不同放牧制度草地土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征

放牧是人类对草地资源管理和利用的主要方式之一,研究不同放牧制度下的草地土壤化学计量特征,可为草地植被的可持续利用和放牧制度的选择提供科学依据.以呼伦贝尔新巴尔虎左旗4种不同放牧制度(禁牧、休牧、划区轮牧和常牧)的草场为研究对象,通过样地调查和土壤碳(C)、氮(N)和磷(P)3种元素含量的测定,分析4种不同放牧制度下土壤化学计量特征及其与植被群落特征和土壤化学性质的相关性.结果显示:禁牧条件下,植被生长状况较好.碳氮磷含量均呈现禁牧休牧划区轮牧常牧的变化趋势;在不同的放牧制度下,土壤碳氮含量集中分布于0-10 cm,且显著高于下层土壤(P 0.05);4种放牧制度下土壤C/N无明显变化,而常牧区的C/P和N/P均显著低于禁牧区;此外,土壤碳氮磷含量均与p H值呈极显著负相关(P 0.01),物种丰富度指数和多样性指数均与C/P和N/P呈极显著负相关(P 0.01).本研究表明磷是该地区主要的限制性养分元素,且磷含量受土壤深度的影响较小;与常牧相比,禁牧、休牧及轮牧均有利于植物生长、土壤理化性质改良以及养分含量积累.(图2表3参39)     

围封和放牧对科尔沁沙质草地植被和土壤的影响

选择科尔沁沙地自由放牧和围封10年的沙质草地为研究对象,通过野外调查与室内分析相结合,分析了围封和放牧对沙质草地群落土壤和植被的影响,旨在为退化沙地恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)围封和放牧草地盖度、密度、地上生物量、高度存在显著差异(P0.01),围封使群落盖度、密度、地上生物量和高度分别增加了67%、79%、71%和44%。(2)放牧草地物种数为15种,围封草地为21种,放牧草地物种数增加了40%,大果虫实、狗尾草、差巴嘎蒿是放牧草地群落的优势物种,其重要值占71%;达乌里胡枝子、狗尾草、画眉草、猪毛菜和虎尾草是围封草地群落的优势物种,其重要值占60%。放牧草地处于一年生杂类草+差巴嘎蒿的沙地退化演替阶段,围封草地处于达乌里胡枝子+一年生禾草+一年生杂类草的沙地恢复演替阶段。(3)围封草地的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Margalef指数、Pielow均匀度指数均大于放牧草地,说明围封提高了群落的物种多样性。(4)围封和放牧草地群落0~20 cm和20~40 cm的土壤水分、土壤机械存在极显著差异(P0.01),围封使沙质草地群落土壤水分、土壤黏粉粒和细砂粒增加。除速效氮外,围封和放牧草地群落土壤的化学性质差异显著(P0.001)。围封与放牧草地相比,总磷、总氮、速效磷和有机质均呈上升趋势,增幅分别为72%、152%、15%和272%。(5)0~20 cm的土壤理化因子:土壤水分、粗砂粒、细砂粒、粉黏粒、有机质、全氮与植被特征因子显著相关(P0.01),表明群落植被与土壤之间相互影响较强。     

矿物质钝化剂对铅铜复合型污染土壤的修复作用

为了重金属污染土壤的修复提供参考,以惠阳区某铅锌矿废渣场附近土壤为研究对象,采用人工合成的含多种成分(主要为Ca_2Al_2SiO_7、Ca_2Mg Si_2O_7和Ca_3MgSi_2O_8)的矿物质钝化剂为修复材料,研究其对铅、铜复合型污染土壤p H、重金属浸出浓度、铅和铜的形态及矿质元素(K、Ca、Mg和Si)含量的影响。试验结果表明:该矿物质钝化剂的施用升高了0.33~2.62个单位的土壤p H值,对土壤修复持效性好;在施用量为4 g·kg~(-1)时,钝化剂对Pb和Cu的稳定效率高达100%;钝化剂的施用使弱酸提取态Pb和Cu的含量分别减少了39.01%~44.02%和46.71%~53.07%,降低了重金属在土壤环境中的生物有效性;添加矿物质钝化剂使土壤中有效钾、有效硅、交换性钙和交换性镁的含量增加。由相关性分析可知,矿质元素含量与弱酸提取态重金属之间呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。因此,该矿物质钝化剂能抑制土壤酸化,降低土壤中铅和铜的生物有效性,对铅、铜复合型污染土壤具有很好的修复作用。     

内蒙古不同草地类型隐子草种群对放牧强度的响应

放牧胁迫使隐子草(Cleistogenes)种群成为退化草地的优势种,而继续加重放牧致使隐子草逐步衰退。由于在退化过程中隐子草作为退化指示种和重度退化的过渡种其种群格局将发生变化,故以内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原为研究对象,设置轻度、中度、重度以及对照样地4个放牧强度,经过5年的连续野外试验和研究,对隐子草在不同放牧强度下的变化趋势进行分析,以期为草地管理提供理论基础。研究结果表明,(1)无论是草甸草原还是典型草原、荒漠草原,退化草地指示种隐子草都呈现明显的随放牧强度增加而先增加后减少的趋势,只是不同草地类型对于年度以及峰值出现的情况是有差异的。(2)草甸草原和典型草原都是以中度放牧强度显著最高,而荒漠草原只在降水相对较高的2008年以中度放牧最高,在降水较少的2006年、2007年则以轻度放牧显著最高。(3)不同草地类型双因素方差分析结果表明只在典型草原中,年度因素对无芒隐子草(Cleistogenes songorica)有显著影响。草地类型和放牧对隐子草有显著影响(P0.01),且草地类型、放牧和年度的两两交互作用对隐子草的影响显著(P0.01)。     

不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤有机碳和全氮的影响

为准确把握草原生态保护与修复工程的实施效果,并为北方草地生态保护和优化管理提供有效的科学支持,选择内蒙古典型草原退牧还草工程区为研究对象,采用野外成对取样(围栏内-围栏外)与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了休牧、补播和自由放牧3种人为干扰方式对土壤容重、含水量、有机碳和全氮含量的影响。结果表明:在0~30 cm土层,随深度的增加,不同干扰方式对各指标的影响不同,但总体上草原土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮含量表现为补播﹥休牧﹥自由放牧(P0.05);土壤容重为自由放牧休牧补播(P0.05)。随土层深度增加,除土壤容重无显著变化外(P0.05),土壤有机碳和全氮含量均呈现显著下降(P0.05);土壤含水量则相反,其中,补播处理降幅最小,自由放牧处理降幅最大。0~30 cm各土层土壤容重与土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和全氮含量都成极显著负相关关系(P0.000 1),而土壤含水量、有机碳和全氮3项指标间相互成显著正相关关系(P0.000 1)。综上所述,不同干扰方式对草地土壤理化性状有明显影响,自由放牧加速了草地土壤有机碳和全氮的损失,而补播和休牧对遏制草地退化、恢复草地功能起到了积极的作用。     

伊犁煤矿土壤重金属累积对土壤酶活性的影响

本文以伊犁地区的庆华煤矿、铁厂沟煤矿和达达木图煤矿为研究区,对矿区周边土壤4个土壤深度0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm、30—40 cm的重金属全量(铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、镍)和土壤酶活性(脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶)进行分析,结果表明:(1)3个矿区中,重金属铜的含量为21.72—31.85 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.6—0.9倍;重金属锌的含量为79.28—114.94 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.8—1.1倍;重金属铅的含量为44.39—60.19 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的1.7—2.3倍;重金属镉的含量为0.54—2.33 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.9—3.9倍,重金属铬的含量为27.71—48.08 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.4—0.8倍;重金属镍的含量为9.25—18.07 mg·kg~(-1),是国家土壤背景值的0.15—0.3倍;(2)铜、锌、铬、镍、铅与脲酶活性呈显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为-0.391,-0.547,-0.502,-0.656,0.477,铜、锌、铬、镍、铅与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为-0.384,-0.563,-0.559,-0.693,0.447,这表明过氧化氢酶活性和脲酶活性可以反映重金属铜、锌、铬、镍、铅5种重金属元素的污染程度;蔗糖酶活性与锌、铬、镍、铅呈显著相关(P0.05),相关性系数分别为-0.359,-0.404,-0.371,0.312,这表明蔗糖酶活性能反映锌、铬、镍、铅4种重金属元素的污染程度.     

围封对荒漠草原土壤微生物数量及其酶活性的影响

以鄂尔多斯高原温性荒漠草原为对象,对比研究了放牧和围封条件对草原植物地下生物量、土壤有机质、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,旨在为干旱区退化草地的恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)与放牧区相比,围封显著增加了表层土壤(0~10 cm)草地植物地下生物量23.81%,极显著增加了次表层土壤(10~20 cm)草地植物地下生物量37.21%,而对土壤有机质含量无显著影响。(2)围封极显著提高了表层土壤真菌种群数量71%,次表层土壤细菌种群数量147%,显著提高了底层土壤(20~40 cm)真菌164%和表层、次表层土壤放线菌种群数量56%和8.9%。(3)围封区的次表层土壤脲酶活性显著增加了31.13%,表层土壤蔗糖酶活性显著降低了24.14%,表层土壤过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别显著提高了16.59%和11.76%。(4)围封与放牧条件下,各指标相关性表现不尽一致;放牧条件下,放线菌种群数量与各指标相关性均不显著(P0.05),而在围封下,放线菌与真菌种群数量及碱性磷酸酶活性无显著相关性(P0.05),与其他指标均表现出显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数达68%以上;放牧条件下,真菌种群数量与4种土壤酶活性均呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数在84%以上,而围封条件下,其与4种酶活性均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。     

放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原建群种与土壤团聚体特征的影响

以内蒙古农业大学苏尼特右旗荒漠草原的放牧调控实验为平台,通过分析荒漠草原建群种种群结构及土壤团聚体特征,揭示放牧调控下荒漠草原短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)与沉积土壤的潜在联系。结果显示:(1)短花针茅幼龄与成年植株密度显著大于幼苗、老龄前期、老龄期密度;各年龄短花针茅种群密度、生物量均呈现重度放牧处理最高、适度放牧次之、重度放牧最低的规律;(2)短花针茅荒漠草原土壤团聚体分布受团聚体粒径及其与放牧强度的交互作用影响(P0.05);同一放牧处理中,100~250μm植物沉积团聚体含量最高,50μm与50~100μm团聚体含量次之、500μm团聚体含量最小;而裸地土壤团聚体以50μm团聚体含量最高;(3)50μm裸地土壤团聚体含量与50μm植物沉积土壤团聚体含量呈正相关(P0.05),而50μm植物沉积土壤团聚体含量与各年龄短花针茅种群密度、生物量呈负相关,各100μm植物沉积土壤团聚体含量与各年龄短花针茅种群密度、生物量呈正相关。研究认为,放牧降低了各年龄短花针茅种群密度和生物量,削弱了荒漠草地抵抗风蚀和沉降风沙的能力,降低了短花针茅改善基部土壤结构的生态功能,这可能是放牧草地退化过程的重要机制之一。     

不同恢复年限人工草地土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量特征

应用对比分析和空间代替时间的方法,以黄土高原丘陵沟壑区罗玉沟流域不同恢复年限的人工草地土壤为研究对象,分析土壤碳氮磷含量及其生态化学计量特征的变化,探讨它们与土壤理化性质之间的关系.结果表明,随着恢复年限的增加,人工草地土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量均增加,恢复至8年以后有机碳含量保持平稳.人工草地土壤C/N呈先增后减的趋势,变化范围为10.66-13.62,与全国土壤C/N平均水平持平;土壤C/P和N/P呈先增后减再增的趋势,变化范围分别为9.19-13.18和0.82-1.17,均低于全国水平.土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷与土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度和p H值之间呈显著的相关关系(P 0.01),土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量间具有显著的正相关性(P 0.01). C/N与全氮含量存在显著负相关关系,与有机碳含量不存在相关性,说明C/N受氮素影响较大;C/P与有机碳含量呈显著正相关(P 0.01),与全磷含量不相关,则说明C/P主要受碳素限制;而N/P与全氮、全磷含量均达到显著正相关(P 0.01),说明N/P由氮素、磷素共同决定.由此可知,氮和磷是该地区主要的限制营养元素;本研究结果可为当地通过合理利用草地恢复方式改善土壤质量和维护草地健康提供理论参考.     

不同放牧强度下川西北高寒草地植物功能群特征变化

放牧是川西北高寒草地最主要的生产方式，过度放牧可能造成草地生态功能的严重退化，但不同强度的放牧如何逐步引起草地植物群落演变与生态功能退化还未得到深入研究.调查当地长期放牧形成的梯度(围栏禁牧：长期围栏，NG；轻牧：1牛/hm²,LG；中牧：2牛/hm²,MG；重牧：3牛/hm²,HG)，研究生长盛期不同放牧强度下植物群落与功能群组成、多样性、生物量及其分配的变化，以理解放牧对草地植物的潜在影响和退化过程，为高寒草地生产实践的适应性管理提供理论基础.结果表明，随着放牧强度增加，群落高度出现显著下降；HG样地群落密度显著小于其他3个处理(P <0.05).群落Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数呈单峰变化，LG样地最大，HG样地最小. LG样地植物地上生物量显著大于NG、MG和HG样地(P <0.05);NG样地植物地下生物量显著小于LG样地，但显著大于HG样地(P <0.05)；各处理间总生物量存在显著差异(P <0.05),LG样地总生物量最...     

Certain haematological responses in Swiss albino mice following exposure to textile dye wastewater

Adults Swiss mice were administered 5% solution of textile industry wastewater orally for 25 days and haematological parameters like RBC, WBC, Hb, and PCV were studied. Red cell indices like MCV, MCH and MCHC were calculated. Results indicate significant reduction in RBC, Hb and PCV levels. It is inferred that toxic effluents cause metabolic alteration in erythrocytes and reduce their Hb carrying capacity.     

Responses of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita to deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations

The effects of deltamethrin at acute and sublethal concentrations on some hematological and biochemical profiles in the Indian major carp Labeo rohita have been examined. The lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) of deltamethrin for 24 and 96 h were found to be 0.44 and 0.38 mg L^?1, respectively. During acute treatment (24 h), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly increased compared to control group. Plasma glucose, protein, cholesterol, albumin, globulin, triglyceride, and glycogen in gill and muscle were significantly decreased. Upon sublethal treatment (0.044 mg L^?1, 10th of 24 h LC₅₀), RBC and the biochemical parameters, except glucose and cholesterol, decreased significantly, while MCV, MCH, and MCHC values increased up to the 28th day and then declined. Cholesterol level was significantly increased throughout the study period. A biphasic response in the levels of Hb, Hct, WBC, and glucose were observed during sublethal treatment.     

Hematological responses of broiler chickens exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions

Hematological responses of broiler chicken exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions at varying distances over a period of 16 h daily were evaluated for 56 days in a poultry house. The burning of crude petroleum was simulated with a specially designed burner. The measured distances were 4, 8, or 12 m from the flame point. Control birds were located in a separate poultry building without the flame treatment. Gaseous emissions from the burning crude oil were monitored. Proprietory broiler starter and finisher diets were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at the fourth and eighth weeks for hematological assay from each treatment. The hematological parameters assayed were hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Results indicated that the treatment did not significantly affect the Hb, PCV, and WBC constituents. Neutrophils significantly decreased while lymphocytes increased. The age of birds significantly increased Hb, PCV, and WBC levels in the blood.     

The selenium status of sheep in Britain as indicated by wool selenium concentration

A correlation between the selenium concentration in wool and blood erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (GSHPx) from sheep in W. Derbyshire, a high selenium area and N. Wales and Romney Marsh, low/marginal selenium areas is reported.Soil and herbage selenium concentrations were significantly correlated with wool selenium levels and GSHPx activity.A significant difference was found between wool selenium concentrations and between GSHPx activities from sheep in W. Derbyshire and those animals sampled in N. Wales and Romney Marsh. 90% of wool samples from the low/marginal areas gave concentrations below 0.125 g Se/g. 6.125 g Se/g wool is suggested as a threshold value for selenium in wool from sheep grazing low/marginal areas.Seasonal peaks in wool selenium concentrations and GSHPx activities are found in March and June respectively. Supplementary feeds, which contain added selenium, given to livestock during the winter season may be responsible for these seasonal differences.GSHPx activity data reported in this study records higher sheep selenium levels than those reported in the 1979 survey by Andersonet al. This increase is attributed to the addition since 1979 of selenium to feeds and drenches.Wool is proposed as an accurate and less costly measure of sheep selenium status.     

Evaluation of hematological changes in population exposed to fluoride

Absorption of fluorine compounds produces chronic toxicity and the hematological changes appear earlier in blood than other organs. A study was undertaken to determine the status of hematological changes in the individual residing in fluoride-contaminated area. Two hundred and fifty nine and 233 subjects from the contaminated area and an unaffected area, respectively, were selected for hematological investigations. Total erythrocytes (red blood corpuscles (RBC)), total leucocytes (white blood corpuscles (WBC)), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations were determined in these populations. Results revealed that Hb values were significantly lower among all age groups in the exposed population compared to control subjects. There was a quantitative rise in WBC counts in study subjects compared to controls. The RBC counts showed reduction among exposed population.     

喀斯特地区长期草地利用制度对群落稳定性的影响

草地利用方式和混播组合对群落特性的长期影响不同。利用方式对白三叶（Trifolium repens）盖度没有显著影响,而混播组合与利用方式的交互作用影响显著。白三叶在宿营处理和刈割为主利用下的与鸭茅（Dactylis glomerata）混播中的比例最低,而在刈割利用和宿营处理的多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）组合中的盖度最高。混播组合对禾本科组分盖度影响不显著,但利用方式和交互作用有显著的作用,长期放牧绵羊的混播草地多年生黑麦草很少。混播组合对杂草密度、盖度和多样性指数的影响不明显,而利用方式和交互作用显著地影响杂草盖度和多样性指数。放牧草地中的杂草密度高于刈割草地的,其中放牧利用的白三叶/多年生黑麦草草地最高。放牧牛的草地杂草密度较少,而放牧绵羊的草地杂草较多。白三叶、禾本科牧草以及杂草的密度都显著地受混播组合、利用方式及其交互作用的影响,说明密度是一个敏感的指标。     

The effect of plasma components on hemoglobin release test in red blood cells (RBC)

Electrophoresis release test (ERT) was established by our lab to observe the re-released hemoglobin (Hb) from red blood cells (RBCs) and whole blood. In this study, ERT was performed to study the effects of different plasma components including plasma, serum, albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, glucose, amino acid, vitamin, insulin, hormone, and inorganic ions on re-released Hb from RBC and whole blood samples during ERT. The results showed that plasma, serum, albumin, globulin, compound amino acid, essential amino acid, vitamin C, insulin, hormone, NaCl, KCl, CaCl₂, and NaHCO₃^? decreased re-released RBC Hb; while glucose, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin B12 elevated re-released RBC Hb. The differing effects of various plasma components on re-released Hb of RBC may play a significant role in blood conservation.     

Impact of copper on haematological profile of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus

The present study was to evaluate heavy metal toxicity stress symptoms in fish blood during long-term exposure of sublethal concentration of copper sulphate (CuSO4). The effects of copper on various heamatological parameters were evaluated exposing Indian fresh water fish, Channa punctatus to a sub-lethal concentration of copper sulphate (0.36 mg l(-1)) for different periods. Exposure of fish to copper showed a significant decrease in the haemoglobin (Hb) content from 10.73 to 6.60%, red blood cells (RBC) from 2.86 to 1.84 x 10(6)/mm3 and packed cell volume (PCV) from 31.00 to 23.33% at the end of 45th day as compared to control. Whereas the white blood cells (WBC) increased from 60.00 to 92.48 x10(3)/mm3, clotting time (CT) from 27.66 to 43.00 second, erythrocyte sedimentation rate from 5.0 to 13.66 mm/hr and mean corpuscular volume from 108.11 to 126.85 cmu, significantly, with increase in exposure periods. Although mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) values showed significant increase during 15 and 30 days exposures, both the values were found significantly increased at the end of the experimental period. The differential leucocytes count (DLC) showed a significant increase in the populations of lymphocytes and eosinophils, whereas neutrophils, monocytes and basophiles were found decreased after exposure to copper.     

Sublethal effect of the dispersant Goldcrew on selected blood parameters of the African cat-fish Clarias gariepinus

Selected hematological parameters of Clarias gariepinus exposed to sublethal concentrations of the dispersant goldcrew were measured weekly for four consecutive weeks under a static renewal condition in order to simulate possible effects of clean-up operations in the aquatic environment. Hemoglobin (Hb) hematocrit (PCV), red blood cell count (RBCC), white blood cell count (WBCC), and platelet values were 15.40–13.58 g dL^?1, 42.36–36.38%, 5.50–4.09 × 10² L^?1, 6.22–6.62 × 10² L^?1 and 362.87–283.0 × 10⁹, respectively, from week 1 to week 4. Duration of exposure had a marked significance (p < 0.05) on all blood parameters except WBCC. Also, Hb, PCV, RBCC, and platelet had values of 15.80–13.27 g dL^?1, 24.12–35.52%, 5.17–4.0 × 10² L^?1, 5.69–6.85 × 10⁹ L^?1, and 395.25–227.25 × 10, respectively, from control to maximum treatment levels. Exposure concentrations have a significant impact (p < 0.05) on all blood parameters. It may be concluded that Goldcrew has a marked negative effect on fish blood and therefore a need to observe restraint in its usage.     

Toxicity of cadmium to Parachanna obscura : As evidenced by alterations in hematology,histology, and behavior

Fish of species Parachanna obscura are exposed to four concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0.02, 0.06, 0.18, or 0.54?mg?L^?1). Acute toxicity test results after 96?h showed marked hematological, histological, and behavioral changes. Quantitative blood analysis revealed that white blood cell (WBC), packed cell volume (PCV), and platelets counts were linearly correlated with increasing Cd concentrations; however, blood haemoglobin (Hb) showed an inverse relationship, with higher Hb levels at lower Cd concentrations. Histological changes of the liver showed hepatic separation, bloody appearance, and deposition of a brownish-yellow substance, which increased with rising concentrations of metal. Behavioral changes observed included reduced activity, avoidance response, and deposition of a slimy-whitish film on the body of the fish, which increased with concentration and exposure time.