Thermodynamics of an ideal generalized gas: I. Thermodynamic laws

The equations of state for an ideal relativistic, or generalized, gas, like an ideal quantum gas, are expressed in terms of power laws of the temperature. In contrast to an ideal classical gas, the internal energy is a function of volume at constant temperature, implying that the ideal generalized gas will show either attractive or repulsive interactions. This is a necessary condition in order that the third law be obeyed and for matter to have an electromagnetic origin. The transition from an ideal generalized to a classical gas occurs when the two independent solutions of the subsidiary equation to Lagrange's equation coalesce. The equation of state relating the pressure to the internal energy encompasses the full range of cosmological scenarios, from the radiation to the matter dominated universes and finally to the vacuum energy, enabling the coefficient of proportionality, analogous to the Grüeisen ratio, to be interpreted in terms of the degrees of freedom related to the temperature exponents of the internal energy and the absolute temperature expressed in terms of a power of the empirical temperature. The limit where these exponents merge is shown to be the ideal classical gas limit. A corollary to Carnot's theorem is proved, asserting that the ratio of the work done over a cycle to the heat absorbed to increase the temperature at constant volume is the same for all bodies at the same volume. As power means, the energy and entropy are incomparable, and a new adiabatic potential is introduced by showing that the volume raised to a characteristic exponent is also the integrating factor for the quantity of heat so that the second law can be based on the property that power means are monotonically increasing functions of their order. The vanishing of the chemical potential in extensive systems implies that energy cannot be transported without matter and is equivalent to the condition that Clapeyron's equation be satisfied.     

Does the inertia of a body depend on its heat content?

Einstein's assertion that, based on the relativity principle, inertial mass is to be associated with all forms of energy, was contested by Planck, who showed that a transfer of heat is to be associated with a transfer of inertial mass. The equivalence between mass and energy is interpreted in terms of the equivalence of the rate of heating of a body and the rate of increase of its inertial mass. In an adiabatic process, where the proper mass remains constant, it is the heat content, and not the energy, which is conserved because the pressure, and not the volume, is Lorentz-invariant. There are two categories of relativistic quantities: inertial and thermodynamic, which are transformed into one another by the work necessary to keep the body in motion at a constant velocity. In a non-adiabatic process, the rate of heating is Lorentz-invariant, and it must always be greater than the power that it generates. Therefore, the amount of heat developed in the rest frame has a corresponding inertial mass.     

硬化路面与温度场响应模型研究

硬化路面是城市热环境效应影响因素中较为重要的一个因素.笔者在研究了深圳市城市热效应的基础上,建立了一个三维动态模型对硬化路面条件下的温度场进行模拟.通过将模型的计算结果和在深圳的实测结果进行对比,发现2条曲线吻合较好,模拟结果十分接近实测结果.模型模拟结果还证明了硬化路面由于铺筑的材料具有较大蓄热、导热的能力,而且透水性差,因此温度升降都很快,对城市的热效应贡献大;城市绿化隔离带对城市温度场具有很好的调节作用,因此合理配置城市中的绿地对城市区域微热环境的改善能够起到很好的作用.      

The distribution of ammonium salts among a size and composition dispersed aerosol

The chemical and physical processes that govern the distribution of ammonium salt condensate over a size- and composition-dispersed aerosol particle population are considered. From an analysis of the concentration profiles of ammonia, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid vapors surrounding an aerosol particle, the single particle fluxes of these species are derived. By evaluating the time scales for equilibration of the vapor-phase species with a population of aerosol particles, it is found that ammonium salts in the gas and aerosol phases are not always in equilibrium, especially under less polluted and cooler conditions. The principles that govern the distribution of ammonium salts on aerosol particles of different size and composition are identified, and it is found that thermodynamic equilibrium often does not uniquely determine the distribution of ammonium salt condensate. Thus it is concluded that both transport and thermodynamic properties of the aerosol population govern the distribution of ammonium salt condensate.     

三聚磷酸二氢铝对Cs+的吸附动力学和热力学

采用静态吸附法研究三聚磷酸二氢铝吸附铯离子的动力学和热力学.考察了温度、浓度、粒径、pH和搅拌速度对吸附过程的影响,通过不同温度下的吸附等温热力学性能的变化,计算了吸附焓、吸附熵和自由能.结果表明:在实验范围内,三聚磷酸二氢铝对铯离子的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温办程式,过程受颗粒扩散控制,反应级数为1.03,29...     

基于信息熵的乡村生产空间系统演化及其可持续发展能力

乡村生产空间系统演化是乡村生产空间系统内部及其与外部系统间进行物质、能量和信息交换的表征或结果,这一结果的优劣是实现系统可持续发展的内生物质基础与保障。以重庆市为研究区,以2001-2015年为研究时段,基于信息熵,从支持型输入熵、压力型输出熵、氧化型代谢熵、还原型代谢熵四个方面构建乡村生产空间系统演化指标体系,揭示乡村生产空间系统的演变规律和可持续发展能力,探析乡村生产空间系统熵变与可持续发展能力之间协同演化过程中的相关关系,设计乡村生产空间系统优化路径。结果表明：（1）2001-2015年重庆市乡村生产空间系统熵流为0.017~-0.049,熵产生为0.204~0.059,均呈下降趋势,乡村生产空间系统的协调性和活力得以增强;总熵变为0.221~0.010,呈相同趋势,乡村生产空间系统有序度不断提高,总体上向健康水平发展。（2）2001-2015年重庆市乡村生产空间系统可持续发展能力得分为1.285~2.803,呈上升趋势,系统可持续发展态势良好,并不断向可持续方向演进。（3）可持续发展能力得分与支持型输入熵、还原型代谢熵正相关,与压力型输出熵、氧化型代谢熵负相关,与熵流、熵产生和总熵变负相关。     

On the interaction between equilibration processes and wet or dry deposition

Atmospheric equilibration processes between two phases with different deposition velocities have the potential to affect significantly the amount of total material deposited on the ground. The magnitude of the effects of the equilibration processes depends primarily on the ratio of the deposition velocities of the two phases, on the production/emission rate of the gas phase species, and on the initial distribution of species between the two phases. The deposition of a condensible species equilibrating between gas and aerosol phases can increase by as much as 20 times over that when equilibration processes are not present under appropriate conditions (very large aerosol particles, most of the material initially in the gas phase and high gas-phase production rate) or to decrease by as much as 15 times (very small aerosol particles, most of the material initially in the gas phase and high gas-phase production rate). In fog episodes, the deposition of a gaseous species with a Henry's Law constant between 10³ and 10⁶ M atm⁻¹ (e.g. SO² for pH between 4.5 and 7, H₂O₂, HCHO etc) can be enhanced by as much as a factor of 3 because of its transfer to the aqueous phase. For the NH₃HNO₃NH₄NO₃ system the total deposition can be reduced by as much as a factor of 3 for typical conditions in a polluted atmosphere and small initial concentration of aerosol NH₄NO₃ with NH₃ initially dominating HNO₃ in the gas phase. If an operator splitting scheme is used in a mathematical both equilibration and removal processes should be included in the same operator or very small operator time steps (typically less than 1 min) will be necessary.     

A taxonomy of metrics for testing the industrial ecology hypotheses and application to design of freezer insulation

Industrial ecology is sometimes referred to as the science of sustainability, but unlike mature sciences, it has yet to establish reliable modes of inquiry or a uniform framework for dialogue—partly because sustainability is difficult to characterize, and partly because industry–environment interactions are difficult to model quantitatively. A number of sustainability metrics have recently been proposed that partially address the quantification problem, but inevitably oversimplify the problem of sustainability characterization. This paper proposes an overarching taxonomy for classifying the quantitative criteria of sustainability as financial, thermodynamic, environmental, ecological, socio-political or aggregated. Several examples are presented. Pollution potential, which is an environmental metric related to the ideal thermodynamic work (of mixing) per mole required to remove pollutants from the environment, is discussed in particular. However, because no single metric can capture sustainability per se, industrial ecology may be limited to elucidating the trade-offs that exist between different types of complementary (rather than substitutable) criteria. The life cycle of polyurethane foam insulation in freezer applications is presented as a quantitative example of how different environmental criteria can lead to different design recommendations. Lastly, the framework proposed herein suggests a research agenda for industrial ecology, especially regarding the linkages between different measures of sustainability and cross-comparison of the investigative methods found in different sciences related to sustainability.     

煤低温干馏工艺发展与环境保护

本文简要介绍了煤低温干馏的三种主要工艺:气体热载体内热式、固体热载体内热式及外热式,并对三种工艺的工艺技术、资源能源消耗及综合利用、污染物产生及排放水平进行了对比。结果表明,目前广泛采用的气体热载体内热式炉虽然投资小、工艺成熟,但从资源及环境角度,固体热载体内热式炉和外热式炉具有较为明显的优越性。加快技术升级、改进煤气脱硫及剩余氨水处理措施是目前煤低温干馏行业亟待解决的环境问题。     

复合板热处理过程中温度变化的数值分析

根据非稳定热传导基本方程式积分得到离散化方程式,编写出计算程序,利用计算机求出复合板在热处理过程中各结点随时间而变化的温度,绘出等温线,以研究复合板经升温固化处理后的理想冷却方法.     

混酸介质微波消解快速测定炼油污水COD_(Cr)

针对传统CODCr回流法测定消解时间长、分析费用高等不足,研究了微波消解法在测定炼油污水中CODCr的应用。通过对微波消解功率、消解时间、混酸介质H3PO4H2SO4的用量及体积比等试验,确定了微波消解测定炼油污水CODCr的最佳条件。用该方法对炼油污水各处理装置的出水CODCr进行测定,所得结果与传统的CODCr回流法一致。该方法具有精密度好、分析费用低、消解时间短等优点。     

市域国土空间格局多维度分解与传导路径

国土空间格局对协调区域保护与开发具有重要保障作用,其基本前提在于厘清国土空间格局内涵并构建科学有效的传导路径。由此提出国土空间格局多维度分解与传导路径研究框架,围绕生态保护、农业生产和城镇建设三个方面开展适宜性评价,基于国土空间潜在冲突识别与调解机制实现国土空间重构,运用区位熵识别优势功能分区,进而构建战略格局,并以东营市为例开展案例研究。研究发现：东营市国土空间适宜性表现为“生态保护重要、农业生产和城镇建设适宜”,潜在冲突以中度为主;国土空间重构包括农业空间、生态空间和城镇空间,地理单元的空间分异和行政单元的面积占比差别明显;优势功能分区包含重要生态功能区、农产品生产区、城市化发展区和弹性发展区,提供了分区分类的差别化管控策略;国土空间保护与开发战略格局包括“一心一屏一廊”的生态保护格局、“一圈两区”的开发利用格局和“两带”的弹性发展格局,树立了可持续国土空间利用的目标引领。研究结果可为新时期国土空间规划编制与实施以及协调区域国土资源有效配置提供有益借鉴。     

底栖动物完整性指数评价西苕溪溪流健康

根据浙江安吉县西苕溪的64个底栖动物样点数据,对36个生物参数的分布范围、Pearson相关性和判别能力进行分析,确定B-IBI指数由总分类单元数、EPT分类单元数、鞘翅目%、前3位优势分类单元%、(纹石蛾科/毛翅目)%、滤食者%和BI指数构成.用比值法统一参数量纲,采用直接累加、变异系数权重法和熵值权重法分别计算B-IBI值并进行B-IBI健康标准的准确性检验,结果表明,熵值权重法的准确性(92.9%)优于直接累加(85.7%)和变异系数权重法(78.5%).建立了评价西苕溪健康的B-IBI标准:B-IBI＞0.69健康,0.52～0.68亚健康,0.35～0.51一般,0.18～0.34差,B-IBI＜0.17极差.B-IBI指数与栖境指数(r=0.62,p＜0.01)、水温(r=-0.64,p＜0.01)和海拔(r=0.64,p＜0.01)显著相关.     

Thermodynamics of phenanthrene partition into solid organic matter from water

IntroductionSorptionofanorganicpollutanttosoilhasamajorinfluenceonitstransport,bioavailabilityandfateinnaturalenvironmentsanddevelopingsoilpollutionremediationtechnologies .Extensiveresearch(Chiou ,1979;1983;1985 ;1998a ;Karickhoff,1979;Kile ,1995 ;Rutherford ,1992 )suggestedthatsorptionofnonionicorganiccompounds(NOCs)fromwatertosoilisdueprimarilytothepartitioningintosoilorganicmatter(SOM ) .AdsorptionofNOCsfromwaterbyrelativelypolarsoilmineralsissuppressedbythestrongcompetitiveadsorption…     

Biofuels: Thermodynamic sense and nonsense

Much of the current enthusiasm for biofuels appears to ignore basic thermodynamic and other constraints.The fundamental problem with growing fuel is that combustible plant matter is almost invariably solid, while the major demand for energy at present is in the form of gas or liquid fuels. All current conversion processes are of low efficiency even for the convertible parts of the plant. For example the energy which could be obtained from burning a kilogram of wheat grain is about twice that available from the ethanol into which it can be converted by fermentation. Furthermore, all current liquid fuel processes can use only part of the plant.This paper highlights biofuel technologies which make sense, such as co-firing straw with coal in power stations, and those which because of thermodynamic considerations are nonsense, such as making ethanol from grain in Europe or from maize in the USA.Since arable land is a scarce resource in most of Europe, locally grown biofuels are unlikely to become a major replacement for fossil fuels. Strategies which can help to maximise this contribution are suggested, and promising, emerging technologies are highlighted.     

Cutting tool temperatures in interrupted cutting—The effect of feed-direction modulation

Transient tool temperatures in interrupted machining processes were investigated. The initial focus was feed-direction modulated turning. Here, the instantaneous uncut chip thickness (IUCT) was modeled including the regenerative effect introduced by the modulation. Treating the tool as a one-eighth semi-infinite body, for a rectangular heat patch governed by the IUCT at the corner, the tool heat conduction problem was solved. The Green’s function solution procedure included heat convection from exterior surfaces. The results indicated that modulation lowered the cutting temperature, more significantly at a higher modulation frequency. However, heat conduction into the tool dominated over convection to the ambient. The IUCT was found to lag the peak temperature, indicating that modulation can possibly alter the thermal softening of the cutting tool in continuous cutting without a concomitant decrease in material removal rate. The same tool temperature model applied to face-milling indicated that the peak temperature occurred only at cut exit. Carefully planned interrupted hard-facing experiments were performed varying the frequency and duration of interruption. Tool-life data confirmed the beneficial effects of lower cutting temperatures due to slight interruption.     

氯酚与乙酰胆碱酯酶相互作用的光谱研究

采用荧光光谱法和紫外-可见光谱法研究了2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)及五氯酚(PCP)与乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的相互作用,获得了相互作用的Stern-Volmer猝灭常数、结合常数、热力学参数和作用距离.结果表明, 2,4,6-TCP及PCP均可以使AChE内源荧光有规律地猝灭,温度小于303K时,其猝灭机制为静态猝灭. 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE的结合过程是受熵驱动的自发过程,作用力为典型的疏水作用力. 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE分子中酪氨酸残基的作用距离分别为1.91,2.00nm, 2,4,6-TCP及PCP与AChE分子的结合常数为104~105L/mol,表明2种氯酚与AChE之间发生了非辐射能量转移,两者形成了稳定的复合物.2,4,6-TCP与AChE的结合作用比PCP与AChE的结合作用强,氯酚分子向AChE分子疏水空腔的结合过程是疏水性效应和空间位阻效应彼此竞争的结果.     

H型钢冷却过程的数值分析

此文根据非稳定热传导基本方程式积分得到离散化方程式,编写出计算程序.利用计算机求出H型钢内各点随时间变化的温度,绘出等温线,以研究H型钢理想的冷却方法.