沉积物中颗粒态镉的赋存形态对文蛤富集效性的影响

利用颗粒物悬浮系统研究了沉积物中Cd的特定赋存形态(如氢氧化铁结合态、氢氧化铝结合态、二氧化锰结合态)对其在文蛤体内富集速率的影响.结果表明,结合于沉积物中不同组分Cd的生物有效性存在明显差异.在Cd浓度为70 mg/kg时,22 d富集实验中氢氧化铁结合态和氢氧化铝结合态Cd在文蛤体内均没有明显的积累,而二氧化锰结合态Cd在文蛤体内有明显的富集,其富集速率为(0.009 4±0.001 0)μg/(g.d)(r2=0.853 9,p0.000 1).在Cd浓度为140 mg/kg时,氢氧化铁结合态Cd仍然无法被文蛤吸收,氢氧化铝和二氧化锰结合态Cd则可以被文蛤富集,其富集速率分别为(0.016 6±0.001 7)μg/(g.d)和(0.024 8±0.001 7)μg/(g.d).不同赋存形态Cd的生物有效性表现为:Cd-MnO2Cd-Al(OH)3Cd-Fe(OH)3.对于不同赋存形态的Cd,吸收效率(AE)和摄食率(IR)的差异导致了其生物有效性的不同.     

东营市北部海域文蛤重金属污染特征与食用风险评价

2016年10月在东营市北部海域采集文蛤,测定其体内7种重金属含量,分析其污染特征,从而探究文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）对沉积物中重金属的生物富集能力及其影响因素,并采用单因子污染指数（P_i）和总目标危险系数（THQ_s）评价文蛤食用风险.结果表明,该海域文蛤体内Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn含量分别为0.009~0.019,0.51~0.80,0.25~0.76,0.45~0.76,0.43~2.46,1.83~3.78,14.33~17.75mg/kg.与国内外其它区域文蛤体内重金属含量对比发现,该海域文蛤体内重金属含量处于中等水平.基于综合污染指数（MPI）,S5站位文蛤受重金属污染最严重.文蛤对Cd的富集能力最强（生物-沉积物积累因子（BSAF）平均为455.13%）.7种重金属中,只有Pb的生物蓄积与其在沉积物中的含量呈显著正相关,而Hg、Cu的蓄积分别与沉积物中细颗粒物（粒径< 63 μm,FGS）、有机质（OM）含量呈显著正相关和负相关.通过分析各站位的THQ_s值可知,长期食用该海域文蛤对人体有害,且食用风险主要来源于As.因此,为降低食用该海域文蛤给消费者带来的健康风险,必须采取有效措施控制重金属（特别是As）在海产品中的积累.     

椒江口海域重金属含量分布及在沉积物和生物体中的富集

研究了椒江口海水、沉积物和生物体中7种重金属的浓度水平,评价了各种重金属在沉积物和生物体内的富集情况.结果表明,表层海水中重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg的平均浓度分别为0.57、7.37、1.89、0.18、36.99、1.57、0.018μg·L-1;表层沉积物中重金属Cr、Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg的浓度分别为30.11、30.62、32.61、0.106、68.56、2.48、0.027×10-6;生物体内除了鲻鱼中未检出Zn外,七种重金属在缢蛏、鲻鱼体内均有检出,且缢蛏中重金属含量明显高于鲻鱼体内重金属的含量.Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、As在沉积物中富集系数高于生物体内,Cr、Zn、Hg、Pb在鲻鱼中的富集系数大于缢蛏中.     

北部湾潮间带沉积物和双壳类动物中的重金属:污染特征与生物积累

环北部湾经济的迅猛发展对沿岸生态环境的人为干扰日益增强,其中潮间带受到的影响更大.研究该区域沉积物的重金属污染特征、来源及生物积累程度,对于北部湾的环境保护及管理十分重要.2011年10月,对北部湾潮间带13个站位的沉积物中7种重金属(Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、As)、Al及总有机碳(TOC)含量和细颗粒(＜63 μm)比例进行测定,同时测定2种双壳类动物(波纹巴非蛤Paphia undulate和文蛤Meretrix meretrix)软组织中重金属含量.通过计算富集因子(EF)和生物-沉积物积累因子(BSAF),对沉积物中每种重金属的来源和生物积累潜力进行分析.结果表明,与世界其他海域相比,北部湾潮间带沉积物中重金属整体污染水平较低,但站位间差异明显;沉积物中的Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu主要来自人为污染,Cr、As和Hg则主要来自天然来源.双壳类动物体内重金属含量在站位间存在较明显差异,波纹巴非蛤和文蛤BSAF值由大到小依次为Cd (861％,1028％)＞Zn (281％,369％)＞Hg(243％,222％)＞Cu(125％,169％) ＞As(38％,42％)＞Cr(37％,23％)＞Pb(3.3％,2.2％);两种生物对Hg、As的积累程度差异不大,波纹巴非蛤对Pb、Cr的积累程度明显高于文蛤,对Cu、Zn、Cd的积累程度则明显低于文蛤.Pearson相关性分析表明,在粒径小、有机质多的沉积物中,多数重金属的生物可利用性降低,不易被双壳类动物吸收利用.     

沉积物中氧化物结合态镉对芦苇的生物有效性研究：氧化物种类、结合形式、老化的影响

沉积物中重金属的生物有效性在很大程度上取决于其赋存形态.选用沉积物中2种典型氢氧化物矿物:氢氧化铁和氢氧化铝,以水培法和矿物结合态Cd为培养介质,以芦苇为受试植物,研究环境中吸附和共沉淀态Cd生物有效性差别,并探究老化过程对生物有效性的影响.经过13 d的培养,发现2种结合形式的Cd均可被芦苇富集,不同处理体系中富集强度不同,根中富集量为9.1~37.8 mg.kg-1;地上部分富集量为0~10.0 mg.kg-1.其中,结合在Fe0.5Al0.5(OH)3矿物上的Cd的生物有效性最大,其次是Fe(OH)3和老化的Fe0.5Al0.5(OH)3,富集量最少的是老化的Fe(OH)3的处理.采用2种低分子量有机酸对Cd进行解吸实验,Cd的解吸规律与芦苇对Cd的富集规律一致.因此,共沉淀处理降低了Cd的富集,矿物的理化性质决定了含铝矿物对Cd的结合较差,老化作用抑制了吸附态Cd的富集,有机酸解吸实验也验证了不同形态Cd生物有效性的差异.     

3种地被竹对重金属复合污染农田土壤的修复潜力

选用菲黄竹、箬竹和鹅毛竹这3种地被竹在Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb复合污染农田上进行为期2 a的田间试验,分析其在污染条件下的生长富集特征,并结合土壤中重金属含量变化情况,对比3种地被竹对重金属复合污染的修复潜力.结果表明,菲黄竹在重金属复合污染农田上适应性最好,生长株数为种植时的63.8倍.3种地被竹体内重金属含量均集中在根部,且对Cd的富集效果最好,对Pb的富集能力最差.3个竹种的根部和鞭部的Cd富集系数均远大于1,其中菲黄竹和箬竹根部富集系数分别为17.68和14.63.重金属累积量则主要集中在根部和鞭部,其中菲黄竹对Cu、Zn和Cd的累积量分别为157.14、363.3和7.18 g·hm^-2,高于鹅毛竹和箬竹.种植2 a后,地被竹周围表层土壤中重金属含量较种植前均有下降,其中Cd含量下降最多,为39.6%~40.4%.此外,菲黄竹和鹅毛竹根际土壤中Cu、Zn和Cd含量均显著小于表层土壤（P<0.05）.试验证明,3种地被竹对Cd均有较强富集能力,可作为Cd修复植物继续深入研究;菲黄竹在生长状况、重金属富集量和累积量等方面均优于箬竹和鹅毛竹,对土壤重金属复合污染修复潜力最高.     

铅锌尾矿污染区3种菊科植物体内重金属的亚细胞分布和化学形态特征

通过实地调查分析广西阳朔某铅锌尾矿污染农田自然生长的3种常见菊科植物野艾蒿、胜红蓟和野茼蒿体内的重金属含量,并采用差速离心与化学试剂提取法分析重金属在植物中的亚细胞分布及其存在的化学形态,探究菊科植物对重金属的积累、耐性特征和机制.结果表明,污染区土壤受Cd、Pb、Zn这3种重金属污染严重,其含量分别比国家土壤环境二级标准(GB 15618-1995)超标37.7、5.7和8.9倍,植物体内Cd、Pb和Zn含量都超过正常范围.野茼蒿和胜红蓟对Cd具有较强的迁移能力和富集能力,适用于Cd污染土壤的生态修复.此外,野茼蒿的茎和叶中Cd的含量分别为159.6 mg·kg~(-1)和219.5mg·kg~(-1),超过Cd超富集植物的临界标准,可见野茼蒿完全具有Cd超富集植物的基本特征,是Cd超富集植物.3种菊科植物地下部和地上部的Cd、Pb和Zn主要分布在液泡可溶组分和细胞壁中,而在细胞器中的分布较少.植株中大部分的重金属以迁移性较低的氯化钠提取态、醋酸提取态和盐酸提取态存在.因此,液泡区隔化、细胞壁固持和重金属以低活性的化学形态为主可能是3种菊科植物应对重金属胁迫的重要耐性机制.与野艾蒿相比,胜红蓟和野茼蒿茎叶中的Cd更多地贮存在液泡中,且地上部"活性态"Cd的积累比例低于根系,这些很可能是胜红蓟和野茼蒿忍耐和富集镉的重要途径.     

湛江港海区沉积物和海洋生物中重金属的富集特征分析与评价

本文利用原子荧光光度计、原子吸收分光光度计测定了湛江港表层沉积物和海洋生物中Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属元素的含量,分析评价沉积物和海洋生物中重金属的含量分布及富集特征。结果表明,除Cd外,其它重金属元素在沉积物中的含量均高于其在海洋生物体中的含量;湛江港海域Cu、Zn、Cd在生物体内积累较严重;软体类和甲壳类从沉积物中富集Hg和Pb能力相当,但软体类从沉积物中富集Zn和Cd能力高于甲壳类、富集Cu能力低于甲壳类。与沉积物重金属含量的非参数相关分析表明,沉积物中重金属既能促进也能抑制生物体内的重金属富集,但在软体类和甲壳类两类生物体中表现不同。     

磷尾矿堆积区常见植物对重金属的吸收和富集特征研究

调查分析贵州福泉川恒磷尾矿堆积区土壤中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的含量,采集矿区常见植物,对比植物对Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd的吸收、转运和富集特征.结果表明,磷尾矿区土壤未受四种重金属污染,植物体内金属含量也都在正常范围值内,体内重金属含量均未能达到超富集植物的含量标准;在调查的植物中,对Cd的富集系数值均大于1,禾本科雀麦、菊科野菊花体现了对Pb、Cu、Cd等多金属的富集优势,禾本科雀麦对Pb、Cu、Cd的富集系数为3.47、1.58、2.9,野菊花为1.86、0.86、4.02;迁移系数分别为雀麦2.82、2.16、0.67,野菊花3.98、1.28、0.74;对于元素Zn两者的TF值均大于1,因此这两种矿区植物都展现出了对重金属良好富集与迁移特征,对污染土壤的植物修复具有潜在的应用价值,应该通过实验室水土试验加以确认.     

黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体中重金属残留量水平

以1990年7月～12月中国黄渤海沿岸经济贝类体内重金属分析数据为基础,探讨了黄渤海沿岸主要经济贝类体中5种重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr）含量水平及污染特征。其调查结果表明：目前只有铜未超过双壳类软体动物评价标准。重金属残留量平均水平为黄海沿岸大于渤海沿岸。不同种类双壳类软体动物对５种重金属富集能力存在着差异,牡蛎对铜、锌的富集能力比其他贝类高40～100倍,毛蚶对镉、铬的富集能力比其他贝类高5～58倍。此沿岸的紫贻贝、牡蛎、文蛤、毛蚶等可作海洋污染生物指示种。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.