人工湿地在城市住宅生态建设中的应用

根据城市生态住区水资源利用特点,在生态住区采用人工湿地技术实现中水回用、湖水水质保持、雨水利用及面源污染治理等功能,为住区生态建设开辟新途径。     

人工湿地在城市住宅生态建设中的应用

根据城市生态住区水资源利用特点,在生态住区采用人工湿地技术实现中水回用、湖水水质保持、雨水利用及面源污染治理等功能,为住区生态建设开辟新途径。     

深圳市湿地保护与利用模式研究

深圳市湿地类型有近海及海岸湿地、河流湿地、湖泊湿地和人工湿地共4大类,总面积12 188.57 hm2,占深圳市国土面积的6.12%。本研究提出深圳市湿地保护和利用模式。湿地保护模式分重点保护湿地和一般保护湿地两个层次,重点加强湿地自然保护区的保护与管理。湿地利用模式划分为防护型湿地、资源利用型湿地、水质净化型湿地和湿地公园。水质净化人工湿地作为一种新型高效生态水质净化技术,可应用于污水处理厂尾水深度处理、河水水质净化、面源污染控制与水源保护等领域。湿地公园是对城市湿地面积缩减的弥补和平衡,具有综合生态服务功能,对城市湿地保护和可持续发展具有重要意义。     

人工净化系统对尚贤湖水质变化分析与建议

尚贤湖位于无锡市新城区,是典型的封闭型人工湖泊,采用人工净化系统投入运行以维持改善湖水水质。根据近30个月湖水总氮、总磷监测分析,结合雨水和自然蒸发对尚贤湖水质的影响,研究人工净化系统对湖水总氮、总磷的削减功能。结果表明,近年来尚贤湖湖水总磷含量维持在较低水平,总氮含量持续升高,湖水有富营养化的趋势。总氮、总磷浓度呈现夏季、秋季较高,而冬季、春季低的特点。尚贤湖内人工净化系统运行初期对尚贤湖湖水总氮的削减起到了重要作用,在冬季和夏季表现出良好效果,但系统对总氮的去除效能波动较大。结合雨水和湖水蒸发的影响,人工净化系统对尚贤湖总氮年削减量为353.94 kg,总磷年削减量为20.69 kg。通过与无锡市五里湖湖水修复现状的对比发现采用单一的人工净化系统可以在短期内维持湖水水质,但对湖泊的长期治理与改善仍需要结合底泥清淤、生态修复等方法,最终达到在湖中建立稳定生态净化系统的目的。     

溶解氧对人工湿地处理受污染城市河流水体效果的影响

研究了溶解氧在人工湿地中的分布对受污染城市河流水体处理效果的影响规律及其意义,为城市受污染景观水体处理或雨水处理人工湿地的工程设计提供有效的自然复氧估算方法和设置措施.结果表明,由于自然复氧不利引起的溶解氧不足(<2 mg/L)是导致人工湿地出水水质恶化的主要原因.自然跌水是一种有效的人工湿地充氧方式,其充氧效果可用氧亏比r根据水温、水质以及充氧形式等外部条件参数进行估算.推流态的湿地床内,溶解氧分布与生物量分布以及有机物的去除规律呈现明显的相关性,而对TP沿程去除速率影响不大.设置多级多段跌水有利于均衡湿地床填料内的溶解氧分布,促进硝化反应,保证出水水质.     

银川平原主要湖泊湿地水环境现状调查与分析

为了掌握和了解银川平原主要湖泊湿地的水质环境状况,对宁夏沙湖、鸣翠湖、星海湖、阅海湖、鹤泉湖等湿地开展了水质现状调查和分析研究,结果表明,这些湖泊湿地都受到污染,沙湖、星海湖和鸣翠湖的水质受到轻度污染,水质根据地表水环境质量标准分类为IV类,鹤泉湖和阅海湖的水质受到中度污染,水之类别为V类。该研究为湿地资源保护与合理利用提供科学依据,对宁夏经济协调发展提供科技支撑。     

城市浅水湖泊雨水溢流总磷输运的数值模拟

从三维对流-扩散-反应方程出发,根据雨水箱涵溢流入湖总磷形态特性,推导雨水溢流进入城市浅水湖泊后二维总磷的输运方程,并与浅水流动方程结合,建立城市浅水湖泊平面二维水流-水质总磷的数学模型.模型通过深圳荔枝湖实测资料验证,计算结果较好.用此模型计算设计降雨强度28 mm/h历时1 h情况下,雨水径流通过箱涵溢流进入荔枝湖和湖水混合后总磷输运情况,分析了入湖雨水总磷归趋.结果表明,溢流入湖TP通量为15.385 kg,其中62.3%掺混在水体中,28.1%沉积到表层底泥;污染后的湖水通过水污染治理工程连续运行3.0 d可将荔枝湖TP恢复到雨前初始浓度水平.     

基于海绵城市视角的城市雨水湿地设计初探

为夯实城市雨水湿地设计的理论基础,针对我国目前城市雨水湿地设计理论不足的现状,基于海绵城市视角,对城市雨水湿地设计方法进行系统研究。根据城市雨水湿地与普通人工湿地的共性,借鉴人工湿地理论及技术,通过文献综合、理论分析、定量研究等方法,提出了城市雨水湿地设计思路。从设计的角度对城市雨水湿地选址、面积定量确定、湿地选型、工艺流程、基质选择、植物选择、景观设计等方面进行阐述。     

南昌市青山湖水环境质量现状分析

位于南昌市区东北的青山湖是具有景观游览、水上运动及水产养殖等综合功能的城区湖泊。对其近期水质监测结果进行分析与评价的结果表明，湖水只能达到Ⅳ类水质标准，且已受到有机污染。通过调查与分析该湖的污染源后发现，净化处理城市废水和加强湖区管理是改善湖泊水质的各种可能的途径。     

北京市潮白河再生水补水河段水质时空变异

城市河道是城市再生水利用的主要载体,而人工湿地是城市再生水河道补水前主要的水质净化方式.为了解再生水补水与人工湿地对再生水补水段水质的影响,选取北京市潮白河再生水补水河段作为研究对象,利用聚类分析、判别分析及因子分析等方法对不同季节水体的水质情况进行分析.结果表明:研究区内水体氮磷污染严重,其中TN污染表现为NO₃--N、NO₂--N和NH₄+-N的混合型污染.聚类分析结果表明,水质在季节尺度上表现为丰水期（6-9月）和枯水期（2月、3月、5月和12月）两大类;在空间尺度上受再生水补水和湿地净化的影响表现为显著的空间差异性.判别分析结果表明,再生水补给对河道水质的影响无显著季节差异,湿地净化功能在丰水期和枯水期差异较大且丰水期湿地的净化效果最为明显.因子分析结果表明,再生水作为城市河道的补充水源,一方面对河道中的F-、Chl-a等起到稀释作用,另一方面使得水体中的N、P及离子含量增加;丰水期湿地的净化作用使水体中氮磷等有机营养物质含量及ρ（TDS）等显著降低.      

城市降雨径流对桂林四湖水质的影响

摘要：为了研究城市降雨径流对桂林四湖水质的影响,在某场强降雨的前后,对桂林四湖湖水的氨氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数和浊度进行了监测与比较,结果显示降雨中各指标农度高于降雨前。其中变化最明显的是氨氮和高锰酸盐指数。在雨后60min,由于湖水的自净作用,湖水的高锰酸盐指数和浊度明显下降,而氨氮和总磷浓度的值下降不明显。总的来说,城市雨水径流对湖水具有一定程度的影响。     

北京地区再生水补给型河湖水质改善工程案例分析与问题诊断

由于北京地区水资源严重紧缺,再生水作为补给城市河湖景观水体的重要水源,用量逐年加大,随之带来的水环境问题也引起关注,往往需要采用适宜的技术和工程改善水质.通过对北京城市部分再生水补给型河湖现有水质改善工程的调研,分析与评估北京市再生水补给城市河湖景观水体生态修复技术工程建设与运行效果,并与国内外河流、湖泊生态修复经典案例进行了对比分析.结果表明,修复工程受运行时间、季节及后续维护的影响,其运行效果不稳定且逐渐下降.受汛期降水充沛及水量人为调控影响,城市河湖6—9月水质较好;水质恶化时ρ(COD_Cr)为40～50 mg/L,ρ(NH₃-N)为2～5 mg/L,ρ(TN)为10～15 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0.4～1.0 mg/L.水力流动循环、循环过滤、化学除藻和生物调控等单项及相应组合技术是当前北京市再生水补给型河湖水质改善的主要手段.对于水质要求较高的再生水补给型河湖,可以考虑辅膜生物反应器或生物滤池等旁路生化组合工艺.与国外的整流域近自然水生态系统修复相比,我国河湖水生态修复更注重区域水质的改善,以控制水体富营养化为主;对流域生态系统修复的整体性与长效性关注不够,缺乏与园林景观的融合.为更好地发挥河湖水体生态修复工程效果,未来应在政策法规、协调管理及投融资机制等方面加大投入力度.      

Biogeographic distribution patterns of algal community in different urban lakes in China: Insights into the dynamics and co-existence

Urban lake ecosystems are significant for social development, but currently we know little about the geographical distribution of algal community in urban lakes at a large-scale. In this study, we investigated the algal community structure in different areas of urban lakes in China and evaluated the influence of water quality parameters and geographical location on the algal community. The results showed that obvious differences in water quality and algal communities were observed among urban lakes in different geographical areas. Chlorophyta was the dominant phylum, followed by cyanobacteria in all areas. The network analysis indicated that algal community composition in urban lakes of the western and southern area showed more variations than the eastern and northern areas, respectively. Redundancy analysis and structural equation model revealed that nutrients and pH were dominant environmental factors that affected the algal community, and they showed higher influence than that of iron, manganese and COD _Mn concentration. Importantly, algal community and density exhibited longitude and latitude relationship. In general, these results provided an ecological insight into large-scale geographical distributions of algal community in urban lakes, thereby having potential applications for management of the lakes.     

Acid rain and photochemical oxidants control policies in the European community: A decision analysis framework

The methodology and key findings are presented of a study to evaluate costs and benefits of alternative acid rain control strategies to be implemented at a European Community level between 1980 and 2000. The methodology adopted was decision analysis whose key advantage is an explicit consideration of uncertainty. Benefits predicted under some of the control strategies were found to be significantly greater than those predicted for the ‘no control’ case, particularly for lakes; urban environmental quality was only expected to improve greatly under the strategy that specifically targeted urban emissions; predictions for crops and forests were relatively uncertain due to inadequacies in the measurement and modelling of ozone.     

城市雨水径流水质特性及分析

通过对宝鸡市市区雨水径流的水质进行测定,对其污染特性进行分析,探讨城市雨水径流对城市水环境的影响,并提出相应的污染控制措施,为研究及治理雨水径流对城市水体的污染提供基础资料和技术支持。     

Effects of seasonal climatic variability on several toxic contaminants in urban lakes: Implications for the impacts of climate change

Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend.     

城市不同类型水体有色可溶性有机物来源组成特征

过去几十年里,我国飞速的工业活动和城市化进程对城市地表水体生态系统产生巨大影响,地表水体水质变化直接影响城市居民用水安全、城市景观维护及城市热点区域碳循环过程.通过2020年6月采集长春市各类水体（城市河流、公园湖泊及水库）共50个样品,结合光谱吸收及三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析法（EEMs-PARAFAC）分析了各类水体的有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）光学特性、组成特征及潜在来源.结果表明,长春市城市河流DOC浓度显著高于水库水体（t-test,P<0.05）.城市河流水体的CDOM吸收系数a₂₅₄均值显著大于公园湖泊和水库（t-test,P<0.05）,表明城市河流水体中CDOM浓度最高.CDOM光谱吸收斜率S_275-295与光谱吸收斜率比S_R均值均表现为公园湖泊>水库>城市河流（t-test,P<0.001）.平行因子分析法解析三维荧光光谱得到3个荧光组分,陆源类腐殖酸C1（E_x=260 nm,E_m=452 nm）、微生物作用类腐殖酸C2（E_x=245/290 nm,E_m=388 nm）和类色氨酸C3（E_x=275 nm,E_m=340 nm）.城市河流水体各组分荧光强度均值均显著高于公园湖泊与水库（t-test,P<0.005）,水库水体陆源类腐殖酸C1荧光强度均值显著高于微生物作用类腐殖酸C2和类色氨酸C3（t-test,P<0.005）,城市居民生活污水排放对长春市城市水体,尤其是城市河道中有机碳贡献较大,且该部分有机质中微生物降解潜力强的类蛋白组分贡献率高.因此,应加强城市污水排放管控以有效保障长春市城市水体经济、环境与生态功能的发挥.     

降雨强度对洱海流域凤羽河氮磷排放的影响

降雨形成的径流携带各种陆面物质进入河流湖泊是导致水质变化的重要因素,而不同降雨强度下的河流氮磷输出特征均有所差异,因此,为阐明雨强对高原湖泊典型流域污染物排放的影响,本研究以洱海流域上游的凤羽河为研究对象,基于连续3 a(2011～2013年)的出口断面水质水量监测,分析了4种降雨强度(小雨、中雨、大雨、暴雨)对水体氮磷浓度和形态的影响.结果表明,降雨强度对凤羽河氮磷排放的影响显著,所有组分的氮和磷浓度平均值在小雨(10 mm)和中雨(10～25mm)时较低,在大雨(25～50 mm)和暴雨(50～100 mm)时较高;氨氮(NH_4+-N)(57. 14%～76. 85%)占总氮(TN)的质量分数大于颗粒态氮(PN)(23. 15%～42. 86%),溶解态总磷(TDP)(22. 73%～28. 00%)占总磷(TP)的质量分数小于颗粒态磷(PP)(72. 00%～77. 27%);不同形态的氮浓度比较为:TN NH_4+-N PN;不同形态的磷浓度比较为:TP PP TDP.     

Rehabilitation and improvement of Guilin urban water environment：Function-oriented management

Economic development and population growth have deeply damaged the urban water environment of Guilin City, China. Main problems involved structural damage and functional deterioration of the urban waters. An integrated technical scheme was developed to rehabilitate the urban water environment and to enhance the waters' functions during 1998-2008. Improvement of waters' functions included water system reconstruction, water pollution control, water safety assurance, and aquatic ecological restoration. The water system was reconstructed to connect different waters and clean water supplies to the lakes. Moreover, water pollution was controlled to improve water quality by endogenous pollutant elimination and extraneous pollutant interception. In addition, ecological measures put in place serve to enhance water system functions and better benefit both nature and humans. The project has brought about sound ecological, economic and social benefits in Guilin City, which can potentially be extended to similar cities.     

上海中心城区苏州河沿岸排水系统降雨径流水文水质特性研究

为了解城市合流制管道系统降雨径流的水文水质变化过程与特征,于2007年7～9月对上海中心城区合流制排水系统(CSS)4类强度降雨(小雨、中雨、大雨和暴雨)的降雨量、径流量和污染浓度进行了同步连续监测与分析.结果表明,径流过程线滞后于降雨过程线约15～25 min,形态与降雨过程线相似,波动幅度低于降雨过程线.4类强度降雨的径流系数分别为：0.33、 0.62、 0.67和0.73.CSS基本存在30/30标准的降雨径流初始冲刷现象,污染物浓度过程线滞后于降雨过程线约30～40 min. 4类强度降雨径流的pH值和重金属Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Ni的事件平均浓度(EMC)均符合地表水环境质量标准Ⅴ类水要求,COD、BOD₅、NH⁺₄-N和TP的EMC的变化范围分别为225.0～544.1、 31.5～98.9、 8.9～44.2和1.98～3.52 mg·L^-1,平均分别超过Ⅴ类水标准9.3、 5.6、 11.7和6.1倍,接近国外城市CSS的平均污染水平.SS与COD、BOD₅、NH⁺₄-N和TP在P<0.01水平上均具有一定的正相关性(R为0.359～0.736),颗粒态有机类和营养类污染物的比例平均为70.21%.