产甘油假丝酵母抗逆转录因子的过表达对酿酒酵母耐酸胁迫性的影响

以具有优良环境耐受性的产甘油假丝酵母(Candida glycerinogenes)为研究对象,考察其抗逆转录因子对酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)酸胁迫耐受性的影响.分别克隆获得C.glycerinogenes和S.cerevisiae的转录因子基因haa1和asg1,在S.cerevisiae W303-1A中分别过表达这4个基因,继而进行摇瓶试验考察重组菌株的酸耐受性.结果显示,过表达不同转录因子均能提高细胞酸耐受性,其中90 mmol/L乙酸时重组菌S.cerevisiae/Cghaa1和S.cerevisiae/Cgasg1的生物量与S.cerevisiae/Schaa1和S.cerevisiae/Scasg1相比分别提高了44.3%和18.9%.q RT-PCR发现,与Schaa1和Scasg1相比,过表达Cghaa1和Cgasg1能够显著上调下游酸耐受相关基因的表达水平.酸胁迫下乙醇发酵结果显示,相比对照组,重组菌S.cerevisiae/Cgasg1的乙醇产量提高11.1%.上述结果表明转录因子HAA1和ASG1均能提高酿酒酵母酸耐受性和酸胁迫下乙醇产量,其中Cghaa1和Cgasg1效果更为明显,结果可为提高酿酒酵母酸耐受性提供新的基因资源和思路,为进一步挖掘C.glycerinogenes抗逆基因提供借鉴.     

一株耐酸耐铜细菌的选育及其吸附铜离子的特性

从某铜矿选矿废水中筛选分离出一株在强酸性条件下对铜去除能力较高的菌株Z-1,经鉴定为克雷伯氏杆菌.考察了碳源、氮源、pH、温度、吸附时间、投菌量等因素对菌株Z-1生长量及吸附Cu2+的影响.结果表明,菌株Z-1的最佳碳源为乙酸钠,其最佳用量为3 g.L-1;最佳氮源为硫酸铵,最佳用量为1.2 g.L-1.在投菌量为4 g.L-1、温度为30℃、吸附时间为4 h的条件下,菌株Z-1对pH=3、Cu2+100 mg.L-1的废水吸附效果最优,Cu2+去除率达到59.7%.菌株Z-1对Cu2+的吸附过程能很好地用吸附模型Langmuir方程描述,菌株Z-1去除的铜离子,有92.3%分布在细胞壁上,其余7.7%分布在细胞质内,说明菌株Z-1对铜离子的去除主要为表面吸附.     

粘土改性条件的研究Ⅱ.沸石的改性

考察了改性沸石的CTMAB加入量、CTMAB溶液浓度和吸附时间对CTMAB吸附量的影响 .测得沸石对CTMAB的饱和吸附容量为 6 5 0 0± 1 0 0mg·1 0 0g- 1沸石 ,明显高于改性膨润土的饱和吸附量 ,吸附符合Langmuir吸附特征 . 2 5℃时 ,当CTMAB的加入量为沸石饱和吸附容量的 1 1— 1 2倍 ,CTMAB溶液浓度≥ 1 6mg·ml- 1,吸附时间超过 6h时 ,沸石基本达到饱和吸附 .考察了有机沸石对于水中BTEX的去除效果 .并对沸石和膨润土的性质进行了比较 .     

低剂量三氯生和三氯卡班对嗜热四膜虫的毒性研究

研究了环境相关浓度水平(μg.L-1)的三氯生(TCS)和三氯卡班(TCC)暴露对嗜热四膜虫的生长抑制效应,并尝试探索这两种新生污染物对四膜虫细胞活性的影响.结果表明,μg.L-1水平的TCS和TCC对四膜虫的生长存在明显抑制作用,24 h-EC50分别为141μg.L-1、728μg.L-1;最低无效应浓度(NOEC)分别为2μg.L-1、30μg.L-1;最低效应浓度(LOEC)分别为4μg.L-1、61μg.L-1.其中,TCC在1—10μg.L-1水平表现出促进作用,可能是hormesis效应的体现.另外,在TCS和TCC浓度达到1000μg.L-1时均对四膜虫细胞膜产生明显损伤;TCS和TCC也影响其溶酶体活性,1μg.L-1暴露2 h时,荧光值(RFU)百分比分别降低至对照样品的88.62%、95.75%.本研究结果有助于进一步从亚细胞和分子水平认识环境污染水平TCS和TCC的生态毒性,也为这两种新生污染物在环境中的生态风险评价提供重要参考依据.     

洪湖湿地鹭科鸟类组织中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价

利用气相色谱-电子俘获检测器(GC-ECD)测定了洪湖鹭科鸟类(包括白鹭、池鹭)的胸脯肌肉、肝脏组织中的有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量.结果显示,鹭科鸟体内六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)、六氯代苯、艾氏剂、七氯、环氧七氯等大部分有机氯农药均有检出.白鹭肌肉组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:11.3—89.4 ng.g-1和162—2149 ng.g-1(以脂重计,下同),平均值分别为37.3 ng.g-1和943 ng.g-1;肝脏组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:3.73—30.6 ng.g-1和280—957 ng.g-1,平均值分别为14.6 ng.g-1和566 ng.g-1.池鹭肌肉组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:3.61—25.8 ng.g-1和68.4—261 ng.g-1,平均值分别为11.5 ng.g-1和189 ng.g-1;肝脏组织中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:6.63—18.9 ng.g-1和147—1305 ng.g-1,平均值分别为13.1 ng.g-1和553 ng.g-1.统计分析显示,HCHs和DDTs在洪湖鹭科鸟组织中的含量差异均不显著(P>0.05).分析结果表明,洪湖湿地系统可作为有机氯污染的潜在源区,而候鸟可成为有机污染物在繁殖地与越冬地之间的传输介质.洪湖地区鹭鸟体内有机氯污染与全球其它地区相比处于较低水平,有机氯农药尚未对本区鸟类产生威胁.     

番茄SIZ1-like1基因的克隆与功能

SUMO(Small ubiquitin-related modifi er)化修饰是植物体内一种重要的蛋白质功能调节方式.它调控植物细胞中蛋白的降解与定位,植物抗性及激素调节等.SIZ1是SUMO的E3连接酶并在SUMO化中起重要作用.为了解SIZ1基因在番茄中的功能,成功克隆番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)SIZ1基因(SIZ1-like1)并构建番茄SIZ1-like1RNA干涉和过表达载体后,通过农杆菌介导转入野生型番茄,成功获得6个独立的转基因阳性植株.荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)分析野生型番茄中SIZ1-like1基因的组织表达特异性,发现SIZ1-like1在植物的各个组织中都有表达.构建SIZ1-like1黄色荧光蛋白融合表达载体,通过对SIZ1-like1融合黄色荧光蛋白转基因番茄的根尖进行荧光显微观察,证实番茄SIZ1蛋白定位于细胞核.干旱胁迫实验分析显示,过表达转基因植株抗旱性强于野生型,且脯氨酸含量是野生型的3倍左右,而RNAi植株抗旱能力则较弱.因此SIZ1基因对番茄抗旱起到了正调控作用.     

铜、汞、铅对涡虫的急性毒性作用

在恒温 (2 0± 1)℃条件下研究了铜、汞、铅离子对东亚三角头涡虫 (Dugesiajaponica)的急性毒性作用 .结果为Cu2 、Hg2 和Pb2 对涡虫 2 4h半致死浓度 (LC50 )分别是 :1.5 6 3mgL-1、0 .70 4mgL-1和 188.16mgL-1;4 8h的LC50 分别是 :0 .888mgL-1、0 .6 6 6mgL-1和 171.5 7mgL-1;72h的LC50 分别是 :0 .786mgL-1、0 .6 6 2mgL-1和 14 0 .94mgL-1;96h的LC50 分别是 :0 .779mgL-1、0 .6 4 7mgL-1(Pb2 无此值 ) .试验结果表明 :这些重金属的作用应属于3种类型 ,涡虫作为重金属污染的指示生物基本可行 .图 2表 1参 18     

沉水植物苦草的营养成分分析与综合利用

沉水植物苦草的营养成分分析结果表明,其蛋白质含量为218.4 g.kg-1,脂肪含量为51.4 g.kg-1,多糖含量为37.6 g.kg-1,灰分含量为265.7 g.kg-1;氨基酸总量为147.6 g.kg-1(色氨酸未测),必需氨基酸为55.0g.kg-1;含有K、Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Na、A l、Ba等多种矿质元素,其中K、Ca、Fe、Na含量分别高达60.5、10.9、16.3、12.7 g.kg-1。可见苦草是一种优质的营养资源,具有很高的开发价值。在此基础上,进一步探讨了苦草的资源化利用方式和应用前景。     

乳状液膜法处理含柠檬酸工业废水的研究

本文研究了以LMA-1为表面活性剂,正三辛胺为流动载体,Na_2CO_3溶液为内相试剂.煤油为膜溶剂所组成的液膜体系处理柠檬酸废水,考察了搅拌速度、表面活性剂种类和用量.载体用量、乳水比、油内比对废水中COD去除率的影响,结果表明:当LMA-1为3g·100ml~(-1)煤油,R_(?)=1:10,R_(?)=1:1.搅拌速度为300r·min~(-1)时.废水中COD的去除率可达99%.     

中国红豆杉内生放线菌En-1的分离、鉴定及其次生代谢物的研究

采用选择性分离方法对药用植物红豆杉Taxus chinensis嫩枝和叶进行内生菌分离,得到一株放线菌En-1,经鉴定为链霉菌Streptomyces sp.;并对该菌进行液体培养条件优化、次生代谢物初筛及其抗菌活性的研究。通过添加宿主植物浸出物至En-1液体培养中以考察宿主对后者生长的影响,结果表明红豆杉叶浸出物能促进En-1的体外生长;而且En-1次生代谢物对5株供试菌中的黑曲霉具有抑制活性。通过En-1菌培养基优化并联合波谱法检测其发酵产物,显示8#配方（淀粉25 g.L-1,KNO3 1 g.L-1,K2HPO4.3H2O 0.5 g.L-1,NaCl 0.5 g.L-1,FeSO4.7H2O 0.01 g.L-1,MgSO4.7H2O 0.5 g.L-1）培养液中,En-1所产的次生代谢物最具结构多样性;同时8#配方也有利于该菌产生抗菌活性产物。本研究提示红豆杉内生放线菌可作为寻求药物先导化合物的资源菌。     

基于弥散光纤的二氧化钛光催化反应器

以弥散光纤(SOF)作为基体、负载纳米二氧化钛膜制备光纤式反应器,可有效提高催化剂与降解物的接触面积,提高光的传输、利用效率,克服了传统固定床反应器的不足,应用新型的光纤式反应器催化降解4-氯苯酚,降解率达到95%.     

Effect of surfactants on Fenton's reagent-mediated degradation of Kraft black liquor

One of the limitations of the biodegradation of hydrophobic chemical compounds, like lignins, is their low solubility in the aqueous solution where this process takes place. To resolve this problem, surfactants have been used to improve the solubility of these hydrophobic compounds. In this investigation, we studied the effect of surfactants (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic) on the treatment of Kraft black liquor with Fenton's reagent. In the Fenton reaction, H2O2 (two different concentrations, 10 mM and 20 mM), FeCl2 (1 mM) and surfactant solution (10%) were used. Black liquor degradation was determined by UV/Visible spectrophotometry and by measuring phenolic groups. In the presence of Fenton's reagent, the optimum conditions for the oxidative degradation of black liquor were 10 mM H2O2, 1 microL of 10% solution of anionic surfactant (SDS). The importance of the use of surfactants for preparing black liquor for subsequent Fenton's reagent-mediated degradation was discussed.     

氨化预处理对生物质秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

为探明氨化预处理对小麦秸秆干式厌氧发酵产气量影响的内在原因,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、视频光学接触角测定仪（GBX）、热重分析（TGA）等方法,对氨化处理前后小麦秸秆中纤维结构的变化进行了多方面研究。结果表明,氨化预处理使小麦秸秆纤维部分官能团发生断裂,表层的亲水性增加,秸秆的热稳定性提高,并且氨化作用对纤维结构的破坏,有利于厌氧微生物接触到更多的可发酵物质,提高了秸秆的利用率,也表明小麦秸秆纤维结构的变化是厌氧发酵产气量提高的主要原因。     

废弃塑料包装物的管理及资源、环境评价

由于塑料包装材料具有明显的资源优势,而获得广泛应用。但塑料材料的原料——石油,目前面临枯竭窘境。同时,塑料包装废弃物的处理存在巨大的环境压力。焚烧包括塑料包装废弃物在内的生活垃圾,用于发电,是日本曾经采取的方法。近年来,因存在难以逾越的生态环境问题,而逐渐废止。工业生态学的材料流的循环利用模式,是解决资源耗尽、废物充斥的理想方法。源头分离是城市固体废弃物资源化的前提条件。按塑料品种分类回收,以材料形式重复利用,保留了塑料的材料价值,还需要解决,再加工过程造成材料力学性能下降的问题。将单一品种塑料转化成单体,不同塑料品种的单体转化率有很大差距,缩合聚合物较高,而PP、PE等则不然。混合塑料的热裂解可获得化工原料和燃料,又达到减少垃圾总量和石油资源循环利用的效果,具有开发潜力。填埋方式占用土地又人为阻碍了有机垃圾回归生物圈。控制性堆肥对避免大量使用化肥、农药造成的生态环境灾难,再建农业生产的可持续性模式,发挥重要作用。生物降解塑料袋对堆肥的实施,具有特殊价值。PET和E-CO在食品包装某些应用领域有优势,而PVC食品包装物的使用和废弃后再利用都存在问题。     

以微型计算机为基础的现场尘粒浓度测量仪

本文提出一种对有害尘粒污染源排放实施现场连续监测系统。仪器具有光电收发对称式尘粒浓度探测头、光学界面沾染自校正单元以及可编程锁相放大器。微机作为中心控制单元，完成光源调制、电机驱动、相移和灵敏度自动调整，实现数据采集与处理，发布测量结果并协调各单元运行。最后，给出了由比较性测量所得实验数据。     

Plastic materials and water sources actively select and shape wastewater plastispheres over time

● Wastewater MPs exhibited resistomes and therefore health threats. ● High density of alkB gene indicates both HDPE and PET can be utilized by microbes. ● Plastics and waters actively selected and shaped the plastispheres over time. ● A broader phylogenetic spectrum of MHET-degrading microorganisms was annotated. The daily use of plastics presents a serious pollution issue due to their extremely slow degradation. Microplastics and the biofilm that grows on plastics (i.e., the plastisphere) are important subsets of plastic wastes. Many studies have been conducted to reveal the structures of the plastispheres, the driving factors for the formation of the plastisphere, and the ability of the plastispheres to degrade plastics in a variety of water bodies. However, the plastispheres related to wastewater are understudied. In this study, we used a microcosmic strategy to study the evolution of the plastispheres associated with microplastics (MPs) over time in wastewater. We found that plastic materials and water sources did not actively select and shape the plastispheres at an early stage, but the active selection for a unique niche of the plastisphere occurred after 14 d of growth. In addition, we confirmed that the alkB gene was densely present, and metagenomics showed some additional chemical reactions, which suggests that MPs are consumed by the microbes in the plastispheres. Additionally, metagenomics identified some metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The identification of HDPE-associated MAGs and PET-associated MAGs further supports the notion that the selection for a unique niche of the plastisphere is driven by plastic materials and water sources (in this study, after 14 d of growth). Our discoveries bring new views on the behavior of the wastewater-associated plastisphere, especially how long it takes a wastewater plastisphere to form.     

Removal of organophosphorus pesticides from water by electrogenerated Fenton's reagent

Aqueous solutions of organophosphorus pesticides were completely mineralized via in-situ generated hydroxyl radicals (HO^·) by the Electro-Fenton process. Formation of Fenton's reagent (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺) was carried out by simultaneous reduction of O₂ and Fe³⁺ on carbon cathode in acidic medium. The electrochemistry combined with Fenton's reagent provides an excellent way to continuously produce the hydroxyl radical, a powerful oxidant. We demonstrate the efficiency of the Electro-Fenton process to degrade three organophosphorus insecticides: malathion, parathion ethyl and tetra-ethyl-pyrophosphate (TEPP). Degradation kinetics and removals of chemical oxygen demand (COD) have been investigated. Here we show that the mineralization efficiency was over 80% for three organophosphorus pesticides.     

Biosorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions by pretreated Cladosporium sp

In this paper, adsorption properties of a pretreated of Cladosporium sp. for Cu2 were studied. The fungi pretreated with some chemical reagents exhibited higher Cu2+ removal capacities than native biomass. The optimum chemical reagent was 0.2M NaOH. After 0.2M NaOH pretreatment, optimum conditions of biosorption were found to be pH 5.0, temperature 35 degrees C, and stirring speed of 100rpm. Equilibrium isotherms were obtained from adsorption experiments and the biosorption maximun capacity obtained was at 28.31mg/g. The biosorbed metal ions were effectively eluted by 0.05M HNO3 solution. After eluting, the biosorbed metal ions biomass was regenerated by washing with deionized water and then contacted with a solution containing 0. 1M of Ca2+, Mg2+ ions before further adsorption tests. The pretreated fungi biomass could be used for three cycles: biosorption, elution of biosorbed ion, regeneration of biomass.     

What have we known so far for fluorescence staining and quantification of microplastics: A tutorial review

• Fluorescence staining provides a fast and easy method to quantify microplastics. • Factors that influence staining are summarized to obtain an optimum staining effect. • Natural organic matter can be stained by dye and interfere with quantification. • Fluorescence staining is applied in both field and laboratory studies. • Future work involves developing new dyes and automated image-analysis methods. Understanding the fate and toxicity of microplastics (MPs,<5 mm plastic particles) is limited by quantification methods. This paper summarizes the methods in use and presents new ones. First, sampling and pretreatment processes of MPs, including sample collection, digestion, density separation, and quality control are reviewed. Then the promising and convenient staining procedures and quantification methods for MPs using fluorescence dyes are reviewed. The factors that influence the staining of MPs, including their physicochemical properties, are summarized to provide an optimal operation procedure. In general, the digestion step is crucial to eliminate natural organic matter (NOM) to avoid interference in quantification. Chloroform was reported to be the most appropriate solvent, and 10–20 μg/mL are recommended as optimal dye concentrations. In addition, a heating and cooling procedure is recommended to maintain the fluorescence intensity of MPs for two months. After staining, a fluorescence microscope is usually used to characterize the morphology, mass, or number of MPs, but compositional analysis cannot be determined with it. These fluorescence staining methods have been implemented to study MP abundance, transport, and toxicity and have been combined with other chemical characterization techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. More studies are needed to focus on the synthesis of novel dyes to avoid NOM’s interference. They need to be combined with other spectroscopic techniques to characterize plastic composition and to develop image-analysis methods. The stability of stained MPs needs to be improved.     

基于斑马鱼毒理基因组学的化学品测试技术研究进展

大量缺乏毒性信息的化学品最终进入环境水体,对人类及生态生物产生潜在的危害与风险。提高化学品生物毒性测试与评估技术的通量和效率,是实现毒害化学物质环境与生态健康风险防控的关键。作为一种可以实现高通量测试的脊椎动物模型,斑马鱼胚胎测试在化学品的毒性评估中应用广泛。随着组学技术的发展,毒理基因组学可有效提取毒害化学品致毒过程中干扰生物学通路的信息。这些机制信息可用于对单物质或复合污染物生物毒性的筛选和预测。本文综述了不同斑马鱼胚胎测试技术在化学品毒性筛选评估管理与水环境复合污染毒性监测中的发展和应用,详细介绍了一种新型斑马鱼胚胎简化转录组学技术的方法流程和优势,并探讨了综合斑马鱼胚胎毒性测试、行为分析和组学等不同测试技术在化学品毒性测试、环境监测与评价中的应用前景。