Environmental safety via a clean technology of diamond extraction—a laboratory experiment

Before diamonds can be made beautiful, they have to be removed from their natural state within the kimberlite ore. Breaking of the ore in crushers is not very effective since the diamonds are subjected in the process to a high dynamic load that damages them and reduces their market value. A new method was developed for extracting diamonds from the ore with minimized damage. The chunks of ore are processed in specialized solutions under a special regime. As a result, the ore loses its hardness and disintegrates under weak mechanical action, and the quantity and quality of diamonds extracted from the same volume of ore is increased. The method may be realized in a closed cycle without waste, and guarantees a high level of environmental safety.     

The growth of large diamond crystals

Large diamond crystals up to 6 mm in average diameter may be grown at high pressures (55–60 kbar) and temperatures (1400–1500 °C) by causing diamond to dissolve in a molten catalyst metal (Fe, Ni, Co, etc.) in a hot region and deposit upon a seed crystal in a slightly cooler region. Several days are required to produce a high quality single crystal. The process can be controlled to produce different kinds of diamonds whose properties have been studied.     

Mathematical model for abrasive content estimation in a pulse-electroplated abrasive microtool

A mathematical model was developed to estimate the weight percent of diamond abrasive particles incorporated in nickel binder matrix during abrasive microtool fabrication by pulse-plating process. The proposed model is based on the hypothesis that, embedment of an inert micro abrasive diamond particle on the substrate will only occur when a few nickel ions from the adsorbed ionic cloud are chemically reduced at the cathode by hydrogen ions present in the diffusion layer. Experimental verification of the model developed was performed by pulse electroplating of diamond abrasive particles on tungsten micro tool shank using an in-house built experimental setup. The predictive model developed was found to estimate diamond abrasive content in nickel binder matrix within 1–7 wt% of experimental results for different pulse-plating conditions.     

The sustainable innovation design diamond for micro-sized enterprises in tourism

This paper suggests a method for supporting sustainable innovation processes within micro-sized enterprises (MsE) in the tourism industry. Based on the sustainable innovation design diamond model, it underlines the main steps in the process of developing successful sustainable innovation on such a small scale, solitary or within a network. A brainstorming tool is the pivot of the method, supporting the creative processes that are needed for new or joint idea generation and at the same time creating awareness about the potential MsE have and the possibilities for collaboration. First tests with the brainstorm tool indicated there is a need and use for the design diamond.     

论石材工业废渣中人造金刚石的回收

人造金刚石是锯切石材最理想的材料。通过对锯片金刚石脱落及金刚石在废渣中赋存状态的分析，论述从废渣中回收金刚石的必要性、可能性和客观条件；利用金刚石特有的物理化学性质及其与造岩矿物之间的物性差异，采用筛分祛清洗废渣、矿物分离、金刚石提纯、选形分级等方法，可获得纯度为99％以上的人造金刚石，回收率可达10％一15％；通过对回收金刚石强度的测定和再利用，证明完全具有重新使用价值。从废渣中回收人造金刚石的方法可靠，工艺合理，成本约占产值的30％左右，具有较好的社会经济效益。在国内外属首创的回收入造金刚石方法具有良好的推广应用价值。     

Extinction may not be forever

Here we review the phenomenon of ecomorph evolution and the hypothesis of iterative climatic cycles. Although a widely known phenomenon, convergent evolution has been underappreciated in both its scope and commonality. The power of natural selection to override genealogy to create similar morphologies (even among distantly related organisms) supports classical Darwinian evolution. That this occurs repeatedly in stratigraphically closely spaced intervals is one of the most striking features of Earth history. Periodic extinctions followed by re-evolution of adaptive types (ecomorphs) are not isolated occurrences but are embedded within complex ecological systems that evolve, become extinct, and repeat themselves in temporal synchrony. These complexes of radiation and extinction bundle the biostratigraphic record and provide the basis for a global stratigraphy. At this scale, climatic change is the only mechanism adequate to explain the observed record of repeating faunas and floras. Understanding of the underlying causes may lead to predictive theories of global biostratigraphy, evolutionary processes, and climatic change.     

商用低温核供热站潜在事故环境影响和厂址选择

介绍了国外核供热站安全评价和潜在事故环境影响估计.根据我国拟建中200MW核供热站潜在事故后果初步分析结果表明,商用核供热站靠近城市不会给公众带来不适当的风险.此外在我国和国际核安全法规和导则框架内还讨论了核供热站的应急计划和选址准则.由于核供热站的高安全水平,在其周围不需要场外应急撤离计划,人口分布不应是核反应堆选址的决定因素.但从尽可能合理低的辐射防护原则考虑,建立约2km半径的限制发展区和必要的环境辐射应急监测及应急通讯则是有利的.     

天鹅寨火山地质特征的研究

天鹅寨火山杂岩体是湘南—粤北地区唯一大面积出露的陆相酸性火山岩，内有铀矿点产出。通过对火山杂岩体的研究，论述了火山杂岩体产出特点、岩石学及地球化学特征，提出了火山岩层和火山活动旋回的划分、岩根新归属以及火山构造类型。     

Strömung und Wärmetransport in Natur und Technik,sichtbar gemacht

High-speed cinematography and optical interferometry make it possible to visualize the physical occurrences with fluid flow and heat transfer which are not accessible to the naked eye due to its incapacity to follow fast movements and to comprehend phase shifts of a light wave due to temperature changes in a transparent fluid. Examples of velocity- and temperature fields with free and forced convection in single and two-phase flow are presented and physically analyzed.     

内蒙甲─查银多金属矿区控矿构造

内蒙甲一查银多金属矿床是由燕山期构造岩浆作用形成的后火山热液脉状矿床。矿体的形态、产状、厚度、品位等完全受控于成矿期断裂的性质及其产状、规模。本文论述了矿区的控矿断裂特征，并指出在进一步找矿中应注意采用构造地球化学方法、追索和寻找活动时间较长、规模较大、成矿期为张剪性或压剪性的NWW、NNW向断裂。     

臭氧氧化印染废水中有机污染物的特性研究

通过实验研究了臭氧接触氧化时间对于印染废水中有机物去除效率的影响。结果表明臭氧对CODCr的去除效率并不与接触时间成正比,其反应过程可分为三个阶段,均属于一级反应。也表明单一利用臭氧氧化实现印染废水中有机物的降解不够经济合理。     

2014年10月中国东部持续重污染天气成因分析

2014年10月5─13日中国东部发生了大范围、长时间的(雾)霾及重污染天气. 采用AQI数据分析此次大气重污染过程的时、空演变特征,并应用NCEP(美国国家环境预报中心)再分析资料以及地面、小球探空数据,分析了主要天气型演变、边界层及上空的风场、气象条件特征,以研究此次秋季重污染天气的气象成因和形成过程. 结果表明:①华北、东北是此次污染最为严重的地区,其域内各城市持续数日的污染演变可分为AQI显著上升、持续高值、下降3个阶段. ②在AQI上升阶段(10月6—8日),受大陆高压控制,东部地区出现较弱地方风场和偏南风输送风场,风速在0～2 m/s,相对湿度在22%～86%,3 000 m逆温显著利于污染物积累. ③在持续污染阶段(10月8—11日),海上高压滞留,再加上台风“凤凰”北上阻挡大陆高压影响,使东部地区出现持续4 d的偏南风、偏东风弱风场,风速在1～4 m/s,相对湿度为57%～96%,造成严重污染. ④在AQI下降阶段(10月11—12日),后续大陆高压南下,前部冷锋利于污染物清除,风速达到6 m/s,是AQI降低的主要天气背景场. 因此,持续出现的稳定天气形势是导致此次中国东部重污染天气的主要气象原因.      

"青龙奇迹"传播现象分析及其准确度探讨

在地震灾难频发及网络媒体迅速发展的背景下,"青龙奇迹"引起了公众的广泛关注和争议,其社会舆论影响不容忽视.以此为切入点,笔者一行利用2010年暑期社会实践在河北省青龙县、抚宁县进行了实地调研走访,结合学者论述、新闻报道,从灾难社会学和传播学角度,分析"青龙奇迹"传播现象,并对其准确度进行了探讨.     

Chemical evolution: The first stages

The available data on the syntheses of critically important precursor molecules for chemical evolution are reviewed and problems of rates of production versus rates of destruction in the primitive ocean are discussed. It is concluded that many global chemical syntheses would have been improbable in the Earth's oceans and that more attention should be paid to specific environments which would have favored such syntheses. The recent discovery of an accelerating effect of formaldehyde on the oligomerization of HCN as well as the eutectic-concentration mechanism are discussed in relation to a new scenario for chemical evolution on the primitive Earth.     

基于全球风场产品中国海表面风速变化分析

基于CCMP、ERA-Interim和NCEP-DOE三种全球风场产品,利用线性趋势检验和变异性系数分析了我国海表面风1985～2013年的风速变化情况。结果表明:不同风场产品所表征的海表面风变化趋势及区域变化强度存在差异。CCMP和NCEP-DOE均显示中国海表面年平均风速在呈显著性线性增强,增加速率分别为0.050 m/s·a和0.015 m/s·a,CCMP风速的快速增长可能隐含着资料同化背景场改变而引起的风速抬升因素,ERA-Interim并未显示出中国海表面风速在1985～2013年有明显的线性增强或减弱趋势。在黄渤海对中国海域海表面风增速贡献方面,NCEP-DOE与CCMP计算结果截然不同,CCMP显示黄渤海是中国四个区域海区中风速增加最强的区域,而NCEP-DOE显示该区风速增加最弱。     

浙江省妙西多金属矿床成矿模型及找矿标志

笔者通过大量地质、地球化学、球物理和矿床(点)资料研究,提出浙江省妙西多金属矿床成矿模型,该模型正在为普查项目所证实.妙西多金属矿矿床是典型的岩浆期后热液矿床,矿体主要受本区的三级构造即岩体接触带构造和地层不连续界面构造控制.地球物理测量提供的深部信息和地质构造标志是本区多金属矿直接找矿标志,地表物化探资料在普查工作中可以起辅助作用.     

Periodic patterns in biology

 New physical and computerized techniques for continuous read-out of intra and intercellular signals allow the study of biochemical dynamics of both local and spreading modes. A vast amount of new information in the area of periodic, quasiperiodic, and chaotic reactions is currently being accumulated, some of which is reviewed here to provide typical mechanisms and occurrences on the basis of a wide variety of reaction circuits and target structures. Following a short review of the time windows of temporal pattern, mechanisms and models of period-generating and transmitting systems are presented for both calcium and oligogenic oscillations. Spreading mechanisms of local signal oscillations through intra- and intercellular space yielding periodic patterns are presented for calcium waves in Dictyostelium discoideum, of cardiovascular and neuronal networks, followed by consideration of some of the properties of complex systems behavior.     

环境专家系统研究进展

对环境专家系统(EES)在环境科学领域的应用进展及其研究的必要性进行了分析。结合近几年来国内外大量的实践案例和相关研究文献。对环境专家系统的发展历史、开发语言，空间分析能力，应用功能等方面的研究状况进行了全面回顾，并针对当前环境专家系统研究及应用的主要领域一环境影响评价专家系统(EIA—ES)进行了系统总结。     

Long-term temporal-spatial dynamics of marine coastal water quality in the Tolo Harbor, Hong Kong, China

IntroductionToloHarborislocatedinthenortheasternpartofHongKong .Itisanearlyland lockedwaterbodywithonlyonenarrowexittotheopenseaatMirsBay(Fig .1) .Itslengthandsurfaceareaareapproximately 15kmand 5 2km2 ,respectively .Theaveragedepthvariesfromlessthan10min…     

金刚石膜电极消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

以掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极的自制电解槽装置处理医院污水的消毒效果。在全回流处理模式下消毒处理医院废水,采用多管发酵法测定粪大肠菌群数。掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极,在电极间距为2mm、医院污水Cl-浓度为200mg/L、pH值在7.0～8.0范围内、电流密度8mA/cm2、接触时间≥9s的条件下,对医院污水粪大肠菌群的去除率最佳,出水满足《医疗机构污水排放标准值》粪大肠菌群数均不得超过500MPN/L。掺硼金刚石(BDD)作电极的自制电解槽装置处理医院污水不需要添加化学药剂,对粪大肠菌群消毒效果好。