基于着生硅藻指数的梧桐河水生态健康评价

在黑龙江省梧桐河,调查了13个点位的着生硅藻群落结构和水环境特征,应用8种硅藻指数对该河流水生生态系统进行健康评价,并在此基础上应用主成分分析、相关分析、冗余分析、箱型图分析等统计分析方法研究了影响梧桐河着生藻类群落的主要环境因子和8种硅藻指数在梧桐河的适用情况。结果显示:梧桐河存在一定程度的环境污染,优势种以小型异极藻(Gomphonema parvulum)等耐污种为主。8个硅藻指数中,硅藻属指数(Generic Index of Diatom,GI)、澳大利亚河流硅藻生物评价指数(Diatom Index for Australian Rivers,DIAR;Diatom Species Index for Bioassessment of Australian Rivers,DSIAR)评价结果偏差较大,在梧桐河不适用;相似度指数(Jaccard Index,JI)与富营养化硅藻指数(Trophic Diatom Index,TDI)评价结果较为严格,评分明显偏低;硅藻污染耐受指数(Pollution Tolerance Index,PTI)、硅藻生物评价指数(Diatom Bioassessment Index,DBI)和生物硅藻指数(Biological Diatom Index,BDI)在梧桐河流域适用性最好。根据冗余分析(RDA),将梧桐河流域点位分为3组,第一组点位为中-重度污染,主要影响因子为流速和总磷;第二组点位为轻-中度污染,主要影响因子为磷酸盐、氨氮和溶解氧;第三组点位为轻污染-清洁,主要影响因子为p H和电导率。     

添加硝酸铁对Cd在土壤-水稻体系中迁移转化的效应及其机制

土壤改良剂能调节和改变Cd等重金属的物理化学性质,改变重金属在环境中的可迁移性和生物有效性。研究硝酸铁的添加对Cd在土壤-水稻体系中迁移转化的效应及其机制,对于制定降低水稻对Cd的吸收的污染控制措施具有重要的指导意义。该研究通过在污染土壤中复合施加木本泥炭(Peat)和Fe(NO_3)_3进行盆栽实验,分析其对土壤Cd和Fe分布的影响,进而分析土壤Cd、Fe形态变化与水稻积累Cd之间的关系,阐明其对Cd在土壤-水稻系统中的迁移转化的影响。结果表明,(1)与对照相比,泥炭+Fe(NO_3)_3的施加提高了土壤的pH值,降低了孔隙水Cd、土壤中生物有效性Cd,提高了土壤中固定态Cd的含量,降低了水稻对Cd的吸收。而泥炭的添加则降低了土壤pH值,提高了孔隙水Cd、土壤中生物有效性Cd的含量,促进了水稻对Cd的吸收。(2)土壤中易于迁移的Cd形态(如Dis-Cd、F1-Cd、F2-Cd等)与水稻各部位Cd含量之间存在显著的正相关性,而土壤中固定态的Cd(Ox-Cd、Plaque-Cd)则与水稻各部位Cd含量之间存在显著的负相关性,这表明土壤中Cd的形态是影响其在土壤-水稻体系中迁移的重要决定因素。(3)土壤Ox-Fe、Plaque-Fe和水稻各部位Cd含量之间存在显著的负相关性;土壤pH、Ox-Fe、Plaque-Fe与易于迁移的Cd形态(如Dis-Cd、F1-Cd、F2-Cd等)之间存在显著的负相关性,这表明土壤铁循环是影响Cd在土壤-水稻体系中迁移转化的重要因素。(4)土壤pH值与易于迁移的Cd形态、水稻各部位Cd含量之间具有显著的负相关性。土壤pH升高,铁氧化物表面负电性增加,从而对土壤中易于迁移的Cd产生强烈的吸附固定作用,进而降低水稻对Cd的吸收。     

基于多表面形态模型的土壤镉在小白菜中的富集效应

基于土壤理化性质和热力学化学平衡的多表面形态模型(multi-surface speciation model,MSM)近年来已成功被应用于描述多种痕量元素在土壤固/液相间的分配,但在土壤-植物系统中的应用尚不多见.本文采用室内盆栽实验,调查了我国6种代表性土壤中Cd(Ⅱ)在小白菜中的生物富集情况,首先比较了5种化学提取方法(总Cd、CaCl_2、HNO_3、Mehlich-3和BCR)测定的有效态Cd与小白菜中Cd富集量之间的相关性,其次基于MSM预测土壤中溶解态Cd(Ⅱ)浓度并与Cd在白菜中富集量进行了相关性分析,同时考察了不同模型架构下模型对相关性的影响.结果表明,MSM预测的土壤中溶解态Cd浓度与小白菜中Cd富集量之间有较好的相关性,大部分模型架构下优于化学提取法,说明MSM一定程度上反映了土壤理化性质对Cd生物有效性的影响.由于MSM在计算过程中基于热力学参数,因此具有很好的外延性,说明其在土壤-植物系统中重金属生物有效性和风险评价方面具有较大的潜力.     

基于SOM的乌梁素海浮游植物群落结构研究

浮游植物能够产生氧气并为其他生物提供食物,维持其他生命的生存,进而保证水生态系统的平衡,在水生态系统中具有重大意义。为研究寒旱区乌梁素海浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,运用自组织特征映射网络(SOM),并结合完全连接法,将乌梁素海浮游植物分为8个群落类型,分别为群落Ⅰ(蓝藻Cyanobacteria-绿藻Chlorophyta-硅藻型Bacillariophyta)、群落Ⅱ(蓝藻型)、群落Ⅲ(硅藻型)、群落Ⅳ(硅藻-绿藻型)、群落Ⅴ(硅藻-蓝藻型)、群落Ⅵ(绿藻-硅藻型)、群落Ⅶ(绿藻-硅藻型)、群落Ⅷ(绿藻-硅藻-蓝藻型)。分类结果显示,各群落结构的物种组成呈现明显特征,优势种的分布具有显著的规律性。利用Kruskal-Wallis方法分析群落类型间环境因子的差异性,结果显示,各群落类型的水深、水温、p H、总磷具有极显著性差异(P0.01),而透明度、总氮、电导率显著性差异不显著(P0.05)。通过对群落类型与其环境因子的分析,结合国内外浮游植物功能群及其生境的研究,发现优势属小环藻(Cyclotella)、舟形藻(Navicula)、衣藻(Chlamydomonas)适应低温、浅水及高营养盐的水域环境;栅藻(Scenedesmus)、绿球藻(Chlorococcum)、针杆藻(Synedra)适应总氮、总磷浓度均较高的水域环境;而平裂藻(Merismopedia)、色球藻(Chroococcus)适应高温、深水、总磷浓度较低的水域环境。温度是乌梁素海浮游植物群落结构组成的决定因子,而氮磷比可能是影响群落组成的又一重要环境因子。     

Cd胁迫下不同水稻品种组织细胞中Cd的转运分配研究

采用土培试验,以越冬稻、R1088(籽粒Cd低积累)和IR34582、太粳558(籽粒Cd高积累)4个水稻品种为试验材料,研究不同水稻品种在Cd0(不加Cd)、Cd5(5 mg·kg~(-1))和Cd25(25 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下对Cd的吸收、转运及其分配特征,以期为培育镉低积累水稻品种提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)Cd胁迫下,Cd低积累水稻品种根Cd含量显著高于Cd高积累水稻品种,而地上部Cd含量却显著低于Cd高积累水稻品种;同时,其TF_(根-茎)和TF_(茎-叶鞆)也显著低于Cd高积累水稻品种。(2)Cd在各组织亚细胞中的含量表现为细胞壁可溶部分细胞膜细胞器。Cd胁迫下,Cd低积累水稻品种根系细胞壁(F1)、细胞器(F2)、细胞膜(F3)和可溶部分(F4)Cd含量均显著高于Cd高积累水稻品种,而茎、叶鞘和叶中F1、F2、F3和F4Cd含量却显著低于Cd高积累水稻品种。(3)不同水稻品种各组织间转移系数与根系Cd亚细胞分布比例相关性分析表明,Cd5处理中,TF_(根-茎)分别与F1和F4分配比例呈极显著负相关和显著正相关,相关系数分别为-0.93 1(P0.01)和0.702(P0.05);Cd25处理中,TF_(根-茎)与F1和F4分配比例呈极显著负相关和极显著正相关,相关系数分别为-0.908和0.786(P0.01)。综上所述,Cd胁迫下水稻各组织Cd含量显著增加,且Cd含量和TF_(根-茎)在Cd高低积累水稻品种间存在显著差异,根系细胞壁和可溶部分在Cd从根部向上转运的过程中起着重要作用。     

不同水稻品种对镉积累的差异及其与镉亚细胞分布的关系

采用土培试验,以籽粒Cd低积累水稻品种(越冬稻和R1088)和籽粒Cd高积累水稻品种(IR34582和太粳558)为试验材料,研究成熟期水稻在Cd0(不加Cd)、Cd5(5 mg·kg~(-1))和Cd25(25 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下,Cd在水稻各组织中的积累差异及其与Cd亚细胞分布的关系,为培育Cd低积累水稻品种和水稻安全生产提供科学依据。结果表明:(1) Cd胁迫下,约65%～83%的Cd积累于根系,低积累品种根系Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而地上部却相反;(2)高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的效率以及地上部各组织往籽粒转运Cd的效率均显著高于低积累品种;(3) Cd胁迫下,低积累品种根中细胞壁(F1)、细胞器(F2)、细胞膜(F3)和可溶部分(F4)中Cd含量显著高于高积累品种,而茎、叶鞘和叶中却相反;(4)低积累品种根和茎中F1中Cd分配比例均显著高于高积累品种,而F4中Cd分配比例却相反;在叶鞘和叶中,F1、F4中Cd分配比例在不同品种之间无显著差异。(5) Cd胁迫下,TF_(根-茎)和TF_(茎-糙米)均与F1中Cd分配比例成显著负相关关系,而与F4中Cd分配比例成显著正相关关系。综上,高积累品种往地上部转运Cd的能力强于低积累品种;低积累品种根和茎中细胞壁限制了Cd的迁移;而高积累品种根和茎中可溶部分在Cd从根部向上以及从茎向籽粒转运过程中起着重要作用。     

表面印迹材料对水中Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附动力学

采用表面印迹技术,以硅胶为载体、Cd(Ⅱ)为模板离子、γ-脲基丙基三甲氧基硅烷为偶联剂和功能单体、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,合成了脲基功能化的镉离子表面印迹材料.用制备好的印迹材料为吸附剂进行静态吸附实验,考察了溶液的不同p H值、反应时间、温度和Cd(Ⅱ)的初始浓度等因素对镉离子吸附效果的影响.并用准一级动力学和准二级动力学对实验数据进行拟合,计算出相应的速率常数.结果表明,表面印迹材料对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附是一个快速的过程,在20 min内即可达到吸附平衡,且准二级动力学方程(R20.99)能更好地描述其吸附动力学行为.吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,这表明了吸附过程是以单层吸附为主.在最佳的吸附条件下,Cr(Ⅱ)的吸附量可达到83 mg·g-1.此外吸附热力学研究表明该吸附过程是一个自发的、吸热过程.     

生物表面活性剂和化学螯合剂强化无柄小叶榕修复Cd、Cu重金属污染盐碱地

采用盆栽试验研究海洋细菌和酵母产生物表面活性剂、化学螯合剂对无柄小叶榕(Ficus concinna var.Subsessilis)修复盐碱地重金属Cd、Cu的强化效果.结果表明,强化试验下无柄小叶榕能耐受Cd、Cu胁迫正常生长,且体内重金属含量随生物表面活性剂投加浓度增大而升高,表现为根地上部分;300 mg·kg~(-1)细菌产生物表面活性剂强化下,根部Cd含量最大值为313 mg·kg~(-1),1 mmol·kg~(-1)柠檬酸(CA)-300 mg·kg~(-1)酵母产生物表面活性剂强化下,根部Cu最大含量为2156 mg·kg~(-1).强化剂添加下,能显著提高Cd、Cu在小叶榕体内的累积量,无柄小叶榕对土壤Cd、Cu的吸收富集能力显著提高,1 mmol·kg~(-1) CA—300 mg·kg~(-1)酵母产生物表面活性剂强化下Cd的最大富集系数为(9.76±0.10),是对照组S1(1.1±0.02)的8.90倍,300 mg·kg~(-1)酵母产生物表面活性剂单独强化下Cu的最大富集系数为(7.42±0.16),是S1(0.77±0.03)的9.60倍;无柄小叶榕向地上转移Cu的能力较弱,TF1,对Cu的提取修复潜能有限;300 mg·kg~(-1)细菌产生物表面活性剂强化下Cd的最大修复率为2.56%,是对照组S1的4.70倍,300 mg·kg~(-1)细菌产生物表面活性剂—1 mmol·kg~(-1) EDTA联合强化下Cu的最大修复率为1.80%,为S1的3.30倍.综上,无柄小叶榕对重金属污染的盐碱地有良好的修复潜力,生物表面活性剂和化学螯合剂的添加可有效提高小叶榕对重金属Cd和Cu的吸收富集效率.     

皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌株DX-T3-01的耐镉性能及镉富集机理

从江西德兴铜矿土壤中分离筛选到一株具有较强耐镉(Cd)能力的细菌DX-T3-01,经生理生态及16S rRNA分析进行鉴定,研究其对不同浓度Cd2+的耐受特性及对重金属Zn2+、Cu2+、Ni2+的耐受性,进一步利用扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDX)和红外光谱(FTIR)探讨菌株对Cd2+累积去除的机理.经鉴定,耐镉细菌DX-T3-01为皮氏罗尔斯通氏菌(Ralstonia pickettii);Cd2+最高耐受浓度(MTC)为16 mmol L-1,最低抑制浓度(MIC)为4 mmol L-1,并可耐受一定浓度的Zn2+、Cu2+;菌体积累Cd2+后细胞表面有沉淀物附着并有镉元素检出,对Cd2+的累积主要依靠细胞壁上—PO43-、胺基中的—C—N—、—M—O(O—M—O)、C=O和酰胺基(—CO—NH—)基团.图5参16     

土壤理化性质对发电厂周边土壤Cd生物有效性的影响

该研究旨在通过对土壤理化性质与Cd有效性之间的关系的研究,甄别影响Cd在土壤-水稻系统迁移转化的主要因素,为稻田Cd的污染控制提供科学依据。采集韶关发电厂周边的土壤样品和相应的水稻样品,分析土壤和水稻样品的Cd含量,以及土壤中Cd的各种形态和土壤理化性质,并分析它们之间的相关性。结果显示,(1)随着土壤中无定形铁氧化物以及游离态铁氧化物含量的增加,土壤中的Cd的生物有效性降低,表明土壤中铁形态深刻地影响着Cd的生物有效性。(2)土壤中硅的形态也是影响Cd在土壤-水稻体系迁移的重要因素,土壤中有效态硅和无定型硅具有抑制水稻吸收Cd的作用。(3)土壤pH降低会促进结合在土壤固相中的Cd(如碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态)发生溶解,因而随着土壤pH值的降低,土壤中生物可利用性的Cd含量会逐渐加大,表明土壤pH是影响Cd在土壤-水稻体系迁移的重要因素。综上,土壤理化性质对土壤中Cd的生物可利用性有重要影响,进而影响了水稻对Cd的吸收和积累。     

Learning habitat models for the diatom community in Lake Prespa

Habitat suitability modelling studies the influence of abiotic factors on the abundance or diversity of a given taxonomic group of organisms. In this work, we investigate the effect of the environmental conditions of Lake Prespa (Republic of Macedonia) on diatom communities. The data contain measurements of physical and chemical properties of the environment as well as the relative abundances of 116 diatom taxa. In addition, we create a separate dataset that contains information only about the top 10 most abundant diatoms. We use two machine learning techniques to model the data: regression trees and multi-target regression trees. We learn a regression tree for each taxon separately (from the top 10 most abundant) to identify the environmental conditions that influence the abundance of the given diatom taxon. We learn two multi-target regression trees: one for modelling the complete community and the other for the top 10 most abundant diatoms. The multi-target regression trees approach is able to detect the conditions that affect the structure of a diatom community (as compared to other approaches that can model only a single target variable). We interpret and compare the obtained models. The models present knowledge about the influence of metallic ions and nutrients on the structure of the diatom community, which is consistent with, but further extends existing expert knowledge.     

镉在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化及其影响因素

重金属镉(Cd)被列为环境污染物中最危险的五种物质之一。因其极易通过食物链在人体内积累并危害人体健康的特性，环境Cd污染尤其是土壤系统的Cd污染已成为国内外环境污染研究的热点，Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化规律备受关注。本文概述了国内外土壤Cd污染研究现状；在已有研究的基础上，总结并阐述了影响Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的几个重要因素：土壤基本理化性质(pH值、有机质等)、Zn元素、P元素、陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-，其中包括尚未被普遍认识的P元素和陪伴阴离子Cl^-和SO4^2-；并详细论述了各因子对Cd在土壤一植物系统中迁移转化的影响及其可能机理。     

Vertical migratory rhythms of benthic diatoms in a tropical intertidal sand flat: influence of irradiance and tides

Vertical migratory behavior of benthic diatoms is one of the adaptive strategies employed for a life in intertidal habitats. Irradiance and tides are considered to be the key factors governing vertical migration. Experiments were carried out to determine the influence of these factors in a tropical intertidal sand flat. Rising to the sediment surface for fulfilment of their light requirements for photosynthesis was the first priority. If not fulfilled during the low-tide exposure, diatoms could withstand the tidal effects and stay up at the surface even during the high-tide coverage. In the laboratory experiments, where the effects of tides were removed, the endogenous clock continued to operate in a similar fashion to that in the field when under 12-h light:12-h dark conditions, whereas continuous darkness induced a tidal rhythm. In continuous light, diatoms preferred to stay up longer than was observed in field. The above-mentioned observations reveal that irradiance has a stronger effect than tides in controlling/regulating microscale migrations in benthic diatoms. In addition, temporal differences in the irradiance and the resulting changes in diatom migration can have implications for littoral primary productivity.Communicated by O. Kinne, Oldendorf/Luhe     

Responses of phytoplankton and periphytic diatoms to environmental factors in a tropical riverine reservoir北大核心CSCD

Riverine reservoirs have a short water retention time, which is ecologically more similar to that of rivers. Generally, phytoplankton-based approaches are used for lakes and periphytic diatom-based approach for rivers. To understand the differences in the responses of phytoplankton and periphytic diatoms to environmental variables for riverine reservoirs, we collected periphytic diatom samples on artificial substrata as well as phytoplankton samples from a tropical reservoir with a resident time less than 10 days. Our results showed that 131 phytoplankton species and 138 periphytic diatoms were detected; the variation of phytoplankton community was mainly reflected by the dominant species with a strong response to the environmental variables at a time scale, whereas the variation of periphytic diatom community was noted in both the species composition and the dominant species, with a strong response at spatial-temporal scales. The multivariate regression analysis and redundancy analysis showed that environmental factors have higher explanations for the variance of the periphytic diatom community (R2 = 0.27). Temperature was the key explanatory variable for phytoplankton, planktonic diatoms and periphytic diatoms (P < 0.01). However, dissolved oxygen and nitrate were also detected as significant explanatory factors associated with periphytic diatom community (P < 0.01). Thus, the periphytic diatoms were concluded to be more sensitive to environmental change and were associated with more environmental variables than phytoplankton. Periphytic diatoms appear to provide more ecological information than phytoplankton for riverine reservoirs. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

铜镉复合胁迫下温度对小麦幼苗生长及其对铜、镉和矿质营养元素吸收与各元素在亚细胞分布的影响

为了研究重金属复合胁迫下温度变化对陆生植物的毒性效应的影响,实验采用水培的方法,设置对照和Cu-Cd复合胁迫(10 μmol·L1 Cu+10μmol·L-1Cd)2个处理,每个处理分别设置3个不同的培养温度(8/4℃、25/20℃和35/30℃),对小麦进行48 h的暴露实验,测定小麦幼苗的生长及其对重金属和矿质营养...     

Assimilation of trace elements by the mussel Mytilus edulis: effects of diatom chemical composition

Mussels have been widely used as bioindicators of coastal contamination, and recent reports have demonstrated that metals are accumulated from both the dissolved phase and from ingested food. In the winter and spring of 1995, we examined the influence of the chemical composition of food (protein content, trace element concentrations and ratios in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudomana) on the assimilation of six trace elements (Ag, Am, Cd, Co, Se and Zn) in the mussel Mytilus edulis (L.). Differences of up to 38% in diatom protein content had no major influence on the assimilation of any trace element or carbon. Protein assimilation in M. edulis examined with a ³⁵S radiotracer was also independent of protein content in the diatoms. Similarly, Se assimilation in mussels was not affected by the different Se concentrations in the diatoms. Cd assimilation increased with increasing Cd concentration, presumably due to higher desorption of Cd under acidic conditions typical of the mussel gut. Zn assimilation was inversely related to Zn concentration in the food particles, implying a partial regulation of this metal in the mussels. There was no evidence of any interaction of Cd and Zn in their assimilation by the mussels. These results suggest that mussels are highly responsive, in an element-specific way, to some components of ingested food (e.g., metal concentration), but other food components (such as the biochemical composition of the algae) have little effect on assimilation.     

Influence of temperature on the heavy metals accumulation of five vegetable species in semiarid area of northwest China

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of temperature on cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) accumulation in five vegetable species collected at different sites (Shuichuan, Beiwan, Dongwan and Wufe) in northwest China. The meteorological data of air and soil temperatures were recorded daily during the period from sowing to harvest for the five vegetables. The air and soil temperatures affected the capacity of pumpkin, cabbage, brassica napus and Chinese cabbage to accumulate Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. Principal component analysis showed that temperature, photosynthetic and physiological factors all contributed to the soil–plant transfer properties of DTPA-extractable heavy metals. Temperature played a more important role in Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn accumulation in four vegetables in this semiarid area. However, the enormous surface area of spinach was likely to elevate heavy metal loads owing to atmospheric deposits. For most vegetables studied, there was a striking dissimilarity in the uptake and translocation ability of Cd, Zn and Cu in soil, but similar accumulation to translocation for Pb in soil.     

镉和温度预暴露对小麦吸收镉的影响

土壤中重金属Cd污染是一个累积过程,污染历史会影响植物对土壤中Cd的吸收.近年来,随着全球气候的变暖,温度对Cd的生物有效性的影响日益引起关注.通过模拟土壤溶液,研究了Cd的浓度、温度和预暴露时间对小麦吸收Cd的影响.小麦在浓度为0.01和0.1μmol·L-1的Cd中经过不同时间的预暴露后进行6h的短期吸收实验.结果发现,经1d预暴露后,小麦根部吸收Cd的量有增加趋势,这说明Cd对小麦产生了刺激作用,小麦地上部分的含Cd量也有所增加但不显著.经5d预暴露后,小麦对Cd产生了抗性,这使得小麦根部降低了对Cd的吸收量;并且当Cd为0.1μmol·L-1时,根部Cd吸收量的降低最为明显;由于Cd从根部向地上部迁移是一个复杂的生理过程,预暴露对地上部分Cd含量的影响没有根具有规律性;经过37℃高温胁迫4h后,小麦根部及地上部分的Cd含量减少高达40%;预暴露和高温共同作用后,其减少量更多,这说明预暴露和高温共同作用能够减少小麦对Cd的吸收量.     

Temporal variability in trace metal solubility in a paddy soil not reflected in uptake by rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

Alternating flooding and drainage conditions have a strong influence on redox chemistry and the solubility of trace metals in paddy soils. However, current knowledge of how the effects of water management on trace metal solubility are linked to trace metal uptake by rice plants over time is still limited. Here, a field-contaminated paddy soil was subjected to two flooding and drainage cycles in a pot experiment with two rice plant cultivars, exhibiting either high or low Cd accumulation characteristics. Flooding led to a strong vertical gradient in the redox potential (Eh). The pH and Mn, Fe, and dissolved organic carbon concentrations increased with decreasing Eh and vice versa. During flooding, trace metal solubility decreased markedly, probably due to sulfide mineral precipitation. Despite its low solubility, the Cd content in rice grains exceeded the food quality standards for both cultivars. Trace metal contents in different rice plant tissues (roots, stem, and leaves) increased at a constant rate during the first flooding and drainage cycle but decreased after reaching a maximum during the second cycle. As such, the high temporal variability in trace metal solubility was not reflected in trace metal uptake by rice plants over time. This might be due to the presence of aerobic conditions and a consequent higher trace metal solubility near the root surface, even during flooding. Trace metal solubility in the rhizosphere should be considered when linking water management to trace metal uptake by rice over time.     

Effects of environmental factors on radiocadmium uptake by four species of marine bivalves

Temperature, salinity, bottom-sediment type, and zinc concentration all influenced Cd uptake by 4 marine bivalves (Mya arenaria, Mytilus edulis, Mulinia lateralis and Nucula proxima) in short-term static assay systems using ¹⁰⁹Cd as a tracer. The experimental system consisted of aquaria containing 20 l of seawater maintained under controlled light and temperature conditions. The water contained either 5 or 20 g/l Cd and tracer. Distribution and kinetics of the metal were monitored in the water column and organisms. The results demonstrate that Cd uptake rates differed widely among the organisms tested. An increase in temperature increased Cd uptake rate by all test organisms. A decrease in salinity increased Cd uptake by all organisms tested. The presence of bottom sediment depresses Cd accumulation in some benthic animals. Zinc in concentrations of 0.5 mg/l substantially decreased Cd uptake by Mytilus edulis and Mulinia lateralis. It is suggested that all important species and environmental variables be considered when studying heavy-metal uptake by marine organisms or when establishing water-quality criteria.