The Use of Marine Molluskan Shells for Roman Glass and Local Raw Glass Production in the Eifel Area (Western Germany)

 Relatively high strontium concentrations and their isotopic composition in Roman glass of the Imperial period indicate the general use of shells as carbonate raw material. Lead, iron, and barium concentrations and lead isotopes of glass of the late fourth century from Hambach and Gellep (western Germany) are conformable with the use of glass sand from Eifel rivers. Each of three pairs of six simultaneously operating Roman glasshouses in the Hambach area made its own raw glass from different quartz sands. Received: 2 July 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 13 December 1999     

Die Bestimmung der Herkunft der Marmore von Büsten der Münchener Residenz

51 Greek, Roman and Renaissance marble busts from the Antiquarium of the Residenz in Munich were studied for their C- and O-isotopic composition. Apart from some overlapping values, this technique permits — contrary to microscopic and chemical methods — localization of different Turkish, Greek and Italian marble deposits.     

Die Pigmente der antiken Malerei

Scientific analysis of painted antique objects provides us with information about the pigments used in earlier periods of history. Beginning in prehistoric times, coloured earths and minerals were used exclusively until the 3rd millenium B.C. when an extensive production of artificial pigments started. Following Egyptian Blue, a potassium copper chloride, cobalt blue, and a cobalt aluminium oxide was invented but used only over a short period, until it was reinvented 200 years ago. In the Greecian and Roman times the palette was considerably enlarged by the use of other coloured minerals and artificially prepared pigments.     

TiO2光催化膜反应器的实验研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法,分别在炻器管、不锈钢管和玻璃管内壁负载TiO₂催化剂膜,在连续式光催化膜反应器中研究TiO₂膜光催化降解水中有机物的实际应用性能.结果表明:负载于玻璃表面的TiO₂膜上出现了Na元素的渗透,而在不锈钢表面所形成的TiO₂膜层均匀度较差;利用炻器管负载TiO₂催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的速率常数是不锈钢管和玻璃管的2倍;反应过程中鼓气与否所得到的苯酚光催化速率常数分别为0.143和0.103min-1;溶液在管内的流速为1和9 L/min时流体的Re分别为4 000和10 000.      

车轮法兰面螺母成形工艺研究

以车轮法兰面螺母为例 ,对此类零件的两种成形工艺热压与冷挤工艺进行比较 ,论述了其工艺、变形以及模具设计的相关问题     

石油焦超细粉碎工艺中的脉冲袋式除尘器试验

利用超细粉碎分级设备,分别测试粉碎工艺中除尘器在不同过滤面积、过滤风速、入口粉尘浓度时,喷吹后的除尘器阻力、过滤风速、喷吹时的除尘器阻力波动情况;测试脉冲宽度对喷吹后除尘器阻力和喷吹时除尘器阻力波动的影响。结果表明:由于石油焦的轻质和黏附性特性,过滤风速不应超过2.17 m/min,考虑到除尘效率和经济效益,最好控制在1.3 m/min以内;除尘器入口粉尘浓度的高低对喷吹后除尘器阻力和喷吹时除尘器阻力波动均存在较大影响,入口粉尘浓度低时,阻力和阻力波动都较小;脉冲宽度对喷吹后除尘器阻力和喷吹时除尘器阻力波动有一定影响,该实验系统最佳脉冲宽度为0.08 s。     

Evaluating the blank contamination and recovery of sample pretreatment procedures for analyzing organophosphorus flame retardants in waters

Organophosphate esters (OPEs), used as flame retardants and plasticizers, are widely present in environmental waters. Development of accurate determination methods for trace OPEs in water is urgent for understanding the fate and risk of this class of emerging pollutants. However, the wide use of OPEs in experimental materials results in blank interference, which influences the accuracy of analytical results. In the present work, blank contamination and recovery of pretreatment procedures for analysis of OPEs in water samples were systematically examined for the first time. Blank contaminations were observed in filtration membranes, glass bottles, solid phase extraction cartridges, and nitrogen blowing instruments. These contaminations could be as high as 6.4–64 ng/L per treatment. Different kinds of membranes were compared in terms of contamination levels left after common glassware cleaning, and a special wash procedure was proposed to eliminate the contamination from membranes. Meanwhile, adsorption of highly hydrophobic OPEs on the inside wall of glass bottles was found to be 42.4%–86.1%, which was the primary cause of low recoveries and was significantly reduced by an additional washing step with acetonitrile. This work is expected to provide guidelines for the establishment of analysis methods for OPEs in aqueous samples.     

霉菌对光电装备产生的影响及防护

通过对光电装备长霉现象的研究,分析了霉菌生长的条件,根据生长条件,重点探讨了装备中霉菌产生的主要原因及对装备产生的影响,提出霉菌防护的方法。     

阴极射线管中低熔点玻璃的溶解规律研究

阴极射线管是电子显示系统的主要部件,含有大量铅,其废弃物的浸出毒性超过我国危险废物鉴别标准.废阴极射线管资源化的关键是锥-屏的分离,分离后的锥-屏玻璃可用于显像管的再制造、铅的提炼和玻璃的再生产等.采用超声波辅助酸-热冲击法对低熔点玻璃的溶解规律进行研究的结果表明,同乙酸相比硝酸溶解低熔点玻璃的速率更大,硝酸浓度对低熔点玻璃的溶解速率有影响;低熔点玻璃中存在的金属离子与硝酸反应后生成的物质,如硝酸铅、硝酸钡、硝酸锌及硼酸等的存在会使低熔点玻璃的溶解速率降低.     

废水中硫化物测定样品预处理方法的改进

对废水中硫化物测定预处理方法——氮气吹气法的实验装置、预处理酸度、温度及反应瓶体积大小等条件均作了研究和改进。以多孔吹球代替单孔吹管、以NaOH+EDTA+三乙醇胺代替ZnAc_2—NaAc为吸收液,并提出了逐步加压的吹气方法。通过对回收率、精密度及6种不同类型工业废水的对比测定,效果提高显著,回收率由原法的40％左右提高到95％以上,吹气时间缩短25％,装置简单,便于推广应用。     

内蒙古四子王旗2008及2009年沙尘天气研究

通过对四子王旗2008年和2009年3-5月份大气TSP浓度的测定,结合同期主要气象因子数据,依据国家规定的大气中TSP含量的标准和国家环境空气质量标准,对四子王旗的沙尘天气进行分类,并对其强度等级进行划分。评价结果表明：在2008年3-5月份中,发生了5次浮尘天气,2次扬沙天气,其中在2008年5月26日TSP浓度值为3.058mg/m3,达到扬沙天气等级。在2009年3-5月份,发生1次扬沙天气,TSP浓度值为3.369 mg/m3;四子王旗大气中TSP浓度含量符合国家环境空气质量二级标准;大气中TSP浓度与风速、环境温度呈正相关,与降雨量、大气压呈负相关。     

鸡粪好氧堆肥氨氧化霉菌的筛选及氮转化能力的研究

为明确鸡粪好氧堆肥过程氨氧化霉菌的存在情况及其氮转化能力,以鸡粪好氧堆肥中分离的10株霉菌为对象,采用氨氧化霉菌培养基筛选氨氧化菌株;对所选菌株进行生长量及氮转化指标的测定及相关分析,以明确菌体生长与氨氧化作用的关系;对确定的高效氨氧化菌株进行氮转化能力测定,并做回归堆肥的效果验证.结果表明,所试菌株均能氧化NH4+-N生成亚硝态氮和硝态氮,证明在鸡粪好氧堆肥过程中存在氨氧化霉菌,且提示该环境的霉菌可能具有普遍的氨氧化能力;氨氧化霉菌生成的亚硝态氮和硝态氮总量、菌体干重、菌体凯氏氮量间均存在着显著的正相关;确定的2株高效氨氧化菌株M25-22(Penicilliumsp.)与M40-4(Aspergillussp.)在培养基中培养144h后,均能使NH4+-N降低0.3mg·mL-1以上,生成亚硝态氮和硝态氮总量约在1.1×10-3mg·mL-1和1.5×10-3mg·mL-1;2株菌回归堆肥后,均能使堆肥体系中NH4+-N含量明显降低,硝态氮及总氮含量明显增加,这对减少堆肥过程氮素损失具有实际意义.     

聚氨酯泡沫材料中R11的含量研究

分析了聚氨酯泡沫材料老化过程中含氟发泡剂R11(CFCl_3)的逸出问题,采用称重法和化学分析法对目前用作冰箱保温材料的聚氨酯泡沫材料中的含氟发泡剂R11含量进行了测定和研究,给出了测定结果,并对测定方法和结果的可靠性,,R11气体含量对泡沫泡孔直径及其均衡性的影响进行了分析.实验表明,发泡过程中使用的R11部分地附着在泡沫固体材料上,且其含量对泡孔均衡性没有明显影响.采用对臭氧层无损害或损害作用小的化学品代替附着在泡沫固体材料上的R11进行发泡,不会对聚氨酯泡沫材料导热性能带来影响.     

城市隧道施工的环境影响分析及防治措施

修建城市隧道是解决城市用地紧张、交通拥挤的有效办法,但隧道施工对环境和居民造成许多不良影响。通过分析城市隧道施工对环境和居民的主要影响因素,提出相应的防止措施。隧道施工带来的不良影响包括爆破对人的心里作用和对建筑物的影响,爆破产生的有毒气体、粉尘和机车尾气损害工人健康并污染大气。在此基础上,提出相应的防止措施∶爆破时优化爆破参数并做好群众安全工作,合理处置废渣,防治大气污染、水污染和噪声污染的措施。     

改性乙二醛-水玻璃化学灌浆材料的研究

研究了一种改性乙二醛一水玻璃化学灌浆材料,其胶凝时间可由乙二醛的加入量控制．抗压强度大．表面活性剂甲的加入可以有效提高其渗透性。     

模具制造中曲面与型体的形成和加工

阐述了在模具制造中 ,如何应用CAD/CAM系统来形成曲面和模型 ,并自动生成刀具轨迹 ,提高模具制造质量和效率     

沙尘暴对呼吸及循环系统疾病日门诊量的影响

对沙尘天气频发区甘肃省武威市的7所大、中型医院在2004、2005年沙尘天气高发时段(3月1日～5月31日)的呼吸系统和循环系统每日门诊人数进行了调查,采用半参数广义相加模型(GAM),在排除了医院日门诊量的长期趋势、大气污染因素、气象因素、日历效应等因素之后,分别对每年进行分析.结果表明,沙尘暴和扬沙天气与呼吸、循环系统疾病日门诊人数的增加有联系,且均表现为滞后效应,其影响程度为沙尘暴大于扬沙天气,沙尘暴和扬沙天气对健康的影响因不同年份而不同,表明沙尘天气对健康的影响受多种因素的影响.沙尘暴对健康的影响有性别差异.     

LiCl溶液对4种空调典型霉菌、细菌的抑制研究

为防止空调系统内霉菌、细菌的过度孳生,本文以空调系统内常见的黑曲霉（A. niger）、大肠埃希氏菌（E. coli）、金黄色葡萄球菌（S. aureus）、枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis）为典型霉菌、细菌,基于纸片扩散法药敏试验,研究了空调除湿常用工质LiCl溶液对上述典型菌种的抑制作用及浓度影响规律.结果表明：在常见除湿浓度范围（35%~40%）内,LiCl溶液对上述4种典型菌种均有抑制作用;特别是对A. niger抑制效果最强,在15%的低浓度下即可产生明显抑制;其次为E. coli,而对S. aureus和B. subtilis的抑制相对较弱.此外,所得抑制效果随LiCl溶液浓度的提高而明显增强,特别是对A. niger和E. coli,溶液浓度与抑菌圈直径呈显著的正相关性.     

Degradation of monumental bronzes

Under the United States National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program a metallurgical and corrosion study has been made of sample of the 50 bronze replicas of the Hiker statue cast by the Gorham Foundry, Providence, Rhode Island, between 1906 and 1966. To study corrosion damage on a microscopic scale a technique was developed to take molds of selected features on the statue. The molds were examined by optical and scanning electron microscopy and surface profilometry. The overall approach has the potential for quantitatively monitoring the local corrosion at selected sites over a period of years and also characterizing the impact of conservation procedures. In a parallel research program, run-off samples were taken from selected Brigade Markers in a series of bronze tablets in the Gettysburg National Military Park; parallel rainwater samples were collected. Analysis for pH, metal content and various ion species in the run off yields information on the total rate of corrosion as a function of dry and wet precipitation.     

加热移除废弃聚氨酯硬泡中CFC-11的研究

研究了聚氨酯硬泡在不同温度加热过程中的质量损失、生成的气体成分及硬泡结构变化,并对加热聚氨酯硬泡时所释放的发泡剂CFC-11(CCl3F)进行了测定.结果表明,在80~160℃加热聚氨酯硬泡时,CFC-11的释放速率随温度的增加而增加.将破碎后的硬泡颗粒在160℃下加热,既保证硬泡颗粒不发生热解反应,又使包裹和吸附于硬泡中的CFC-11移除速率最快.在160℃下加热过4mm筛硬泡颗粒1,2,4h后,可分别移除的CFC-11占硬泡颗粒中总量的84.5%、95.5%和96.6%,残余CFC-11则需足够长时间才可移除,而加热释放气体中CFC-11占82%~85%.