污泥回流对平流式沉淀池去除率的影响分析

针对目前的沉淀理论没有考虑回流污泥量将影响颗粒去除效率这一问题,在深向混合沉淀理论的基础上,得出了考虑回流比的非理想沉淀模型.根据所得模型分析了在平流沉淀池中吸泥机带走的污泥回流量对颗粒沉降的影响.并以某污水悬浮物的剩余量与沉速关系曲线为例进行分析.结果表明,在不考虑污泥回流的情况下,颗粒的去除率为72.8%;考虑污泥回流时,当回流比由0.5变化到3.0时,颗粒的去除率则由71.1%递减到50.9%,均小于不考虑污泥回流时的去除率,且回流比为3.0时,颗粒的去除率为50.9%,相对于未考虑回流污泥时的去除率降低了30%.由此可见,污泥回流量使悬浮颗粒的去除率小于无回流量时的去除率,且随着回流比的增大颗粒沉降效率将显著减小.     

污水厂二维沉淀池水流和悬浮物运动数值模拟

以典型城市污水处理厂平流矩形沉淀池速度和浓度分布计算为例,利用涡量-流函数法建立控制方程,并以有限差分法中的控制容积法对方程进行了离散,求出速度分布场后,利用二维浓度迁移方程对沉淀池浓度分布进行了计算.通过与实验数据的对比,验证了方法的有效性与可行性.另外还对沉淀池数值模拟的应用进行了初步探索.     

Numerical modeling method on the movement of water flow and suspended solids in two-dimensional sedimentation tanks in the wastewater treatment plant

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Numerical modeling method on the movement of water flow and suspended solids in two-dimensional sedimentation tanks in the wastewater treatment plant

Taking the distributing calculation of velocity and concentration as an example,the paper established a series of governing equations by the vorticity-stream function method, and dispersed the equations by the finite differencing method.After figuring out the distribution field of velocity, the paper also calculated the concentration distribution in sedimentation tank by using using the two-dimensional concentration transport equation.The validity and feasibility of the numerical method was verified through comparing with experimental data.Furthermore,the paper carried out a tentative exploration into the application of numerical simulation of sedimentation tanks.     

数值模拟方法在二维沉淀池优化设计中的应用

简要介绍了数值方法在沉淀池悬浮物浓度计算中的应用方法 ,并尝试通过数值模拟过程建立起沉淀池沉降效率与几何尺寸间的关系 ,将其作为约束条件之一建立了一个简单的沉淀池优化设计模型。最后通过实例阐明了这种基于数值计算的优化设计模型的可行性和优势     

大洋山围垦工程对邻近海域环境的影响

利用FVCOM三维海洋数值模型,模拟嵊泗大洋山围垦工程建设填海前后的流场及泥沙运动,对该工程附近海域潮流及各层泥沙分布变化进行了探讨。结果显示,围垦实施后,工程位置西侧及东南侧海域涨、落急潮流减弱、泥沙浓度减小,影响范围主要位于离岸0.26 km以内海域,以外海域潮流和泥沙场格局基本不变;工程东南侧缓流区可能会出现轻微淤积,西侧前沿可能存在冲刷。     

皮口至大长山岛海域现代沉积特征

2003年9月国家海洋环境监测中心对皮口至大长山岛海域进行了海洋资源综合调查与评价.取表层沉积物样90余个,3柱柱状样,通过实验室分析,将表层沉积物类型及其分布特征进行分析,并应用210Pb测年技术,测得调查区海域现代沉积物的堆积速度,探讨其沉积物的沉积速率.结果表明,该区表层沉积物类型以细颗粒沉积为主,具有淤泥质岸带的沉积特征.210Pb测得沉积速率揭示出测区的北岸潮滩区高于水下岸坡也高于大长山岛北侧近岸海域.该区物质来源丰富,沿岸鸭绿江、大洋河、碧流河、和庄河携带的泥沙严格控制了沉积物类型的分布特征.     

太湖水质时空分布特征及内源释放规律研究

将太湖 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年的水质监测数据与空间数据相结合 ,采用基于因子分析的主成分分析方法将太湖的水质参数概括为 5个主成分 ,提取并反证了湖泊水质各个主成分的科学内涵 ,分别为 :水体营养指数 (F1)、富营养化指数 (F2 )、水体溶解氧指数 (F3 )、水体色度指数 (F4)和水体酸碱指数 (F5 ) ;研究了各主成分的空间分布特征和随时间的变化规律 .在室内环形水槽内模拟了水动力条件下太湖底泥的起动规律 ,得到了太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准 (个别动、少量动、普遍动 )下的起动流速 ,并利用泥沙起动的理论模型给予了验证 ,最后得出太湖底泥在 3种不同起动标准下的起动流速分别为 :3 7.9cm·s- 1 ,46 7cm·s- 1 ,5 9 8cm·s- 1 .通过考察上覆水中TN、TP浓度的变化 ,建立了底泥中TN、TP释放率与水体流速的定量化关系 .并将太湖水量水质的同步监测资料应用在数学模型中 ,解决了以往模型中底泥释放率取为常数的不足 ,取得了较好的效果     

Experimental study on sediment-copper distributions in hyper-concentrated turbulent solid-liquid system

This study presents a special problem on vertical distribution for sediment and copper in hyper-concentrated turbulent solid-liquid system that is essentially different from the ordinary low-concentrated turbulent system. A resonance type turbulent simulation equipment is used for the experimental study in which a vertically uniform turbulent field of the mixture of loess and water is produced in a testing cylinder with a grille stirrer that moves up and down harmoniously with varying vibration frequencies, in order to compare the variations of the vertical profiles of sediment and copper in low- and hyper-concentratod solid-liquid system, different scenarios for input sediment content ranging from 5 to 800 kg/m^3 was considered in the experimental studies. It was found that solids copper content increases with input sediment content, So, and reaches its peak as So goes to 10 kg/m^3 and then decreases rapidly with increasing input sediment content. Such a behavior is possibly resulted from the joint effect of the specific adsorption of copper on loess, precipitation of carbonate and hydroxide of copper due to high carbonate content in the loess and the so-called ＂particulate concentration effect＂ due to the present of the sediment variation in water. The vertical sediment concentration distribution resulted from the uniform turbulence is generally uniform, but slight non-uniformity does occur as sediment concentration exceeds certain value. However, the vertical concentration distributions of soluble copper seem not to be affected much by the variation of sediment concentrations.     

正方形沉淀池内部水流运动模拟及设计应用

针对江苏新纪元环保有限公司自主研发的上下全截面正方形沉淀澄清池进行水流运动模拟及分析。正方形沉淀澄清池的水力特性对其沉淀效果有很大影响,在沉淀池水力设计中应通过对池型以及各种几何参数的优化,使其池内回流区范围尽可能减小,并且尽量使池内垂直断面上流速均匀平稳,研究中主要利用模型模拟正方形沉淀澄清池在不同进水流速和不同挡板布置形式下的水流流场,经过分析比较出较为合理的沉淀池运行工况以及较为合适的挡板布置形式,进而提高沉淀池的运行效率。     

Fraction distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Moshui Lake

To examine the status and risk of heavy metal pollution in urban lakes, in China, the distribution of several heavy metals (e.g., Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the sediment of Moshui Lake, Hangyang District, Wuhan City, was characterized. The process of rapid urbanization and industrialization of the district was also studied to find out its relationship with the metal accumulation profile in the sediment. It was found that the total concentration of heavy metals in the sediment was higher than the severe e ect level (SEL), at all sampling sites, except those in the riparian zone. The Cr and Cu maximum concentrations were 1,780 and 1,250 mg/kg, approximately 16 and 11 times as much as the SEL values, and they appeared as deep as 32 cm in one sample. The carbonate and exchangeable fractions of Zn were more than 50% of the total Zn content, resulting in very high risk according to the Risk Assessment Code (RAC). For Cu and Ni, a medium RAC value was found for carbonate and exchangeable fractions of 11%–20%. As sensitive indicators of contaminants in aquatic systems, heavy metals in the sediment reflect the outcome of regional urbanization, industrialization, and environmental management. With rapid urbanization, sedimentary Pb and Zn concentrations increased. The experimental results showed that high sedimentary heavy metal concentrations had resulted from rapid urbanization and industrialization, which would absolutely lead to substantial aquatic environmental decline in urban lakes.     

密度效应对修复药剂在含水层迁移的影响——以KMnO4溶液为例的室内实验研究

利用典型的地下水修复药剂KMnO₄,通过一系列二维模拟槽实验,探究了密度效应作用下KMnO₄在模拟含水层的迁移分布规律,并分析了溶液浓度和介质粒径对密度效应的影响.结果表明,KMnO₄溶液在中砂和粗砂的模拟含水层中产生了明显的下沉现象,且迁移锋面的下沉程度会随着迁移进程不断加重,这导致KMnO₄的运移逐渐由推流向分层流转变,致使部分浅层模拟含水层无法接触KMnO₄;介质粒径越大、药剂浓度越高,密度效应造成的初期锋面下沉现象越明显,但后期下沉的变化幅度却和粒径与浓度成反比;对于锋面后的药剂迁移主体区域,KMnO₄会随着迁移时间延长逐渐分布均匀,并达到与原浓度基本一致的水平.     

污泥动态沉降试验研究

在污泥静态沉降基础上,改进试验装置,对污泥沉降性能进行动态模拟。研究表明沉淀柱中上升流速小于5m/h时,污泥有较好的浓缩效果。试验结果对二沉池设计和污水厂改造有一定的指导作用。     

基于VOF方法的汽车油箱燃油晃动数值模拟分析

目的研究燃油在汽车油箱中的晃动规律,为汽车油箱的结构可靠性设计和汽车燃油的稳定供给提供参考和依据。方法建立某款汽车油箱的几何模型,利用VOF(volume of fluid)方法进行数值模拟。采用控制变量法,对比分析有无隔板、不同冲击加速度、不同充液比对燃油晃动及油箱壁面所受压力的影响。结果无隔板、较大冲击加速度的情况下,燃油晃动更为剧烈,吸油管出现瞬间吸空现象,导致燃油供给不稳定,油箱受到的压力更大,影响油箱的结构可靠性。较小充液比的情况下,由于燃油晃动,吸油管容易出现瞬间吸空现象,导致燃油供给困难。结论汽车油箱采用隔板、保持较小的冲击加速度和较大充液比有利于防止吸油管瞬间吸空,从而保证燃油的稳定供给。充液比太大会造成油箱壁面所受压力增大,因此,应该保持合理的充液比。     

Application of numerical simulation on optimum design of two-dimensional sedimentation tanks in the wastewater treatment plant

The paper establishes the relationship between the sttling efficiency and the sizes of the sedimentation through the process of numerical simulation,which is taken as of the constraints to set up a simple optimum dsigning model of sedimentation tank.The feasibility and advantages of this model based on numerical calculation are verified through the application of practical case.     

高含沙紊动系统中影响泥沙和铜垂向分布的关键因素分析

采用谐振式紊动模拟装置和回归正交设计试验方法，研究了均匀紊乱条件下高浓度固液两相系统中初始投沙量、颗粒级配和紊动强度等因素对泥沙和铜浓度垂向分布的影响，得到了泥沙吸附铜量、水相铜浓度和含沙量与各因素变量间的回归方程，结果表明，投沙量与泥沙吸附铜量和水相铜浓度之间呈负相关关系；紊动强度与泥沙吸附铜量和含沙量之间呈正相关关系，回归正交试验结果进一步表明，泥沙吸附铜量和水相铜浓度均与投沙量显著相关，各因素对两者的影响程度均以投沙量影响为最大，而且远远大于紊动强度和颗粒级配的影响，三因素对铜的水沙分配没有交互作用影响，沿垂向分布的实际含沙量与投沙量、紊动强度及其交互项显著相关，投沙量影响最大。     

天然石英砂的表面络合模型研究

天然泥沙颗粒表面特性复杂,其与营养物质及重金属之间的相互作用,是研究天然水体水环境效应的关键科学问题之一.本文以石英砂为例,在考虑天然泥沙表面形貌引起的电荷非均匀分布的基础上,建立了统计意义上的表面电荷分布-表面电位数学关系,并修正表面络合模型,对表面络合常数采用更合理的静电力校正,模拟营养物质及重金属在天然泥沙颗粒表面的吸附-解吸关系.同时,表面滴定实验及吸附实验数据被用来进行模型验证.结果表明,泥沙颗粒的吸附特性受pH值、水相平衡浓度和背景离子强度等影响,考虑颗粒表面电荷非均匀分布的修正模型,更接近天然泥沙的吸附特性,相比传统表面络合模型,能够更好地模拟吸附结果.     

基于数值仿真-响应表面法的二沉池优化研究

以长沙市某污水处理厂二沉池为例,采用多相流混合物模型与k-ε湍流模型结合对辐流式二沉池内速度场和污泥浓度场进行了数值模拟.以出水口悬浮物浓度(SS)为响应目标,对影响二沉池沉淀效果的3个影响因素(进水口流速、颗粒污泥粒径、挡板的淹没深度)进行中心复合设计(central composite design,CCD),并经响应表面法分析得到影响出水SS的二次回归模型,确定了二沉池沉降的最佳条件:进水口流速为0.03m·s-1,颗粒污泥粒径为220.41μm,挡板的淹没深度为3.45m,采用数值仿真模拟实验得到出水口悬浮物浓度值为2.4mg·L-1,较优化之前的仿真结果一周平均值6.7mg·L-1相比,其处理效率提高了64.2%.采用数值仿真和响应表面法结合对二沉池工艺条件进行优化研究,可以加速寻优过程,是工艺优化的辅助工具.     

湖流作用下太湖底泥再悬浮和NH4-N释放规律研究

在矩形水槽中模拟了太湖底泥起动再悬浮规律,分析了湖流流速对太湖底泥再悬浮及NH4-N释放的作用规律.结果显示:当流速小于20 cm/s时,底泥并未发生大量悬浮,水体中浊度及NH4-N浓度变化不大;当流速大于40cm/s时,底泥发生大规模悬浮,水体中浊度和NH4-N浓度显著提高.试验以少量动作为底泥起动的标准,得出太湖底...     

人工粘土层在枯水期对小清河氧化塘底质水盐运动的抑制模拟研究

利用实验室土柱模拟装置对枯水条件下盐渍地区氧化塘不同底质土壤结构的水盐运移状况进行了定性模拟研究,结果表明,原底质均质白汤土输水能力较大,蒸发较易发生,因而带动盐分在塘底表面大量累积,维持该水盐运移的最大吸力值为１２０ｃｍ,而经人工改造后,表层有３０ｃｍ粘土覆盖的土壤层结构对水盐运移有强烈的抑制作用,在模拟３个月的蒸发时间内表面没有盐分累积。