A new giant pterosaur with a robust skull from the latest cretaceous of Romania

A new giant pterosaur, Hatzegopteryx thambema, nov.gen., nov.sp., from the Maastrichtian Densu?-Ciula Formation of Romania is remarkable for its very large size (estimated wing span > or = 12 m) and for the robustness of its large skull, which may have been nearly 3 m long. The stout skull bones contrast with the usually thin and slender skull elements of other pterosaurs, and raise the question of how the weight of the skull was reduced in order to make flight possible. The answer probably lies in the very peculiar internal structure of the bones, which consists of a dense network of very thin trabeculae enclosing small alveoli. This structure is reminiscent of expanded polystyrene and, like it, probably combined strength with lightness.     

生命周期评价新发展与工业应用

从国际生命周期小组的统计和国内外的案例,综述了新世纪生命周期评价（LCA）的发展和工业应用现状,对存在的问题进行探讨,就如何进一步改进提出建议。     

Different mechanisms of extinction of conditioned taste aversion are dependent on time intervals of extinction following conditioning

After extinction, the reappearance of a conditioned response induced by an unconditioned stimulus which is weaker than that used during the conditioning training indicates that the extinction procedure does not eliminate the original conditioned memory. Recent studies on fear conditioning have shown that rats exhibited little or no recovery of conditioned responding if the time interval between fear acquisition and extinction was short, suggesting that the extinction process may erase the original conditioning trace in this situation. In the present study, a saving experiment was conducted in rats to investigate whether an aversive response could be recovered following extinction training with different time intervals after acquisition of conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Male Long–Evans rats developed CTA by associating a 0.2% sucrose solution with malaise induced by intraperitoneal injection of 4 ml/kg 0.15 M LiCl and were subjected to extinction training with an interval of 5 h (5H group) or 24 h (24H group) after acquisition of CTA. Rats in the 5H group, but not in the 24H group, exhibited no aversive responding to the sucrose solution followed by the injection of a lower dose of LiCl (1 ml/kg). These findings indicate that the extinction procedure administered at different time points following the acquisition of CTA affects recovery of extinguished aversive memory and suggest that an unlearning process may be involved in the mechanisms of CTA extinction with short intervals between acquisition and extinction.     

我国发展循环经济的最新进展

从循环经济的发展逐步纳入规划、立法取得的进展、政策体系的逐步完善以及理论研究和技术支撑作用的逐步增强四个方面,论述了我国发展循环经济的最新进展,并指出在我国已初步形成了再生资源循环利用产业体系、产业园区循环经济发展模式、全社会资源循环利用体系以及发展循环经济的一批典型企业。     

对水污染控制技术发展的最新阐释--《废水生物处理新技术》评介

废水生物处理技术已有一百多年的历史,其理论和实用技术在此一百多年间也不断发展和进步,并得到广泛应用,对控制水污染和改善水体水质起到了重要作用。而从全世界范围看,水污染至今还没有得到有效控制,特别是在广大的发展中国家。在我国,水污染依然严重,水环境与水生生态状况仍十分严峻,近年来我国城市废水处理厂建设进入了一个新的高速发展时期,对废水处理新技术的要求日益增长。广大环境保护科技工作非常需要一部系统全面、反映废水处理技术现状和发展的作。由张忠祥、钱易主编,顾夏声、胡纪萃审定,清华大学出版社出版的《废水生物处理新技术》一书正适合这一时代需要,对废水生物处理技术近年来的发展进步、功能作用及特性进行了分析,并在此基础上展望了发展前景。     

环境科学与现代生物技术的完美结合--评《现代环境生物技术》

环境生物技术的起源可以追溯到一百多年前的活性污泥工艺的发展，其理论和实用技术在此一百多年来不断发展和进步，并得到广泛应用，对控制环境污染和改善环境质量起到了重要作用。而从全世界范围看，环境污染至今还没有得到有效控制，特别是在发展中国家。在我国，随着经济的迅猛发展。环境污染现状依然严峻，并有加剧的趋势。近年来，我国的环境污染治理力度不断加大，进入了一个新的高速发展时期，对环境污染治理新技术的要求日益迫切。随着现代生物技术的发展，尤其是现代分子生物学技术的出现，为环境科学的发展带来了新的机遇。现代环境生物技术就是在这一形势下形成的，它是现代生物技术在环境科学领域中的应用，是现代生物技术与环境科学紧密结合而形成的新兴交叉学科，是一种经济效益和环境效益俱佳的、解决复杂环境污染问题的有效手段，是当代环境科学研究发展的主导方向之一。     

The first definitive Asian spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the early cretaceous of Laos

Spinosaurids are among the largest and most specialized carnivorous dinosaurs. The morphology of their crocodile-like skull, stomach contents, and oxygen isotopic composition of the bones suggest they had a predominantly piscivorous diet. Even if close relationships between spinosaurids and Middle Jurassic megalosaurs seem well established, very little is known about the transition from a generalized large basal tetanuran to the specialized morphology of spinosaurids. Spinosaurid remains were previously known from the Early to Late Cretaceous of North Africa, Europe, and South America. Here, we report the discovery of a new spinosaurid theropod from the late Early Cretaceous Savannakhet Basin in Laos, which is distinguished by an autapomorphic sinusoidal dorsosacral sail. This new taxon, Ichthyovenator laosensis gen. et sp. nov., includes well-preserved and partially articulated postcranial remains. Although possible spinosaurid teeth have been reported from various Early Cretaceous localities in Asia, the new taxon I. laosensis is the first definite record of Spinosauridae from Asia. Cladistic analysis identifies Ichthyovenator as a member of the sub-clade Baryonychinae and suggests a widespread distribution of this clade at the end of the Early Cretaceous. Chilantaisaurus tashouikensis from the Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia, and an ungual phalanx from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado are also referred to spinosaurids, extending both the stratigraphical and geographical range of this clade.     

The evolution of man and the extinction of animals

Africa has lost only very few big mammals at the end of the pleistocene. Evidence is put forward that the reason for the present richness of the African mammal fauna is a very early coevolution between evolving man and the megafauna of this area. Areas without such an early coevolution suffered severe losses (up to 100%) of their native megafauna, when early hunters invaded them.     

杭州市大气颗粒物消光组分的粒径分布特征研究

2010年8月在杭州市朝晖、云栖、杭钢和下沙4个点位采集了不同粒径大气颗粒物样品,并对其主要消光组分的粒径分布特征进行了分析,包括SO42-、NO3-、NH4+、OC和EC等.同时在朝晖点位对多种气态污染物和多个气象要素进行了同步观测,以评估杭州市能见度下降的影响因素.结果表明:PM2.5、RH、SO2和NO2均与能见度呈一定负相关关系.4个监测点位颗粒物浓度变化均呈双峰型,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和9.0~10μm粒径段.以3.3μm为粗细颗粒的分界线,不同监测点位PM10中粗、细颗粒所占比例均等.水溶性离子消光组分的浓度大小顺序为:SO42->NH4+>NO3-. SO42-、NO3-和NH4+均显单峰结构,SO42-和NH4+的峰值出现在0.4~1.1μm的粒径段,NO3-峰值出现在5.8~10μm粒径段.OC显单峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm粒径段;EC显双峰结构,峰值出现在0.4~0.7μm和2.1~3.3μm范围内.因而,要解决杭州的能见度问题,应减少细颗粒物,尤其是粒径<1.1μm的颗粒物的污染. NO3-、SO42-、OC和EC对杭州市颗粒物消光能力相对贡献率之比为2.2%:13.7%:29.8%:43.8%.因此要有效控制杭州市大气能见度的降低趋势, 首要的就是控制EC的主要排放源,即机动车尾气的排放.     

大气消光系数垂直分布模型及其适用性研究

大气消光系数垂直分布模型是利用卫星反演近地面颗粒物质量浓度的关键技术环节,同时也是分析边界层湍流场结构的重要途径,但其适用性问题至今尚不清晰.基于Logistic曲线模拟大气消光系数廓线的初步研究成果,结合太阳光度计（CE-318）观测的大气光学厚度（AOD）资料以及近地面能见度数据,提出了大气消光系数垂直分布Logistic模型的参数计算方法.针对成都市2013年6月~2014年5月期间的实例应用结果表明,在不稳定和中性层结条件下,Logistic模型和目前通用的负指数模型对大气消光系数垂直分布的模拟效果总体相当;但在持续稳定层结条件下,Logistic模型的模拟效果则显著占优.进一步分析指出,大气消光系数垂直分布Logistic模型更优的适用性主要在于其对近地层大气消光的复杂垂直形态具有良好的表征能力.     

Development and application of the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer

To better characterize the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols, the multi-wavelength cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectrometer (MCRD-AES) is developed and applied in this study. By using tunable light source and four parallel cavities, the MCRD-AES covers a wide and atmospherically relevant wavelength range from 360 to 663?nm. Four wavelengths (375?nm, 440?nm, 532?nm, and 620?nm) are particularly tested with ammonium sulfate and nigrosine. The refractive index values obtained from this study agree well with literature data. The stability and accuracy of the MCRD-AES are tested, and the minimum detectable extinction coefficient is 0.5 1/Mm. The high sensitivity, high precision, and wavelength changeable of MCRD-AES indicate its great application prospect in comprehensively quantifying the optical properties of atmospheric aerosols.     

内江市大气细颗粒物化学组成及其消光特征

2012—2013年在内江市环境监测站楼顶采集了PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)样品,并分析了颗粒物中金属无机元素、水溶性离子和碳质组分的质量浓度,以研究颗粒物的污染水平及其消光特性.采样期间,内江市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度分别为(116.3±54.7)μg·m~(-3)和(78.6±36.8)μg·m~(-3);颗粒物污染冬季较重,其次为秋季,春季和夏季污染水平相当.内江市PM_(2.5)中以二次无机离子(SNA,42.5%)和有机物(OM,35.0%)污染最为突出,其次为地壳元素(Soil,11.4%)、元素碳(EC,5.2%)和微量元素(Trace,0.3%).高相对湿度和细颗粒物浓度是导致内江灰霾频发的主要原因,10km能见度对应的PM_(2.5)浓度界值为72.2μg·m~(-3).采用IMPROVE模型计算,内江市PM_(2.5)的平均散射系数为(504.6±293.2)Mm-1,吸光系数平均为(41.0±20.6)Mm-1;PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐对消光系数贡献最大,占40.0%;其次为有机物和硝酸盐,贡献率分别是29.2%和15.3%;EC的贡献率为7.3%.PM_(2.5)质量浓度与散射系数呈现出较强的线性关系(r=0.88),通过回归方程得到PM_(2.5)的质量散射效率为4.2 m~2·g~(-1).     

The components of atmospheric light extinction: A survey of ground-level budgets

A systematic examination of published U.S. field studies shows regional patterns in the relative contributions of various components to atmospheric extinction. Of the non-Rayleigh extinction observed at 525 nm, scattering by fine particles accounts for 75%–95% in the rural and urban East, 50%–75% in the rural West, and 35%–75% in the urban West. The relative importance of absorption by gases and particles, and of scattering by coarse particles, is greatest in the rural and urban West. Absolute absorption coefficients are highest in eastern and western cities. The spatial and seasonal coverage of high-quality studies is limited, with no data yet available for the Northwest or for eastern cities during winter.     

The last polar dinosaurs: high diversity of latest Cretaceous arctic dinosaurs in Russia

A latest Cretaceous (68 to 65 million years ago) vertebrate microfossil assemblage discovered at Kakanaut in northeastern Russia reveals that dinosaurs were still highly diversified in Arctic regions just before the Cretaceous–Tertiary mass extinction event. Dinosaur eggshell fragments, belonging to hadrosaurids and non-avian theropods, indicate that at least several latest Cretaceous dinosaur taxa could reproduce in polar region and were probably year-round residents of high latitudes. Palaeobotanical data suggest that these polar dinosaurs lived in a temperate climate (mean annual temperature about 10°C), but the climate was apparently too cold for amphibians and ectothermic reptiles. The high diversity of Late Maastrichtian dinosaurs in high latitudes, where ectotherms are absent, strongly questions hypotheses according to which dinosaur extinction was a result of temperature decline, caused or not by the Chicxulub impact.     

天津城区春季大气气溶胶消光特性研究

利用天津大气边界层观测站2011年4月1日~5月10日气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数、PM2.5质量浓度、大气能见度和常规气象观测数据,分析了气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数的变化特征,以及气溶胶消光系数与PM2.5质量浓度和大气能见度的关系,并对两种方法计算的消光系数进行了比较.结果表明,观测期间天津城区气溶胶散射系数为369.93 Mm-1,对大气消光贡献为86.7%,气溶胶吸收系数为36.32 Mm-1,对大气消光贡献为8.5%,单次散射反照率为0.91;气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数的日变化特征具有明显的双峰结构,对应于早晚交通高峰;不同天气类型下其日分布特征存在较大差异,霾日散射系数和吸收系数最高,沙尘日和降水日次之,晴日最低;气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数与PM2.5质量浓度呈线性正相关,与大气能见度呈指数负相关,观测期间气溶胶质量散射效率均值为2.95m2/g;采用Koschmieder’s公式反算能见度获得的大气消光系数,与通过测量气溶胶散射系数、气溶胶吸收系数、气体散射系数和气体吸收系数等分量加和获得的消光系数相比一致性较好,高相对湿度天气下能见度反算值高于各系数加和值.     

天津2009年3月气溶胶化学组成及其消光特性研究

2009年3月,采集天津城区PM10和PM2.5样品,分析其中的水溶性无机离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),并估算其二次有机碳(SOC)浓度及消光系数.结果表明,天津城区PM10和PM2.5污染严重,水溶性无机离子和含碳物质在PM10中的比例为24.8%和10.0%,在PM2.5中的比例为26.6%和13.9%;SO42-、NO3-和Ca2+是主要的无机离子,霾日天气有利于SO2和NO2向硫酸盐和硝酸盐的二次转化;通过OC/EC最小比值法估算SOC的浓度,表明SOC与OC的比值分别为38%(PM10)和24%(PM2.5),霾日天气有利于SOC生成;二次离子(SO42-,NO3-和NH4+)、粗粒子、OC和EC是大气消光的主要贡献者,其消光贡献比例分别为33.1%, 22.6%,22.0%和15.6% 采用化学组分和相对湿度可以较好的拟合大气消光系数及大气能见度.     

成都市冬季大气消光系数及其组成的特征研究

由于气溶胶吸湿增长的复杂性和不确定性,大气消光的演化机理至今尚不十分清晰.为此,利用成都市2017年12月浊度仪和黑碳仪的逐时观测资料,结合同时次的环境气象监测数据,系统研究了该区域冬季对应550 nm大气消光系数及其组成的特征.结果表明:①观测期间大气消光系数为(1173.42±641.21) Mm~(-1),其中"干"气溶胶散射系数、"干"气溶胶吸收系数、干洁大气散射系数、气态污染物吸收系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数对其平均贡献率分别是53.02%、6.54%、1.50%、1.65%和37.29%.②大气消光系数、"干"气溶胶散射系数和气溶胶吸湿性消光系数的日变化为"单峰单谷型",而"干"气溶胶吸收系数和气态污染物吸收系数的日变化则分别表现为"单谷型"和"双峰双谷型".③明确了单位质量大气消光系数及其组成随相对湿度的变化特征,并就其各自成因进行了分析.     

天津市春季气溶胶消光特征和辐射效应的数值模拟

根据GRIMM气溶胶粒谱分析仪对粒子数浓度在线观测资料,拟合了天津市春季霾日和非霾日的气溶胶粒子谱分布,结合同期气溶胶样品化学组分分析结果,利用米散射理论计算分析霾日和非霾日气溶胶消光特征.在此基础上,对辐射传输模式LOWTRAN7中气溶胶光学参量进行了修正,利用修正后的模式模拟霾日和非霾日的地面辐射通量密度.结果表明,观测期间非霾日气溶胶消光系数平均为0.253km-1,散射系数平均为0.213km-1.霾日气溶胶消光系数平均为0.767km-1,散射系数平均为0.665km-1.对比模式计算的辐射通量密度与观测值,表明短波辐射模拟效果较好.