天然橡胶乳清废水与菌渣堆肥的研究

针对天然橡胶加工废水与食用菌菌渣产生环境污染的问题,为寻求一种废弃物治理和资源化利用的有效方法,以高浓度乳清和牛肝菌菌渣为研究对象,将二者混合后添加发酵菌剂(EM)进行好氧堆肥处理,对不同处理堆肥过程中的温度、C/N比、有机质、腐殖酸、pH值及含水率变化趋势进行分析,并用发酵完全后的处理A进行种子发芽指数(GI)试验.结果表明,与未加入乳清的堆肥处理B相比,加入高浓度乳清的处理A可快速提高堆体温度,最高温度达60℃,C/N比可下降至20以下.处理A和B有机质含量较发酵前分别下降16.1％和7.4％,发酵前后处理A腐殖酸含量无明显化,处理A发酵后pH值为5.79,含水率为25.5％.处理A堆体温度变化与微生物数量变化趋势相符.种子发芽指数(GI)结果表明,乳清与菌渣堆肥发酵后均能完全腐熟无毒性.     

壬基酚和双酚A高效降解菌菌剂添加对污泥堆肥过程的影响

为探究降解菌对堆体内壬基酚(Nonylphenol,NP)和双酚A(Bisphenol A,BPA)的降解效率,以实验室前期筛选的高效降解菌N-1,B-1为菌剂,接种量为2%,向NP,BPA初始质量浓度分别为3. 59,3. 98mg/kg的污泥物料中添加不同剂量(15 mg/kg和30 mg/kg)的NP和BPA,在0. 5 L反应器内进行好氧堆肥试验。结果显示,堆肥7 d,堆体温度及p H值达到最大。与对照组(未添加菌剂)相比,添加N-1菌剂分别使堆体最高温度升高4. 6℃,2. 5℃;添加B-1菌剂分别使堆体温度升高2. 0℃,3. 4℃。与对照处理相比,添加N-1和B-1菌剂可显著提高NP和BPA在堆肥初期的降解速率,缩短其在堆肥中的半衰期,N-1,B-1菌剂可高效降解堆肥前期的NP和BPA。堆肥结束后,堆体中NP和BPA去除率高达95%。     

污泥比表面积对蚯蚓堆肥系统中细菌群落组成及多样性的影响

城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥属于好氧堆肥范畴,污泥复氧能力是制约其堆肥效率的一个重要因素.污泥团粒尺寸不同,其比表面积不同,与氧接触的面积不同,降解效率也会有所差异.将城镇污泥制成5 mm和14.5 mm的粒状,比表面积分别为 1.98×10-3m2/g、0.68×10-3 m2/g,进行历时60 d的蚯蚓堆肥试验,探讨污泥与氧接触面积差异对细菌群落组成及多样性的影响.结果表明:在城镇污泥蚯蚓堆肥系统中,增大污泥比表面积能加速氨化和提前硝化进程,使污泥有机质降解程度更高,矿化速度更快;污泥比表面积大,微生物物种多样性低,优势度和均匀度高;拟杆菌门(Bacte-roidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacte-ria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、绿菌门(Chlorobi)是受比表面积影响的主要细菌门类;污泥比表面积大,能分解纤维素的细菌菌门相对丰度占比高,与理化性质有显著相关性的细菌菌属种类多.     

以锯末为微生物载体的好氧堆肥反应器对人粪便降解特性的研究

以锯末作为好氧堆肥反应器的微生物载体,研究反应器对人类粪便的降解特性.在98 d的堆肥反应试验中,每天定时、定量投加粪便并混合均匀.控制含水率和反应温度,对载体的总固体(TS)、有机质(VS)、灰分(Ash)和水溶性COD、总氮(TN)和氨氮(NH4 -N)含量进行了定量分析.研究结果表明,在载体体积为0.16 m3、每日定量投加1 kg粪便(4～5人的日排泄量)的条件下,载体中VS含量逐渐降低;灰分含量不断增加;水溶性COD去除率在前10 d迅速提高.第10天达到83.5%.并一直保持到反应末期;水溶性TN和NH4 -N含量在反应过程中约有50%损失,但其含量在载体中不断增大,最终分别达到12mg/g和6 mg/g.在整个过程中,反应器无臭无味,具有良好的卫生条件.因此,好氧堆肥反应器是一种可行的粪便处理设施,能有效降解有机物和保持肥分;在缺水或供水困难条件下,好氧堆肥反应器是一种良好的卫生和堆肥设备.     

利用木薯渣进行纤维素分解菌混合发酵工艺研究

从自然界中筛选出6株相互间无拮抗作用的纤维素分解菌进行混合发酵,研究了该混菌以工业废弃物木薯渣为原料发酵的最佳产酶条件是:培养基配方为木薯渣4 g,黄豆粉0.75 g,KH2PO40.20 g,NaCl 0.02g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.015 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL;发酵工艺为初始pH=7.0,培养温度40℃,每250 mL锥形瓶装培养液140mL,接种量3%,在140 r·min-1转速下发酵72 h.结果表明,混合菌的发酵可大幅度提高纤维素酶活力及对还原糖的耐受力.     

处理垃圾渗滤液好氧颗粒污泥的培养及其脱氮特性

以垃圾渗滤液为试验用水,通过不断增加氨氮负荷(初始氨氮质量浓度从100 mg/L逐渐增加到180 mg/L)、并且适当投加外碳源的策略,在20 d内形成了好氧颗粒污泥,粒径为0.17 ～ 0.20 mm,到第109 d,好氧颗粒污泥粒径达到0.65 ～ 2.10 mm.在培养过程中由于氨氮质量浓度较高,水中游离氨(Free Ammonia,FA)抑制了亚硝酸氧化细菌(Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria,NOB)的活性,形成了短程硝化,并在第20～50d、第89～ 109 d发生了同步硝化反硝化(Simultaneous Nitrification and Denitrification,SN D),其中第89～109 d较为明显,在反应器内部C/N比为3.1～3.9情况下,总氮去除率稳定在70％左右.SEM显示好氧颗粒污泥存在大量孔隙,有利于底物输送.对培养过程中第1d、34 d、54 d、79 d、109 d的荧光原位杂交(Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization,FISH)结果进行统计分析,发现氨氧化细菌(Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria,AOB)分别占总菌量的2.37％、5.54％、7.26％、16.32％、22.33％.冰冻切片FISH结果表明,AOB主要聚集在好氧颗粒污泥的最外层,有利于AOB利用并消耗液相主体中的溶解氧,同时在好氧颗粒污泥内部形成缺氧区,有利于内部实现反硝化.好氧颗粒污泥的粒径越大,内部缺氧区越大,越有利于实现SND.通过对胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymer Substances,EPS)染色,发现好氧颗粒内部β-D-吡喃葡萄糖的空间分布为外层较多,并随着颗粒孔隙向内延伸,在次外层与内层不均匀分布,这很好地解释了好氧颗粒污泥反应器在好氧的运行方式下,发生SND的途径及碳源的可能来源.研究表明,利用好氧颗粒污泥处理垃圾渗滤液具有较高的氨氮去除率(97％以上),好氧颗粒污泥的形态及结构有利于AOB的富集,同时在其内部储存了碳源,有利于SND的发生.     

好氧堆肥反应器设计及实验研究

设计了具有气液固三相收集功能的强制通风自动搅拌好氧堆肥反应器,并对其进行了好氧堆肥性能试验,通过监测温度、p H、含水率、COD、BOD_5、重金属(Cu)、种子发芽率、热值等指标来判定堆肥效果。实验结果表明,反应器使堆肥周期大大缩短,COD、BOD_5及生物毒性降低明显,45 d后堆体基本腐熟且稳定,堆体减量30%,堆肥效果良好。独有的"耙形"搅拌有利于减少物料温度、湿度和氧气浓度的差异,加快了反应进程。底部二级过滤系统有利于改善渗滤液质量,方便渗滤液的收集及回灌。该反应器可为小型禽畜粪便堆肥反应器的研发和推广提供参考。     

不同预处理方法对剩余污泥厌氧发酵产氢的影响

为了寻求适宜的预处理方法,提高剩余污泥发酵产氢率,通过间歇式试验考察了热、酸、碱和高温好氧4种预处理方法对剩余污泥发酵产氢的影响.结果表明4种预处理方法均能有效抑制耗氢菌括性,同时促进污泥中微生物胞内物质的释放,使可溶性糖类物质和蛋白质质量浓度增加.其中高温好氧预处理的溶胞效果最好,可溶性糖类物质和可溶性蛋白物质质量浓度均最高,分别为878 mg/L和15 606mg/L,分别为原剩余污泥的10.58倍和58.45倍.4种方法预处理后的污泥发酵均获得了氢气,其中高温好氧预处理污泥产气率最高,为10.68 mL/g TS;其次是热预处理污泥,产气率为6.58 mL/g TS;碱预处理污泥产气率为3.63 mL/g TS;酸性预处理污泥产气率最低,仅为1.41 mL/g TS.     

灰色聚类法在堆肥腐熟度评价中的应用

提出运用灰色聚类法综合评价堆肥腐熟度.选取表观指数、碳氮比变化率、平均耗氧速率、氨氮变化率、高温嗜粪菌计数及霉菌计数6项评价指标,对浦东、塘湾、玉垒、丹阳4个厂家的堆肥产品进行了聚类分析并给出了评价结果.其中,浦东、玉垒、丹阳3个厂家的堆肥产品归入Ⅱ级较好腐熟,而塘湾厂家的产品归入Ⅲ级基本腐熟.通过与模糊综合评价法比较可知,灰色聚类法不仅具有模糊综合评价法的优点,又克服了其不足之处,是堆肥腐熟度评价的一种好方法.     

污泥堆肥用作向日葵穴盘育苗基质的研究

分别以药渣、玉米秸秆、稻草为填料,与污泥混合进行好氧堆肥发酵,污泥药渣堆肥种子发芽指数(GI)值为98%,污泥玉米秸秆堆肥GI值为97.8%,污泥稻草堆肥GI值为96.1%,由此可以判断各污泥堆肥已达到腐熟程度。将腐熟的堆肥产品分别称为药渣基质(A)、玉米秸秆基质(B)、稻草基质(C),并用这些基质和对照商品基质(CK)进行了一系列向日葵育苗试验,以判断城市污泥堆肥用作向日葵穴盘育苗基质的适宜性。结果表明,各污泥堆肥的出苗率都好于对照CK,表明污泥堆肥对植物的毒害作用较小。处理C在整个育苗过程中生长缓慢,最大叶面积始终处于最低水平,直至育苗结束时,其育苗质量最差,这可能与其总养分含量偏低、持水孔隙率偏低有较大的关系。而采用处理A做育苗基质,植株的生长势指标基本都好于CK,尤其是壮苗指数,在育苗结束时,为6.13,显著高于其他处理,这表明其育苗质量最高。总的来说,处理C不适宜作育苗基质,而处理A作育苗基质是可行的。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。