重庆市区大气颗粒物的物相组成分析

大气颗粒物组成非常复杂 ,包括晶态和非晶态的无机物与有机物 .同一个元素往往又以多种形态出现 ,而某些元素含量又较低 ,这些都给物相鉴定带来了很大的困难 .本文用Ｘ 射线衍射物相分析(ＸＲＤ)对重庆市区大气颗粒污染物的物相组成进行了研究 .在对大气颗粒物的Ｘ 射线衍射分析中 ,采用丙酮 二碘甲烷重液体系对颗粒物样品进行了密度梯度分级处理 ,鉴定出重庆市区大气颗粒物中存在的 1 0种物相 ,并初步讨论了重庆市区的污染来源和分布规律 .1　样品的采集与制备样品采集利用了ＵＶ1 3Ｈ 1型安德逊采样器及玻璃纤维膜 (采集的颗粒物为ＰＭ1 0…     

泰山春、夏两季大气颗粒物及其水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为研究华北地区大气颗粒物的粒径分布特征以及二次气溶胶的形成,2007年春夏两季在泰山山顶(1534 m.a.s.l.,华北平原最高峰)利用多级撞击式颗粒物采样器(MOUDI)进行了为期各1个月的大气颗粒物的采集,并对颗粒物中的无机水溶性离子进行分析.结果显示春夏两季粗粒子(PM1.8-10)分别占PM10的60%和25...     

浑善达克沙地大气降尘颗粒物特征研究

探讨近地层大气降尘量及其颗粒物粒径分布和固沙植被对降尘的控制效应,对评价沙区固沙植被生态功能具有重要意义。利用沙尘水平通量采集器和垂直降尘缸采集了浑善达克沙地多伦县近地层不同高度(50、100和200 cm)沙尘样品,并利用称重法和激光颗粒分析仪分别测定大气降尘量和颗粒物粒径分布特征。结果表明,50、100、120、200 cm高度水平沙尘通量分别为327.1、196.3、199.6、116.4 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1);50、100、200 cm高度垂直降尘量分别为518.6、270.6、34.6 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。水平沙尘通量中颗粒物粒径主要分布在2μm以下,且随着高度增加,水平沙尘通量中的极细颗粒物含量总体呈增加趋势。垂直降尘颗粒物粒径主要分布在100~250μm范围内,且随着高度增加,200μm及以下粒径的颗粒物含量呈降低趋势,而200μm以上粒径的颗粒物含量则呈增加趋势。乔木林地拦截降尘量高于天然草地,且天然草地拦截大气降尘颗粒物粒径分布在50~150μm之间,乔木林地拦截大气降尘颗粒物粒径分布在150~250μm之间。垂直降尘量或水平沙尘通量随高度增加而减少,而颗粒物粒径分布差异明显;不同固沙植被的降尘量及其颗粒物粒径分布不同。     

广州市灰霾期间大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的粒径分布

使用冲击式采样器(MOUDI)采集广州市灰霾形成过程的大气颗粒物.分析了有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC).结果表明,灰霾期间大气主要消光部分积聚态颗粒物及其中的OC和EC,在PM10(可吸入颗粒物)中所占的比例及其绝对浓度要远高于正常天气.正常天气OC和EC呈双模态分布,严重灰霾天气EC的粒径分布呈单一模态分布,OC的粒径分布呈双模态分布,峰值都向大粒径方向偏移.结果显示,大气颗粒物、OC和EC在积聚态的大幅度增长是形成灰霾天气的重要原因.     

柳州市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征及来源

采用气相色谱/质谱联用技术(GC/MS)检测了柳州市大气颗粒物样品中的PAHs,比较了柳州市各区大气颗粒物中多环芳烃含量的差异以及不同季节对多环芳烃含量的影响,讨论了其分布规律及污染源。     

宝鸡城郊灰霾与非灰霾天大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征及区域传输

本文采用安德森大气颗粒物分级采样器分别采集了宝鸡城郊灰霾天和非灰霾天的大气颗粒物,利用离子色谱仪进行水溶性无机离子组分的分析,探讨了宝鸡城郊大气颗粒物中离子组分的粒径分布特征;结合风向及气团后向轨迹,分析了大气污染物的区域传输对宝鸡大气颗粒物的影响.结果显示,灰霾天城区昼夜的颗粒物污染程度重于郊区,非灰霾天相反.宝鸡城郊灰霾天细粒子(PM_(2.1))污染严重,城区高于郊区;总水溶性离子(TWSIs)对灰霾天颗粒物质量浓度的贡献率高于非灰霾天;城郊灰霾天昼夜二次离子(SNA)浓度均高于非灰霾天;灰霾天城区夜间是二次离子的重污染时段,二次离子中NO~-_3的浓度最高.城郊灰霾天昼夜Ca~(2+)的浓度均低于非灰霾天.二次离子均呈双峰分布,主峰值均在细粒子中(0.43—1.1μm粒径段),属于液滴模态.K~+呈双峰分布,峰值分别在0.65—1.1μm和2.1—10.0μm粒径段,K~+的粗细粒径分布在城郊昼夜存在着一定关联的转化.灰霾天和非灰霾天Ca~(2+)的粒径分布均呈单峰分布,峰值在4.7—5.8μm粒径段.灰霾天宝鸡东部地区污染物自东向西的区域传输是宝鸡重污染发生的重要条件.     

西安市混合功能区冬夏季大气颗粒物中可溶性Fe的分布特征

可溶性铁(Fe)一方面作为营养元素影响着生物地球化学循环,另一方面作为氧化剂对大气二次气溶胶的形成也有重要影响.本文分别开展了西安市混合功能区冬夏季不同粒径大气颗粒物的观测研究,通过使用改良的液体波导毛细管池(LWCC)测定颗粒物中酸性介质提取的可溶性铁浓度,并探究其季节变化、昼夜分布及粒径分布特征.季节分布特征表明,可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)浓度冬季高于夏季,而可溶性Fe(Ⅲ)浓度则夏季高于冬季.不同价态的可溶性Fe的季节分布特征差异明显,白天PM2.5中可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)和总可溶性性Fe的质量浓度和溶解度都大于夜晚的PM2.5样品,Fe(Ⅲ)则白天与夜晚无明显区别.粒径分布结果表明,溶解性Fe主要分布在细颗粒物中,且大气颗粒物的粒径越小,Fe(Ⅱ)sol与Fe(Ⅱ)total之比的变化范围越大,可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)之间的转化更为活跃.     

北京市西三环地区大气中多氯联苯的污染特征和气粒分配

以北京市西三环地区北京工商大学作为采样点,在2017年3—5月共采集气相、颗粒相(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、TSP)样品54个,对样品中28种PCBs单体进行定性定量分析,研究大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染特征、在不同粒径颗粒物(PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、TSP)中的分布规律和气粒分配行为.结果表明,北京市西三环地区大气中PCBs总浓度为144—859 pg·m~(-3),在国内外处于中等水平.其中,气相样品中PCBs浓度为131—814 pg·m~(-3),平均浓度为495 pg·m~(-3),占大气中PCBs总浓度的94.95%;颗粒相样品中PCBs浓度为12.3—48.9 pg·m~(-3),平均浓度为26.3 pg·m~(-3),占大气中PCBs总浓度的5.05%.低氯代PCBs更多地分布在气相上,高氯代PCBs更多地分布在颗粒相上.对不同粒径颗粒物(≤2.5μm、2.5—10μm、10μm)中PCBs的分析表明,PCBs主要分布在≤2.5μm的颗粒物中.不同粒径颗粒物中所含PCBs同系物的组成比例接近,以三氯至七氯为主,占颗粒物中PCBs总含量的88%以上.用过冷饱和蒸气压P0L(Pa)和分配系数Kp来描述PCBs的气粒分配行为,lg Kp-lg P0L的斜率为-0.3653,说明北京西三环地区大气中PCBs的气粒分配未达到平衡状态,在气粒分配过程中以吸收机制为主.     

杭州市大气总悬浮颗粒物中多环芳烃的HPLC分析

由于大部分致癌多环芳烃 (PAHs)与颗粒物 (TSP)有联系 .而分子量 (MW)≥ 2 2 8的PAHs绝大部分 ( >99% )是以颗粒态形式被采集的 .因此 ,分析研究大气颗粒物中PAHs的含量具有重要意义 .本文分析了杭州市 5个大气监测国控网络点一年 1 2个月TSP中 1 5种PAHs浓度的分布特征 .1　样     

污染区大气中多氯联苯的表征与分布研究初探

通过采集并分析污染区大气及大气颗粒物中PCBs的含量,揭示了污染区空气中PCBs的残留量,讨论了各样品中PCBs的组成及分布,气相样品中可检出的PCBs总浓度在19 1-641ng·m-3,颗粒物中可检出的PCBs同类物总浓度为0.191-0.373μg·g -1. 并对气相与颗粒物PCBs浓度的关系进行了初步探讨.对同类物分布的研究表明,无论气态还是大气颗粒物中低氯代的PCBs同类物都是其主要成份.     

北京冬季一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机盐的变化特征

为了解北京冬季重污染过程大气颗粒物化学特性,利用高时间分辨率实时在线细粒子快速捕集及化学成分分析系统(RCFP-IC)对2011年2月18—24日发生的一次重污染过程PM2.5中水溶性无机离子浓度变化进行了在线观测.结合颗粒物质量浓度、气态污染物浓度及气象资料,对此次污染过程中污染物的化学成分变化特征进行了详细分析.结果表明,此次北京冬季重污染4 d中颗粒物污染严重;总水溶性无机离子平均质量浓度151.31μg·m-3,占PM2.5相对比例54%,其中NO3-、SO24-和NH4+质量浓度占总水溶性无机离子质量浓度91%,二次离子污染非常严重;硝酸根氧化率(NOR)和硫酸根氧化率(SOR)结果显示NO3-与SO24-主要通过非均相反应生成,水溶性无机盐存在形态以NH4HSO4和(NH4)2SO4为主;重污染期K+和Cl-质量浓度显著升高,Mg2+和Ca2+质量浓度下降;阳、阴离子电荷比(C/A)重污染平均值为0.8,细粒子偏酸性.     

Particulate organic matter in the Northern and Central Adriatic

The particulate organic matter distribution and its elemental composition in the northern and central Adriatic Sea during different seasonal periods are shown, highlighting the principal processes and factors influencing their distribution and characteristics. In the low salinity waters the concentrations of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were higher and more variable than in the dense waters, mainly due to dilution effects which induce an abundant phytoplankton growth. Generally in summer the particulate organic matter distribution followed the trophic gradient while in winter resuspension events often became more important. Differences between summer and winter were more evident in the diluted waters and were mainly due to the seasonal heat exchanges and to the fresh water inputs. Marked differences in C/P ratios were observed in the POM: high ratios in the northern diluted waters and low in the more saline waters and in the central Adriatic.     

预处理＋超滤技术处理饮用水

在查阅了大量的国内外文献资料基础上,主要介绍了超滤技术及预处理应用于饮用水净化的研究。尽管超滤是一种去除病原微生物（病原菌、病毒和病原原生动物）有效的消毒工艺,但因它的截留分子量比较高,去除天然有机物相对无效。试验证明,适当的预处理可使超滤膜不仅能去除天然水中大量颗粒状物质,同时也可去除溶解性有机物及THMFP。     

Modelling the components of the vertical attenuation of ultraviolet radiation in a wetland lake ecosystem

The extinction of solar UV (290–400 nm) radiation in aquatic ecosystems is a complex phenomena. In this paper, we examine and model the attenuation of UV radiation in a shallow lake ecosystem. In particular we focus our analysis on the specific role of the fractions of dissolved and particulate matter in the water column in the attenuation of radiation. This analysis is aimed by representing the spatial distribution of each fraction making it possible to evidence the spatial variation in habitat quality. In situ and laboratory measurement are used to elaborate a UV attenuation model. The attenuation model distinguishes between the contribution of particulate and dissolved matter in the attenuation of the solar UV flux. In the studied wetland lake (Laguna Iberá, sub-tropical latitude, Argentina) the importance of dissolved matter is dominated in the UVB solar spectrum (290–320 nm) but the effects of the particulate fraction are not negligible, in particular in UVA (320–400 nm). The spatial representation of model results demonstrate the non homogeneous nature between attenuation of the two fractions. Local and global environmental change can have important impacts on dissolved and particulate matter concentrations, which cam have ecological consequences in relation to the high flux of incoming UV radiation. The model developed to examine the relative attenuation of the dissolved and particulate fractions and is a useful instrument to identify the role that these fractions have on the optical characteristics of aquatic ecosystems.     

天津地区沙尘天气与沙尘污染程度特征分析

针对天津地区沙尘天气过程环境空气中颗粒物的污染时空分布特征进行了系统分析。在分析我国沙尘发生频源区域分布、输送途径基础上,分析了天津地区特殊的地理位置及地处沙尘暴多发区下游,空气中颗粒物的污染特征,概述了沙尘天气对空气质量影响程度的年、季、月及日污染时空变化分布特征。建立了沙尘天气颗粒物与有效水平能见度乘幂指数相关方程,为沙尘污染程度的诊断提供了依据。     

PARTICULATE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ADRIATIC

The particulate organic matter distribution and its elemental composition in the northern and central Adriatic Sea during different seasonal periods are shown, highlighting the principal processes and factors influencing their distribution and characteristics.

In the low salinity waters the concentrations of particulate carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were higher and more variable than in the dense waters, mainly due to dilution effects which induce an abundant phytoplankton growth.

Generally in summer the particulate organic matter distribution followed the trophic gradient while in winter resuspension events often became more important. Differences between summer and winter were more evident in the diluted waters and were mainly due to the seasonal heat exchanges and to the fresh water inputs.

Marked differences in C/P ratios were observed in the POM: high ratios in the northern diluted waters and low in the more saline waters and in the central Adriatic.     

A detailed analysis of carbohydrates in marine particulate matter

Detailed profiles of organic carbon, organic nitrogen, carbohydrate and proteinous amino acid have been determined in particulate matter from various depths at a station in Sagami Nada off eastern Honshu, Japan. The profiles suggest that carbohydrate is decayed from particulate matter more rapidly than proteinous amino acid in the euphotic zone, while the latter is removed to a higher extent than the former in deep waters,which results in the increase of the C/N values of particulate matter in the depths. All of the particulate matter gave D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-xylose and D-glucuronic acid upon acid hydrolysis. Vertical change of the monosaccharide composition of this particulate matter indicates that only D-glucose and its polymers are preferentially removed from it during its descent. Carbohydrates from the particulate matter of 20 m depth were fractionated into water-soluble and insoluble carbohydrates. Detailed analysis of these fractions indicates that 1,3-glucan and its related low molecular weight carbohydrates from the water-soluble fraction decay between 50 and 300 m depth, to leave waterinsoluble carbohydrates, immune to biological attack during the course of further sinking. On the basis of these facts, the effects of the biochemical nature of these carbohydrates on the vertical change of the particulate carbohydrate distribution are discussed.     

Inactivation and risk control of pathogenic microorganisms in municipal sludge treatment: A review

• Diversity and detection methods of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. • Control performance of sludge treatment processes on pathogenic microorganisms. • Risk of pathogen exposure in sludge treatment and land application. The rapid global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has promoted concern over human pathogens and their significant threats to public health security. The monitoring and control of human pathogens in public sanitation and health facilities are of great importance. Excessive sludge is an inevitable byproduct of sewage that contains human and animal feces in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). It is an important sink of different pollutants and pathogens, and the proper treatment and disposal of sludge are important to minimize potential risks to the environment and public health. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis of the diversity, exposure risks, assessment methods and inactivation techniques of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. Based on this consideration, this review summarizes the control performance of pathogenic microorganisms such as enterovirus, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli by different sludge treatment technologies, including composting, anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and microwave irradiation, and the mechanisms of pathogenic microorganism inactivation in sludge treatment processes are discussed. Additionally, this study reviews the diversity, detection methods, and exposure risks of pathogenic microorganisms in sludge. This review advances the quantitative assessment of pathogenic microorganism risks involved in sludge reuse and is practically valuable to optimize the treatment and disposal of sludge for pathogenic microorganism control.     

大气细颗粒物暴露后小鼠肺组织microRNA差异表达谱芯片分析

microRNAs作为临床疾病早期诊断的新型生物标记物越来越受到重视,为了进一步探究其在大气污染暴露后引起疾病的分子染毒机制。本研究通过建立大气污染小鼠染毒模型,利用Agilent芯片筛查小鼠肺组织中microRNAs差异表达谱,并通过实时荧光定量PCR方法验证芯片结果,使用Target Scan,PITA,microRNAorg数据对差异mi RNA进行靶基因预测,进行靶基因富集的基因功能(GO)和信号通路(KEGG)分析。结果显示,大气细颗粒物暴露2周后小鼠肺组织microRNAs有显著差异表达谱,高剂量暴露组与对照组比较有4个mi RNAs上调,低剂量暴露组与对照组比较有2个mi RNAs上调,高剂量组与低剂量组比较,有4个mi RNAs上调(标准为fold change值=2.0且P值=0.05),挑选差异明显的mi RNAs进行q RT-PCR验证,mi R-139-5p、mi R-691及mi R-340-3p变化趋势与芯片一致,生物信息学结果显示,差异表达的mi RNAs所调控的靶基因明显富集于34个GO通路(包括RNA转录酶II启动子的转录,RNA拼接,DNA模板,蛋白质结合和核酸结合)和32个KEGG通路(主要集中轴突导向通路和癌症通路)。综上所述,大气细颗粒物暴露染毒可诱导小鼠肺组织中mi R-139-5p、mi R-691及mi R-340-3p明显上调,且生物信息学分析提示中枢神经系统发育及癌症通路可能作为PM2.5暴露相关差异表达mi RNAs调控靶基因介导的主要致病通路。     

Bacterial activity related to sedimenting particulate matter

The rates of sedimentation of particulate matter were measured at a station in the Eckernförde Bight, Baltic Sea, using sediment traps. Different parameters (C, N, chlorophyll a, phaeopigments, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), heterotrophic activity (glucose maximum uptake velocity, v_max), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and electron-transport-system (ETS) activity) were measured during a 1-year period to evalnate the composition, vertical distribution, and activity of microorganisms associated with sedimenting particulate matter. Measurements indicated that the organic fractions of particulate sedimenting matter were transformed considerably during sedimentation. The seasonal fluctuations showed higher heterotrophic activity durang summer and lower activity during winter. Laboratory experiments also indicated that an important part of planktonic particulate material was susceptible to mineralization within a short period of time: phytoplankton was mineralized by about 35% and zooplankton by about 18% per day, at 20°C; at 5°C mineralization was considerably lower (about 3 and 8%, respectively).Please address all correspondence to: Dr. R. Zimmermann, Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, Abteilung Marine Mikrobiologie, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 2300 Kiel 1, Germany (FRG)