75%;高风险区集中在南部和西部地区,较低风险区集中在中部和东北部的山地地区,生态风险变化大致呈现递阶结构,由东北向西南逐渐增加,这与人口与经济的集聚等因素相关。研究结果揭示了城市化快速发展下,金州区土地利用人为干扰的空间差异。该结论可为金州未来建立生态型新城新区以及土地利用规划提供科学依据。 相似文献
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国内外旅游开发生态风险评价研究进展与展望 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着生态环境问题引起人们的日益广泛关注,对生态风险及其评价的研究逐渐成为一个热点课题。将其应用于旅游开发引发的生态环境问题分析,可以为旅游地生态系统功能的维护与旅游可持续发展提供一种新的研究视角和途径。分析了国内外生态风险、生态风险评价的研究历程及涉及领域,系统梳理了国内外关于旅游开发生态风险评价的研究现状,分析了旅游开发生态风险源类型及导致的生态终点,并列举了生态风险评价框架及方法模型等。在此基础上对已有研究进行评析与展望,指出未来应该从以下几方面进行更深入的研究:以学科交叉为途径,实现对旅游生态风险及其评价分析的整合性研究;注重旅游开发与生态环境之间的互动机理研究;探讨旅游活动引发的生态问题表现及动态演变规律;构建旅游开发生态风险评价的政策体系与相应标准等。 相似文献
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Probe into the method of regional ecological risk assessment-a case study of wetland in the Yellow River Delta in China 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is a new field of study for evaluating the risks associated with a possible eco-environmental hazard under uncertainty. Regional ERA is more complex than general ERA, as it requires that risk receptors, risk sources, risk exposure, uncertainty and especially spatial heterogeneity all be taken into account. In this paper, a five-step process of regional ERA is developed and tested through a wetland case study in the Yellow River Delta in China. First, indices and formulas are established for measuring degrees of ecological risk and damage to ecosystems. Using a combination of remote sensing data, historical records and survey data, and with the assistance of GIS techniques, the indices and formulas are then applied to the wetland in the study area. On the basis of the assessment results, we propose a number of countermeasures for the various risk zones in the Yellow River Delta. 相似文献
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Perspectives of the Scientific Community on the Status of Ecological Risk Assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
/ Views from a wide variety of practicing environmental professionals on the current status of ecological risk assessment (ERA) indicate consensus and divergence of opinion on the utility and practice of risk assessment. Central to the debate were the issues of whether ERA appropriately incorporates ecological and scientific principle into its conceptual paradigm. Advocates argue that ERA effectively does both, noting that much of the fault detractors find with the process has more to do with its practice than its purpose. Critics argue that failure to validate ERA predictions and the tendency to over-simplify ecological principles compromise the integrity of ERA and may lead to misleading advice on the appropriate responses to environmental problems. All authors felt that many improvements could be made, including validation, better definition of the ecological questions and boundaries of ERA, improved harmonization of selected methods, and improvements in the knowledge base. Despite identified deficiencies, most authors felt that ERA was a useful process undergoing evolutionary changes that will inevitably determine the range of environmental problems to which it can be appropriately applied. The views expressed give ERA a cautious vote of approval and highlight many of the critical strengths and weaknesses in one of our most important environmental assessment tools.KEY WORDS: Ecological risk assessment; Ecology; Probability 相似文献
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Ecological risk assessment (ERA) evaluates potential causal relationships between multiple sources and stressors and impacts on valued ecosystem components. ERAs applied at the watershed scale have many similarities to the place-based analyses that are undertaken to develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs), in which linkages are established between stressors, sources, and water quality standards, including support of designated uses. TMDLs focus on achieving water quality standards associated with attainment of designated uses. In attempting to attain the water quality standard, many TMDLs focus on the stressor of concern rather than the ecological endpoint or indicators of the designated use that the standard is meant to protect. A watershed ecological risk assessment (WERA), at least in theory, examines effects of most likely stressors, as well as their probable sources in the watershed, to prioritize management options that will most likely result in meeting environmental goals or uses. Useful WERA principles that can be applied to TMDL development include: development and use of comprehensive conceptual models in the Problem Identification step of TMDLs; use of a transparent process for selecting Numeric Targets for TMDLs based on assessment endpoints derived from the management goal or designated use under consideration; analysis of co-occurring stressors likely to cause beneficial use impairment based on the conceptual model; use of explicit uncertainty analyses in the Linkage Analysis step of TMDL development; and frequent stakeholder interactions throughout the process. WERA principles are currently most applicable to those TMDLs in which there is no numeric standard and, therefore, indicators and targets need to be developed, such as many nutrient or sediment TMDLs. WERA methods can also be useful in determining TMDL targets in situations where simply targeting the water quality standard may re-attain the numeric criterion but not the broader designated use. Better incorporation of problem formulation principles from WERA into the TMDL development process would be helpful in improving the scientific rigor of TMDLs. 相似文献
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环境风险评估是环境污染责任保险制度实施和应用的重要环节,是一种为投保人和承保人量化环境风险的方法,量化结果是保险公司厘定保费的重要参考依据。随着环境污染责任保险的发展和推广,构建适用于环境污染责任保险的环境风险评估体系逐渐成为当前的研究热点之一,但目前针对环境污染责任保险环境风险评估缺乏深入系统的研究与总结。在已有研究基础上,本文进一步明确环境污染责任保险环境风险评估内涵及特征,并对其评估体系进行科学界定,简要评述当前环境污染责任保险环境风险评估的相关研究主题,并在已有模型和方法基础上构建环境污染责任保险环境风险评估的理论框架,最后在总结当前研究不足的前提下,探讨未来环境污染责任保险环境风险评估的研究趋势,为环境污染责任保险的实施和应用提供思路和参考。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT: The introduction of genetically altered microorganisms into natural ecosystems presents fundamentally new problems in risk assessment and ecological effect evaluation. Novel microorganisms, produced by any of several new methods, have the ability to survive and reproduce in the environment. Since most of these organisms are bacteria, they have the potential to interfere with natural processes, displace natural populations, infect new hosts, move between ecosystems, and cause far-reaching ecological disturbanes. This paper reviews currently available methods in ecological research that might be used in evaluating the ecological effects of releasing genetically altered microorganisms. Both structural and functional evaluations are critically reviewed. Microcosm, mesocosm, and field tests should provide valuable predictions concerning the potential ecological impact of genetically altered organisms. Ecosystem assessments will also be useful in post-release studies such as those currently used to evaluate toxic impacts. The present problem does not require the development of new testing methods but rather the creation of adequate predictive models (both conceptual and systems-based) to predict the potential for adverse effect of genetically altered organisms. 相似文献
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James W. Gillett 《Environmental management》1986,10(4):515-532
Summary By combining hazard assessment of effects of a potential biotechnology product with exposure assessments based on study of the genetically engineered organism's fate, conclusions may be reached about the risk involved in release of the product to the environment. In order to make this risk assessment, criteria (including regulatory endpoints) must be established and then developed further against a data base from well-accepted tests. Other aspects requiring research and development include test evaluation, quality assurance, statistical procedures, and methods of identifying and monitoring not only the nominal organism(s) in the products, but also any contaminating material or organisms to which the genetically engineered components may be transferred in the environment.Application of microcosm technology to testing of genetically engineered organisms is expected to be important, since these systems may be used safely to understand fate and effects prior to (or in place of) testing the product in the environment. Limitations in the use of microcosms may be offset by the cost-effectiveness and incisiveness of results, as has been shown for other pollutants.Risk management for biotechnology products currently lacks an adequate background, but components of the process exist or can be developed. New resources, in terms of personnel, training, facilities, and funding, will be needed in order to apply the risk assessment paradigm used for toxic chemicals and pesticides. We will need to know: 相似文献
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Simulation of urban expansion patterns by integrating auto-logistic regression,Markov chain and cellular automata models 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yaobin Liu Lu Dai Huanhuan Xiong 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2015,58(6):1113-1136
This research analyses urban expansion patterns and their eco-risks in the Poyang Lake region in China. A hybrid model consisting of auto-logistic regression, Markov chain and cellular automata (CA) is designed to improve the performance of the standard logistic regression model. An eco-risk assessment (ERA) index by integrating landscape fragmentation index and area weighted eco-service value index is established to promote the effectiveness for dynamically evaluating the environment and eco-security in watersheds. Scenario predictions are introduced to better understand the relationship between urban dynamics and their eco-risks. Three urban development scenarios such as historical development trend (HDT), environment protection priority (EPP) and goal-oriented restriction (GOR) are designed and transplanted into the CA model through the parameter self-modification method. The quantitative analysis results showed that in the period of the past five years, the urban growth primarily concentrated in the metropolitans. The simulations show that under the HDT scenario the urban growth will mainly emerge in the metropolitans, while under the EPP and GOR scenarios the urban growth will expand along with the metropolitans or the road networks and highways, respectively. Moreover, the ERA demonstrated that the GOR scenario was more effective in meeting the goal of environment protection and urban sustainable development for the study area. 相似文献