元氏煤矿下组煤开采的可行性及防治水措施的探讨

在分析区域及井田水文地质条件基础上,通过对井下岩层含水性的和防治水措施的研究,提出了在现有条件下加强对井下水的治理,加强防、探、固、堵、隔、研的防治水方针执行,降低奥灰水对煤层开采威胁,实现带压开采,减少突水造成淹井的影响.结合现有勘探资料基础,就下组煤开采可行性及其安全开采防治水措施进行初步讨论,并提出建议和措施.     

基于环境同位素和水化学特征识别矿井涌水来源

隆德煤矿2-2煤层开采受顶板第四系沙层水和基岩裂隙水的威胁.采动影响破坏了地下水的原始水动力场,仅利用地下水动力学方法难以准确确定地下水来源.利用不同含水层水中环境同位素的差异,结合水化学分析可解释13C同位素异常的形成机制、识别隆德矿井涌水来源,为矿井涌水量预测、水害防治提供依据.与侏罗纪基岩裂隙水相比,第四系沙层水常规水化学成分差异不明显,但有高现代碳百分比(pMC)、氘(D)略微富集的特征.分析结果显示,1-1煤层开口疏放水、205采空区积水和203工作面顶板水为第四系沙层水与基岩裂隙水的混合产物,其中,砂层水混入比例分别为27.77%、23.8%和4.21%.表明同位素结合水化学因子分析是正确识别矿井涌水来源、混合比例的有效手段.     

基于RUSLE模型的六盘水市土壤侵蚀评价

矿产资源的开采容易导致矿区土地资源破坏及生态环境恶化,为探索煤矿开采对土壤侵蚀的影响,分析矿区土地侵蚀状况。以贵州省西南部煤矿城市六盘水市为研究对象,基于土壤质地、地形、气候、土地覆盖和土地利用等数据,运用RUSLE模型,结合GIS空间分析方法,研究六盘水市土壤侵蚀现状及空间分布特征,着重分析煤矿区土壤侵蚀分布特征。结果表明:(1)六盘水市土壤侵蚀以微度、中度侵蚀为主,侵蚀严重区域主要集中在水城县东部和南部,六枝特区东部以及盘县中部。(2)土壤侵蚀主要发生在人类负向干扰活动强烈的林地、草地、旱地、煤矿区和裸地。(3)六盘水市南部煤矿区侵蚀较严重,以中度侵蚀为主,主要原因是采煤造成的地质灾害使土壤侵蚀抑制因素作用减弱。(4)私营煤矿区土壤侵蚀程度比国有煤矿区严重。私营煤矿区应在煤炭开采过程中加强保护与治理。     

江苏省水污染的危害及其原因分析

论述了江苏省水污染事故及水环境污染对渔业生产、饮用水源、农牧业生产、工业生产的影响及造成的经济损失；指出河网地区水流滞缓流向不定，感潮河段水流往复运动是造成江苏省水体污染加剧的环境水力学因素，入境河流携带大量废水、污水也是造成局部地区水污染危害的重要原因     

江苏省水污染的危害及其原因分析

论述了江苏省水污染事故及水环境污染对渔业生产，饮用水源，农牧业生产，工业生产的影响及造成的经济损失；指出河网地区水流滞缓流向不定，感潮河段水流往复运动是造成江苏省水体污染的环境水力学因素，入境河流携带大量废水、污水也是造成 部地区水污染危害的重要原因。     

广州菜区土壤钼含量及其与叶菜硝酸盐的关系

人体摄入的硝酸盐主要来自蔬菜,因而蔬菜硝酸盐的积累间接地影响人体健康．据调查,广州市主要食用蔬菜特别是叶菜硝酸盐超标已十分严重．钼的生理功能主要是参与固氮作用和硝态氮的还原．缺钼会使植物体内硝酸还原酶活性降低,造成过量的硝酸盐积累．本试验通过对广州菜区土壤钼含量进行调查研究,并分析低钼土壤增施钼肥与叶菜硝酸盐含量的关系,为减少广州市蔬菜硝酸盐污染提供理论依据．1材料与方法1．1广州主要莱区土壤有效钼含量测定根据广州市主要菜区（石井、江高、新市、沙河、新窖、大沙地、东圃等地区）不同的成土条件,分别采…     

离体培养植物细胞的表面与细胞粘连

对离体培养的胡萝卜（Ｄａｕｃｕｓｃａｒｏｔａ）细胞和普通烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａｔａｂａｃｕｍ）细胞的表面进行了扫描电镜观察．观察表明，细胞的自由表面上有很多疣突和纤丝．疣突的大小不同、形状各异，主要含果胶质；有些细胞表面出现小坑，坑中集中有许多微小颗粒．疣突相互可融合成更大的疣突或连成桥；纤丝常与疣突结合．纤丝－纤丝的交织，纤丝－疣突的交联，及疣突－疣突的融合，在细胞壁外表面构成交织的网络．同种细胞之间及异种细胞之间均可通过纤丝、疣突的交织融合而粘连．疣突分布不均一，且与细胞的分散性有关．与疏松烟草愈伤组织比较，致密烟草愈伤组织细胞的自由表面上疣突显著较多．在分化再生时，烟草愈伤组织首先致密变绿，然后才见到芽的分化及植株再生．对疣突出现、壁物质沉积与细胞粘连、细胞分化、形态建成几者之间的关系进行了讨论．     

半干旱区煤炭开采对土壤含水量的影响

土壤含水量是影响干旱区植被生长的一个重要因素,研究由于煤矿开采引起的土壤水时序变化有利于矿区植被的重建。以大柳塔矿井52303工作面为例,采用剖面水分速测仪对开采前后压缩区10~100 cm深处土壤含水量的变化进行监测。通过对监测结果的分析发现,未受采煤影响时,土壤含水量较平稳,不随温度变化而改变;受采煤影响初期,土壤含水量变化不明显,存在滞后性,滞后时间为地下开采到达测点正下方后4~5 d;之后,在测点达到最大沉降量过程中发现,下沉对土体的扰动作用导致土壤含水量出现先上升后下降现象,且地下开采对土壤水扰动程度由浅至深逐渐减弱。沉陷引起的土体扰动导致土壤粒径减小,容重增加,孔隙比降低,使得土壤持水能力增强,这是导致在受开采干扰初期(04-03—04-10)土壤含水量短暂上升的重要原因,而裂缝产生以及雨水补给能力的降低是导致后期土壤含水量降低的主要原因。     

水动力条件对藻类影响的研究进展

水动力过程是影响水体富营养化状态和水华爆发的重要因素,水动力因素对藻类影响的研究对于富营养化水体藻类控制具有重要意义。归纳分析近年来关于流速、流态对藻类生长和种类变化的研究报道;就水动力条件对藻类的影响及其作用机理等详细地进行了文献综述。水动力条件对藻类生长的影响分为流速和流态两个方面,不论是单一藻种还是混合藻类,低流速、小扰动有利于藻类的生长和聚集,流速增大则导致Chla浓度先递增后递减,不同藻类的临界流速并不相同;藻类生长随着湍流程度的增加而逐渐受到抑制,抑制作用与水流流态（层流、过渡流、湍流）无明显相关关系,水体流态的变化造成水流剪应力的变化,藻类种类的差异导致其对水流剪应力的响应变化。水动力条件变化引起的藻类种群结构变化,主要表现为水体混合加剧导致优势种群的转换。水动力条件对藻类影响的作用原理主要是引起了光强的改变、细胞长度的变化、营养盐运送及捕食行为变化等。综观当前的研究成果,水动力能否真正阻止藻类细胞的生长或聚集,影响藻类生长或种类变化的扰动的最低水平以及水动力对藻类影响的作用机理是这一领域未来研究的重点所在。     

煤、煤矸石中硫排放的影响因素及其与酸雨形成的相关性

通过对广东省粤北煤矿地区进行大气、水、雾等现场监测,同时将煤和煤矸石进行模拟实验,以了解其中硫排放的影响因素、排放过程化学形态的分布及排放速率．结果表明,自然堆放状态下的煤和煤矸石中硫的排放受湿度、光、热、氧化的影响;其排放速率与广东省的自然条件相关,与广东省酸雨频率吻合。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district,Guangxi: distribution,source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Mining activities are among the major culprits of the wide occurrences of soil and water pollution by PAHs in coal district, which have resulted in ecological fragilities and health risk for local residents. Sixteen PAHs in multimedia environment from the Heshan coal district of Guangxi, South China, were measured, aiming to investigate the contamination level, distribution and possible sources and to estimate the potential health risks of PAHs. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in the coal, coal gangue, soil, surface water and groundwater were 5114.56, 4551.10, 1280.12 ng g^?1, 426.98 and 381.20 ng L^?1, respectively. Additionally, higher soil and water PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of coal or coal gangue dump. Composition analysis, isomeric ratio, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed to diagnose the potential sources of PAHs in different environmental matrices, suggesting the dominant inputs of PAHs from coal/coal combustion and coal gangue in the soil and water. Soil and water guidelines and the incremental lifetime risk (ICLR) were used to assess the health risk, showing that soil and water were heavily contaminated by PAHs, and mean ICLR_{coal/coal-gangue} and mean ICLR_soil were both significantly higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10^?4), posing high potential carcinogenic risk to residents, especially coal workers. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of coal mining, particularly the potential occupational health hazards of coal miners exposed in Heshan.     

煤矿区生态累积效应评价研究进展

煤炭开采活动的特点决定了其对矿区生态环境的影响具有明显的累积效应。在梳理生态累积效应概念和特征的基础上,结合煤矿区各类活动的特点综述了煤矿区生态累积效应的影响源、途径、效应及类型,并评述了目前国内外有关煤矿区生态累积效应的相关研究。目前针对煤矿区生态累积效应的研究仍十分有限,评价方法也尚不成熟。关于煤矿区的生态累积效应研究主要集中在效应评价方面,有关生态累积效应的发生机理、指标体系构建、评价方法学、管理规划及应对机制,是未来应加强的重点研究领域。     

1985年以来我国重大水体突发污染事件及在线生物监测的必要性分析

通过查阅和检索公开报道的期刊、报纸和网络,统计分析我国1985以来水体突发污染事件。1985—2015年间,我国水体突发污染事件年均发生数量总体变化呈现先动态增长后逐渐下降的趋势,其中2006年为水体突发性污染事件发生频次的转折点。导致水体突发性污染的主要原因包括企业违规排放、企业事故性泄漏、交通事故、自然因素和人为投毒等,污染方式多样。水体突发性污染的污染物种类包括化学品、污水(工业废水和生活污水)、油类、农药、重金属、生物污染物和其他不明污染物。鉴于水体突发性污染事件污染方式的多样性和污染物的复杂性,采用在线生物监测技术可实现对水体突发性污染事件在线监测与分析预警,已成为当前监测和评价水体突发污染事件有效手段。     

Influences of coal mining water irrigation on the maize losses in the Xingdong Mine area, China

In 2008, a maize underproduction disaster occurred in the Xianyu village after irrigation using the coal mining water from the Xingdong Mine, China. This disaster resulted in about 40 hectare maize underproduction and 20 hectare total loss of the maize yields. In order to study the reason, a total of 25 soil, water and plant samples were taken from the study area. These samples were analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography. The results indicate that the contents of both water-soluble fluorine and total fluorine are very high and resulting of maize underproduction and total loss of production. The possible pollution sources of fluorine in the study area could be from the coal mine water used for irrigation and glass chemical factory near the study area.     

论煤矿城市塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题

本文对上述不同地区煤矿塌陷区和露天采矿区的生态重建战略问题分别进行了论述。     

Land reclamation and strip-mined coal production in appalachia

This study quantifies the short-run impacts of reclamation on strip mining costs, coal prices, production, and employment in Appalachia. A process analysis model is developed and used to estimate short-run strip-mined coal supply functions under conditions of alternative reclamation requirements. Then, an econometric model is developed and used to estimate coal demand relations. Our results show that full reclamation has rather minor impacts. In 1972, full reclamation would have increased strip-mined coal production costs an average of $0.35 per ton, reduced strip-mined coal production by 10 million tons, and cost approximately 1600 jobs in Appalachia.     

山西省能源圈辐射的环境效应

根据历年<山西统计年鉴>提供的能源输出数据,分析了1985-2007年间山西省煤炭的输出情况,并借助于GIS软件,分析了2006年山西省煤炭的流向及流量.山西省是一个大的能源辐射基地,每年产出煤炭的三分之二左右供应外省市,在外省市的经济水平、人民生活质量不断得到提升的同时,对于为周边地区的发展做出巨大贡献的能源输出地--山西来说,人均地区生产总值却低于全国平均水平,更低于其能源辐射到的其它省市区.山西省在不断向外省市输出能源的同时,也产生了巨大的环境辐射效应,但这种效应对于山西这个能源输出地来说却是负向的.主要表现在:山西省由于煤炭开采导致空气污染、地下水位下降、地面塌陷等地质灾害,而这些环境压力有三分之二是替煤炭输入地所承担的.输送电力,山西省不仅要承担煤炭开采造成的环境破坏,还要承担火力发电所造成的巨大环境二次污染,仅2007年,山西省生产外调电量就产生381.75×10~4 tSO_2,139.98×10~4 tNO_2,2799.51×10~4 t灰粉.     

东北、内蒙古东部地区煤炭中微量元素含量及分布规律

研究了东北和内蒙东部各矿区煤炭中As,Ba,Be,Cb,Co,Cr,Cu,Hg,Li,Mn,Ni,Pb,Se,Sr,V,Zn,Zr的含量水平及分布规律.煤灰灰分中多数元素含量高于克拉克值、土壤背景值及植物干物质中含量,呈富集状态.相关矩阵和聚类分析表明,煤炭中微量元素含量与基质元素有密切的依存性.由于复杂的成煤过程,煤炭中微量元素呈现独特的集散规律.     

Environmental problems of coal production in the federal republic of of germany with particular reference to to the Ruhr

In 1979 it was noted that the production of deep-mined coal in the Federal Republic of Germany, including the Ruhr area, has risen once again. Since the beginning of the sixties the convenient source of both energy and raw material, oil, has been responsible for the falling levels of coal production in the Ruhr, to almost one half of peak production in 1956. Not much would have been needed to give up the entire troublesome and expensive process of deep coal mining in the Federal Republic in favour of the then cheap and bountiful oil. Only lignite managed to maintain a more or less steady annual production rate due to the direct conversion into electricity of a major part of its production at the site of extraction. Since the limitations and uncertainties governing the supply of crude oil have now been clearly exposed, the illusions about oil have begun to fade, and as a result confidence in our indigenous supplies of energy and raw material resources has been restored. What, however, are the implications of this revival of home-produced energy and raw material, which are not without problems both when produced and when consumed for the region in which they are extracted and brought to the surface, and where, to a large extent, the processing takes place? The region benefits from employment and investment, and in turn offers its resources (labour, land, water, air) inasmuch as past development has left them available for future development. But is the region to be covered with even more ‘honourable’ scars? In 1980, 87 million tonnes of deep mined coal were produced in the Federal Republic of Germany which resulted in roughly the same amount of minestone (spoil). Approximately 600 km² of densely populated area in the Ruhr district was already acquiring artificial drainage due to subsidence. Coking plants and old coal-based stations fired with deep mined coal pollute air and water. Lignite production in 1980 in the Federal Republic of Germany — which was almost entirely obtained by opencast mining — amounted to 130 million tonnes. To achieve this an additional 445×10⁶m³ of overburden had to be shifted. Already in 1977 in the Rhineland between Cologne, Dusseldorf and Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), 522 km² of mainly good agricultural land was acquired under compulsory purchase order for lignite mining. Villages, roads, rail and waterways were and continue to be re-routed and re-sited. The direct conversion of lignite into electricity produces emission and spreads pollution. Now, it is not only the people of the Ruhr area, the largest industrial conurbation in Europe, that have become sensitive to the impact of mining upon their environment. In all industrial countries it has been learned that those things which cannot be replaced, i.e. environment, are not always being valued by the free market at a price which represents the value they may have for the individual and possibly should have for all of us. Today the need for mining is hardly being questioned any more but people are voicing their opinion as to what is a just price to be paid. The citizen of the Ruhr, for instance, no longer accepts that the specific environmental impacts caused by deep coal mining, which produces a commodity wanted by the entire nation, should be borne solely at the place where it is produced and by the people who happen to live there. He demands that such burdens are borne by everybody who enjoys the benefits. Clear political ideas must be developed and made know as to how much we value home-produced energy sources, what proportion of the resulting burdens the country is willing to bear and how they are to be distributed fairly. There are many methods and technical means by which the burdens of the mining and industrial regions can be minimised, by which damage can be repaired and derelict areas reclaimed. The application of such means must be safeguarded by early planning and sufficient finanacing so that the exploitation of one resource will not result in other resources being lost.