珠江三角洲城市周边典型中小型水库富营养化与蓝藻种群动态

为了解珠江三角洲地区城市周边中小型水库的水质状况,于2009年8月(丰水期)和2010年3月(枯水期)调查了4座典型中小型水库--横岗水库、水濂山水库、契爷石水库和东风水库,分析了水库的富营养化与蓝藻种类组成、种群动态及微囊藻毒素水平.丰水期总磷浓度为0.05～0.083 mgL-1,枯水期为0.026～0.082 m...     

贵州毕节石漠化地区洞穴上覆土壤与基岩对滴水元素特征的影响

通过对贵州毕节地区两个处于不同石漠化等级条件下的洞穴朝营洞(潜在)与韩家冲洞(强度)滴水的滴率与元素进行了为期1年的监测,分析了各洞穴上覆的土壤、基岩元素,探讨了滴水的元素来源及其石漠化效应.结果表明,朝营洞上覆土壤元素Ca、Mg、Sr含量高于韩家冲洞;朝营洞滴水Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Ba~(2+)、Sr~(2+)平均浓度分别为60.81、3.24、0.012、0.085 mg·L~(-1),韩家冲洞滴水分别为58.39、2.47、0.01、0.074 mg·L-1;地表石漠化程度越严重,洞穴滴水滴率对大气降雨的响应越敏感,季节变幅越大,滴水元素受到上覆基岩的贡献程度越高;受地表石漠化效应的差异影响,朝营洞滴水元素离子浓度呈现出雨季高旱季低的变化规律,而韩家冲洞滴水元素离子浓度呈现出雨季低,旱季高的变化规律.     

寿昌江流域及邻近山区溶岩洞穴大型水生底栖动物

灵栖洞、灵山洞、瑶琳洞为浙江西部山区已开发的著名观光溶岩洞穴群，灵栖洞位于寿昌江流域支流小江溪的源头附近，由灵泉、清风、霭云三洞组成，灵山洞由清虚洞、仙桥洞组成．三洞穴群内大型水生动物隶属2门3纲5目11科．灵栖洞大型水生动物群落主要由放逸短沟蜷和掌指米虾组成，灵山洞主要由硬环棱螺、放逸短沟蜷、格氏短沟蜷及水生昆虫幼体组成，瑶琳洞内主要由锯齿新米虾和扁卷螺组成．灵泉洞洞穴有光带主要分布有掌指米虾和放逸短沟蜷，弱光带主要分布有锯齿新米虾、掌指米虾和硬环棱螺，黑暗带主要分布有锯齿新米虾、掌指米虾和扁卷螺，灵泉洞有光带动物种类的多样性、均匀度指数最高，分别为0．9832和0．6109，黑暗带最低，分别为0．0983和0．1418；优势度在黑暗带最高，其值为0．6250．表3参18     

贵州织金洞CO_2浓度不同时间尺度变化及其影响因子分析

作为影响洞穴沉积物沉积的重要因素,洞穴空气CO_2浓度对洞穴次生沉积物景观的稳定性以及旅游环境的舒适性具有重要影响。通过对贵州织金洞2015年1月至2016年6月连续18个月的洞内外环境(CO_2浓度和温湿度)、水文地球化学指标、洞顶上覆土壤CO_2浓度、降水量和游客数量等要素的监测,并结合2015年"十一"期间洞穴空气环境连续5昼夜的系统监测,探讨织金洞洞穴空气CO_2浓度时空变化特征及其控制因素,结果显示:(1)在空间尺度上,织金洞CO_2浓度呈现明显的空间变化,从洞口至洞内深处,CO_2浓度呈非线性上升,至洞内越深CO_2浓度变化越稳定。这主要是洞内外气流交换作用程度、洞道结构、洞内海拔差异等因素综合导致的;(2)季节变化上,织金洞洞内空气CO_2浓度总体上存在明显的雨季高旱季低的特点,这主要受旅游活动和岩溶作用吸收大量上覆土壤CO_2、滴水、池水脱气作用等因素控制;日际和昼夜变化上,"十一"期间随着进入洞内游客数量的增加,CO_2浓度白天较夜间高,随着游客数量不断攀升,CO_2浓度总体呈上升趋势;温湿度对洞内空气CO_2浓度变化有一定的调控作用,但相对较弱。(3)总体上CO_2浓度变化主要是由洞内外气流交换作用(通风效应)、洞道结构、旅游活动以及洞外自然环境的变化和岩溶作用等要素相互耦合的结果。因此在洞穴环境保护方面需要综合考虑各方面要素,通过科学管理促进洞穴旅游的可持续发展。     

三峡库区木洞江段鱼类群落结构的季节变化

于2007年6月～2008年11月在三峡库区木洞江段逐月进行鱼类资源调查,分析三峡库区木洞江段鱼类群落特征的季节变化,并结合水文条件变化,评价鱼类群落结构变化与环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,采获的4739尾鱼类隶属于3目7科38种,其中圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)、瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)、宜昌鳅鮀(Gobiobotia filifer)、铜鱼(C.heterodon)、光泽黄颡鱼(P.nitidus)、蛇鮈(Saurogobio dabryi)为优势种,占总尾数的89.87%.Margalef丰富度指数(D)与Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)在夏季月份较高,其他月份较低,而Pielou均匀度指数(J′)相对较稳定.对主要物种进行聚类分析,10个主要物种被聚合为两大类群:定居种和季节性出现的物种.按月份聚类分析的结果表明三峡库区木洞江段鱼类群落结构季节性变化显著.水位和水温是影响该江段鱼类群落结构的主要环境因子.图6表1参22     

池武溪流域岩溶水SO_4~(2-)的空间变化特征及其来源分析

SO_4~(2-)作为岩溶地区水化学环境变化的重要指标之一,对研究流域水文地球化学过程的演化以及水资源的保护具有重要的意义.为探究白云岩地区池武溪流域SO_4~(2-)的分布特征及主要来源,通过运用Piper图、Gibbs图、主成分和灰色关联度方法,对该区域内地下水和地表水共44个水样的水化学相关阴阳离子(Sr~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Fe~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)和HCO_3~-等离子)进行系统性分析,结果表明,池武溪流域水化学类型主要分为两类:HCO_3-Ca型、HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,部分地下水水点是以SO_4-Ca型和SO_4-Ca·Mg型为主.在空间分布方面,地表水SO_4~(2-)浓度空间变化较平缓,SO_4~(2-)含量较高的区域主要集中在洞穴密集分布的水样点及其邻近区域,在河流交汇处SO_4~(2-)含量少,最低处仅有9.727 mg·L~(-1),地下水呈现以石膏晶洞、皮硝洞为中心,向两级逐渐递减的规律,最高值出现在石膏晶洞、皮硝洞附近,高达634.579 mg·L~(-1).Gibbs图表明,流域内岩溶水中的离子主要来源于岩石风化作用.主成分分析(PCA)结果说明,地表水与地下水存在明显的水力联系且流域内的离子来源于碳酸盐岩与硫酸盐岩的风化作用.灰色关联度排序结果表明,在天青石中SrSO_4的溶解和还原过程为主要作用,FeS_2、CaMg(CO_3)_2与石膏的综合作用,对流域内岩溶水的SO_4~(2-)有着重要的贡献,在地表水中的贡献率分别为0.772、0.701、0.681和0.663;地下水中分别为0.893、0.791、0.799和0.772.     

贵州毕节织金洞上覆土壤CO_2变化及其对洞穴滴水水化学特征的影响

为揭示洞穴上覆土壤CO_2的变化规律,探讨其变化对洞内滴水水化学的影响,通过对织金洞上覆4处不同深度土壤CO_2浓度和洞内3处常年滴水水化学指标进行一年的监测分析.结果显示,织金洞上覆不同深度的土壤CO2浓度具有明显的夏季高、冬季低的特征.总体上随着土层深度的增加土壤CO2浓度呈上升趋势,除ZJ1#外;由于受气温、降水、土壤有机物氧化分解、土壤微生物活动、植物根系呼吸作用和大气CO_2的扩散输入等因素的影响,不同监测点土壤CO_2浓度具有明显的差异;受土壤CO2效应的影响,不同滴水点水化学存在明显差异,ZJDS1#Ca~(2+)、HCO~(-3)、EC和lgP_(CO_2)(w)均呈现明显夏秋高、冬春低的特点,pH、Mg~(2+)、Sr~(2+)、和SIc相反.而与洞外环境响应较缓慢的ZJDS2~#和3~#季节变化相对较弱;整体上洞穴滴水的方解石饱和指数均0,Ca~(2+)处于饱和状态,表明织金洞洞内现代沉积物可能仍处于生长阶段.通过洞穴上覆土壤CO_2与洞穴滴水水化学的关系研究,为洞穴风化景观及次生沉积物景观的恢复和保护提供一定的科学依据.     

GIS技术在金洞林场林业工作上的应用

比较金洞林场手工制图与计算机制图的特点;介绍现阶段金洞林场GIS技术开发林业图形系统的应用;介绍基于GIS技术开发的2012年金洞林场集体林权权属数据库系统的过程;分析在金洞林场GIS技术系统开发上的问题,并提出建议.参5.     

刘其根、李平等获本刊优秀论文奖

根据我部决定（见本刊1999年第2期第159页）和有关专家推选评定，刘其根、孔优佳、陈立侨、卜一凡、严卫兵的论文《网围养殖对洞湖底栖动物群落组成及物种多样性的影响》[2005，11（5）：566～570]和李平、郑永良、陈舒丽、王利、王玮、邹煜平、     

黑眉锦蛇人工越冬试验

作者于1994年12月～1995年4月对黑眉锦蛇进行了人工越冬试验。试验结果发现此蛇冬眠温度为5～8℃,高于8℃以上时出现活动;阳光直射可调节蛇洞温度;保持供应饮水在越冬期很重要;越冬期自然损失率为18.09％,体长并有缩短的现象,其体长缩短率为4.55％;冬季仍然出现蜕皮现象。     

DX—100型离子色谱仪用于冰雪样品中阴,阳离子的测定

本文介绍了ＤＸ－１００型离子色谱仪用于冰雪样品中阴,阳离子的测定,以东北五大连池地区白龙洞和水晶宫为例,介绍了阴,阳离子测定在分析化学物质来源和成冰过程中的重要作用。     

Physical and biological gradients in a submarine cave on the Western Mediterranean coast (north-east Spain)

Submarine caves are semi-closed subsystems within the marine littoral ecosystem. One of the most striking features is the progressive reduction of the number of phyla, species, and biomass towards the interior of such a cave. The decrease in biomass has been explained as the result of low exchange rates of the water inside the caves which limit the supply of oxygen and food particles from the exterior. Many authors have proposed that this reduced exchange rate is associated with the occurrence of marked gradients in temperature, salinity, oxygen and light. Measurement of faunal abundance of a cave in the littoral zone of the Medes Islands (Catalonia, north-east Spain) made between June 1983 and July 1984, revealed a zonation similar to that in other Mediterranean caves. Animal biomass decreased from 260 g ash-free dry weight m^-2 at the entrance to 80 g ash-free dry weight m^-2 at the end of the cave (50 m from the mouth). A special technique for remote water-sampling was developed to avoid problems due to turbulence caused by divers in this semi-closed system. This involved the installation of a series of plastic tubes at different points along the axis of the cave. The water was brought to the surface using a battery-powered electric pump. The reliability of this method was verified by comparing the results with samples collected directly by divers. Sampling both in winter and summer showed no longitudinal gradients for temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophylla and the number and volume of suspended particles. These results suggest that there is a constant circulation within the cave which guarantees water-exchange. The decrease in biomass cannot be explained by physico-chemical gradients due to insufficient exchange with the external system. On a finer scale, however, along the walls of the cave there may exist boundary layers that are not affected by the general circulation. This could account for the observed decrease in the biomass of benthic organisms.     

Genetic Estimates of Variability and Relatedness for Conservation of an Ozark Cave Crayfish Species Complex

Allozyme-based genetic distances were used to determine the distinctness of six species of cave crayfish from the Ozark Plateau in Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. One of the cave species is in the subgenus Erebicambarus and the others are in Jugicambarus . Four of the six species are very rare and are found in only one to three known sites each. In addition, most populations of all the species are presumed to be small; rarely are more than a few individuals observed. A chela (claw) was collected from sixty individuals representing the six species, including all known populations of the four rare species. Variability and distance estimates were based on 20 presumptive gene loci. Population samples with identical genotypes were pooled. Thirteen loci were polymorphic, but average heterozygosity was low (H= 1%) compared to epigean crayfish species. Pairwise genetic distances within Jugicambarus ranged from D = 0.051 to 0.522, and mean distance between subgenera was D = 0.676. The underground water systems in Ozark caves are defined by discreet recharge zones. Groundwater pollution threatens the stability of cave ecosystems, including the survival of cave crayfish. If restoration of threatened or extirpated populations becomes necessary, a database of genetic variability and relatedness estimates for known populations of all the species will aid decisions about numbers and sources of individuals for propagation or transfer.     

风景名胜区开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系——以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例

文章以本溪水洞国家级重点风景名胜区为例 ,对山岳型风景资源开发建设项目环境影响评价程序和指标体系进行了研究。评价程序分三个层次进行。规划指标和人为自然灾害指标为第一个层次 ;景观指标和生态指标为第二个层次 ;环境质量和环境感应指标为第三个层次。每个层次和指标体系都赋予了内涵。     

Suspended particulate organic matter in a Mediterranean submarine cave

Submarine caves display a paucity of benthic density and biomass that may be related to low trophic resources. Analysis of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, carbohydrate, protein and lipid content of suspended particulate matter was made during the period July 1985–July 1987 in a Mediterranean cave (Marseille, France) in order to determine any differences in the particulate organic matter composition along an horizontal transect. Particulate organic matter content clearly declined from the entrance of the cave to the dark inner area. This impoverishment could not be explained by a simple decrease in a few organic compounds, but appeared to be related to the combination of a decrease in both the amount and the composition of the suspended particles. Three progressive levels of impoverishment were identified towards the dark inner area of the cave: (i) decreasing amounts of seston; (ii) decreasing organic content of particles; (iii) increasing proportions of the geopolymeric (i.e., humic) components in the remaining organic matter, indicating increased degradation. The cave appeared to be sharply divided into two distinct sections — a twilight outer section whose waters contained slightly lower amounts of particulate organic matter than the open sea, and a dark inner section, 8 to 10 m higher, separated from the outer section by a steep rise and with waters of low organic matter content. The water in the twilight section appeared to be in thermal equilibrium with the open sea, and that in the dark inner section displayed thermal stratification. These differences indicated the presence of two distinct water bodies with contrasting average residence times, estimated as 1 d in the outer twilight section and 8 d in the dark inner section. The joint action of sedimentation and degradation resulted in an abrupt depletion of particulate organic matter in the dark inner section accompanied by a decrease in the benthic fauna. The decline in benthic heterotroph populations is probably related to the abrupt transition to oligotrophic conditions.     

玻璃幕墙眩光污染模拟分析

玻璃幕墙是城市建筑中常见的装饰和围护结构,但在阳光照射下,会产生不舒适眩光甚至是强烈的失能眩光,因此,眩光污染是对城市道路交通安全的重要威胁之一。对眩光的监测主要是针对眩光亮度、方位和环境光亮度分布的监测。采用彩色CCD相机测量光环境亮度的分布,并结合计算机图像处理技术,对采集的图片进行亮度提取、处理计算,最后得出眩光评价值。通过实验室模拟玻璃幕墙眩光实验,对不同中性密度滤光片下的测量结果进行对比,从而选择恰当中性密度滤光片对实际建筑眩光测量,得出不同时间的眩光测量值。通过一系列的实验结论,将有助于眩光的污染防治和城市交通的安全防护。     

湖南新化县文化旅游资源开发探索

在分析“蚩尤故里”湖南新化县丰富的山水文化、历史文化、名人文化、洞穴文化、民俗文化等旅游资源特色和开发利用条件的基础上,提出在其开发旅游资源的一些构想及科学规划的建议.参3.     

Modified Cave Entrances: Thermal Effect on Body Mass and Resulting Decline of Endangered Indiana Bats (Myotis sodalis)

Entrances to many caves occupied by the endangered Indiana bat ( Myotis sodalis ) have been modified to control human access. We show that modifying cave entrances can degrade the bats' winter habitat, we demonstrate one mechanism by which this damage occurs, and we document a restoration experiment. We compared a large bar population in an unmodified cave with a small, reduced bat population in a cave with warm winter temperatures resulting from an entrance wall that impeded air exchange. In the modified cave, mean winter temperature at the hibernation site was 5.0° C higher than in the unmodified cave, bats entered hibernation at a 5% higher body mass, bats lost 42% more mass and the frequency distribution of late-winter mass was truncated, with no bats weighing less than 5.4 g. The results describe unacceptable extremes for hibernation: subfreezing temperatures and warm temperatures causing mass-loss rates of more than 0.009 g/day. Over a decade following removal of the entrance-constricting wall, the population increased from 2,000 to 13,000 bats. Previous recommendations, based on common-sense observation, to open blocked cave entrances are confirmed by this study. The similar case of Coach Cave, Kentucky, offers the potential for recovery of 100,000 Indiana bats.     

Changes in morphology and physiology of an East Mediterranean sponge in different habitats

The sponge Tetilla sp. (Tetractinomorpha: Tetillidae) is a common species in the eastern Mediterranean. This sponge inhabits four different habitat types differing in wave impact and irradiance levels. Two of these habitats (a shallow cave and deep water) are characterized by relatively calm water, whereas the other two (shallow exposed site and tide pools) are in turbulent water with high energy flow. The present study examined the influence of physical (depth, illumination and water motion) and biotic factors on morphology, skeletal plasticity and reproductive traits among the four spatially separated populations. Sponges from tidal pools had significantly larger body volume than sponges from deep water and from shallow caves (ANOVA: tidal-deep P<0.0001; tidal-shallow caves P<0.05). Sponges from exposed habitats were significantly larger than deep-water sponges (ANOVA: P=0.01). In addition, individuals from tide pools and from the exposed habitat had a significantly higher proportion of structural silica than sponges from the calmer deep water and from the cave sites. Oxea spicules in sponges from the calm habitats were significantly shorter than in those from the tidal pools and the exposed habitats. The percentage of spicules out of a sponges dry weight in individuals transplanted from deep (calm) to shallow (turbulent) water significantly increased by 21.9±12.9%. The new spicule percentage did not differ significantly from that of sponges originally from shallow water. Oocyte diameter differed significantly between habitats. The maximal size of mature eggs was found in deep-water sponges in June (97±5 m). In the shallow habitats, a smaller maximal oocyte diameter was found in the cave, in May (56.5±3 m). Furthermore, oocyte density in shallow-water sponges was highest in May and decreased in June (with 88.2±9 and 19.3±9 oocytes mm^–2, respectively). At the same time (June), oocyte density of deep-water sponges had just reached its maximum (155±33.7 oocytes mm^–2). The difference in oocyte size and density between deep- and shallow-water individuals indicates an earlier gamete release in the shallow sponge population. The results suggest that plasticity in skeletal design of this sponge indicates a trade off between spicule production and investment in reproduction.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Reduction of the association preference for conspecifics in cave-dwelling Atlantic mollies, Poecilia mexicana

Cave animals are widely recognised as model organisms to study regressive evolutionary processes like the reduction of eyes. In this paper, we report on the regressive evolution of species discrimination in the cave molly, Poecilia mexicana, which, unlike other cave fishes, still has functional eyes. This allowed us to examine the response to both visual and non-visual cues involved in species discrimination. When surface-dwelling females were given a chance to associate with either a conspecific or a swordtail (Xiphophorus hellerii) female, they strongly preferred the conspecific female both when multiple cues and when solely visual cues were available to the female. No association preference was observed when only non-visual cues were provided. In contrast, cave-dwelling females showed no preference under all testing conditions, suggesting that species recognition mechanisms have been reduced. We discuss the role of species discrimination in relation to habitat differences.