耕地规模经营问题的国内研究述评

运用文献资料法、对比分析法,对耕地规模经营的农户意愿与行为机理、适度值测算、经营主体及运营模式、经营效应等进行综述,阐明现有耕地规模经营相关研究的主要内容、特点、不足与未来发展方向。结果表明:我国耕地规模经营研究在理论和方法上均表现出长足发展,但对耕地规模经营主体、尺度、效应方面不同学者的侧重点有所差异,未能达成共识。未来的研究可在农户规模经营意愿、概念界定、适度值测算、规模经营效应方面进行深入研究,为完善相关土地政策、引导各类微观主体转变资源利用方式、提高农业可持续发展能力提供科学依据。     

农地规模经营法律规制的正当性与制度构建

农地规模经营是农业现代化的主要途径和重要手段。农地规模经营法律规制的本质在于强调政府的"适度"规制行为,具有维护土地的公共利益目标,矫正农地规模经营过程中的市场失灵,消除农地规模经营负外部性的正当性。针对当前农地流转与规模经营法律制度的滞后性、法律体系不健全、农地保护法律制度价值错位等问题,以农地规模经营法律制度构建为逻辑起点,提出我国农地规模经营法律制度构建的路径。     

咸宁市咸安区耕地资源变化态势与对策

耕地的减少是咸宁市咸安区面临的一个主要问题.在分析1949～2000年咸安区耕地变化的基础上,应用相关分析法分析了近10年来引起该区耕地变化的原因:人口增加、经济发展及土地管理政策等,并提出了严格控制人口增长,控制城市规模,加强土地管理,切实保护耕地及建立耕地流转制度以推动适度规模经营等措施.     

生态文明视域下河北沿海地区湿地农业发展转型研究

基于生态文明建设视域,分析了河北沿海地区湿地农业发展现状,指出目前存在天然湿地面积逐年减少、抵御自然灾害能力降低、水资源及环境条件恶化、湿地功能发挥受到限制等主要问题,阐释了湿地农业发展转型的必要性,提出实现湿地农业持续发展,必须推动其增长方式向依靠科学技术和科学管理转型,生产方式向依靠基础设施和技术装备转型,经营方式向适度规模经营转型,农产品向多品种、高品质转型,发展方式向多次产业融合转型。     

我国农地规模经营适宜性评价及分类研究

农地规模经营是农业现代化发展的必经之路,是解决当前“三农”问题的重要途径之一.根据影响农地规模经营的因素建立了农地规模经营适宜性评价指标体系,运用熵值法对我国31个省级行政区的农地规模经营适宜性进行了分析,将我国各地区按照不同的农地规模经营发展条件分为五类,并以评价结果为依据确定各类别的发展条件优劣,为探索农地规模经营发展路径、制定差别化的发展政策等研究和应用提供理论参考.     

湖南省耕地流转的现状、问题及对策

在农村劳动力加速转移和实施乡村振兴战略的背景下,以耕地为主的农村土地流转是我国农业适度规模经营的前提与现代农业发展的必由之路。以湖南省三大经济板块中的6个典型县(市)为实地调研对象,在全面了解6县(市)耕地流转现状的基础上,以点带面,总结归纳出全省耕地流转中存在的主要问题,并针对主要问题提出相应的对策建议,以期为新时期湖南省各级政府稳步推进耕地有序高效流转提供决策依据,同时也为国内其他省份提供参考借鉴。     

福建家庭林业单户与联户经营的效率差异分析——以福建省5地市272户农户数据为例

基于福建省5地市272户农户的调查数据,采用DEA-BCC模型和效率累计频率图对单户和联户两种经营模式的效率进行计算并分析,得出如下主要结论:福建省家庭林业经营效率偏低,联户经营效率高于单户经营;生产要素配置不合理是造成福建省林业经营效率低下的主要原因;单户经营下的适度规模经营面积是3.33—6.67hm2,联户则为6.67—13.33hm2;不同林农之间经营林业的水平差距较大。在分析以上结论及原因的基础上,提出以下建议:继续深化集体林权制度改革,逐步完善林业配套措施;稳定林业政策,提升预期收益;发加强林业技术培训,提升林农管理水平;转变林业经营观念,寻求林业潜在效益。     

黑龙滩水库风景区旅游容量的探讨

本文从黑龙滩风景区自然景点、游览线路、旅游开发方式、适度活动面积及空间容量计算，基础设施容量计算以及环境污染承受能力等几个方面综合计算了黑龙滩水库风景区的旅游容量。并对适度旅游容量下如何开发利用风景区旅游资源进行了探讨。     

循环经济与适度包装

本文简述了循环经济与适度包装的相关概念,以及我国包装行业的发展历程,阐述了如何通过改变传统的消费观念、制定相应的法律法规和实施源头控制加强回收利用来遏制过度包装、倡导适度包装.     

产权异质性、林地流转与林业经营效率——来自福建省664户山区农户的调查

林地流转具有激活林业市场、实现适度规模经营、提高林业经营效率的作用,而产权是该过程中不可忽视的重要因素。基于福建省5地市10县域的实地调查获取的668户农户问卷,通过建立DEA-Tobit模型,在不同产权类型视角下研究林地流转对林业经营效率的影响,并对产权因素作用机制进行分析。结果表明:(1)林地流转对农户林业经营效率具有显著影响。林地流转可促进林业经营效率提高,不同流转方向和产权特征下的影响具有差异。(2)农户林业经营效率整体偏低。按照流转和产权特征分类,流转户效率高于未流转户,联合产权特征农户效率高于独立产权。(3)产权异质性对土地流转和林业经营效率产生影响。独立产权对林业经营效率具有显著的直接影响,通过土地流转对产权产生间接影响,联合产权对林业经营效率影响不具有显著性。     

论生态环境保护督察制度的完善

推进生态环境保护督察往纵深方向发展需要完善生态环境保护督察制度。生态环境保护督察制度建设具备政治支持、实践基础和制度铺垫等条件。完善生态环境保护督察制度建设以习近平生态文明思想为根本遵循,坚持党的领导,突出问题导向,充分发扬民主。应当完善生态环境保护督察领导小组及其办公室、生态环境保护督察组、生态环境部及其区域督察局等生态环境保护督察主体制度,明确生态环境保护督察组享有检查权、处置权、请求协助权、交办权、督察情况述评权、问责建议权等。完善生态环境保护督察制度应当对地方党委、政府及有关部门、党政领导干部落实中央生态文明建设的决策部署、执行生态环境保护法律法规、履行生态环境保护职能等开展督察。生态环境保护督察可以采取集中督察、"回头看"督察、专项督察、常态督察等形式。除常态督察外,生态环境保护督察主要包括督察准备、督察进驻和进行、督察意见和整改、督察结束、督察后处理等环节。     

底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific

The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the hydrologic function of bogs,fens, and mires

Few quantitative studies have been done on the hydrology of fens, bogs, and mires. Consequently predicting the cumulative impacts of disturbances on their hydrologic functions is extremely difficult. For example, few data are available on the role of bogs and fens with respect to flood desynchronization and shoreline anchoring. However, recent studies suggest that very small amounts of groundwater discharge are sufficient to radically modify mire surface-water chemistry, and consequently, vegetation communities and their associated surface-water hydrology. Bogs and fens are, in a sense, hydrobiologic systems, and any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to (1) consider the complicated and little understood interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas and land uses.It is difficult to evaluate the potential cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, and evapotranspiration are inexact (Winter 1988). This is especially so for bogs, fens, and mires underlain by thick organic soils. These wetlands, found in the circumboreal areas of North America, Europe, and Asia, are major physiographic features in eastern North America, northern Europe, and Siberia (Kivenen and Pakarinen 1981, Gore 1983, Glaser and Janssens 1986). Their very scale makes it difficult to quantify the hydrologic function accurately. The hydrology of small bogs and fens found elsewhere is just as poorly understood because of conflicting conceptual models of pertinent hydrologic processes.This article (1) reviews our current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires at different scales and in different physiographic settings and (2) presents hypotheses on potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that might occur with multiple disturbances.     

Restitution of forest property in post-communist Bulgaria

After ten years of post-communist transformation, the current Bulgarian Government has only recently initiated the task of wholesale reform of the communist-era structures extant within the forestry sector. This is an unavoidably complex process, involving the reorganisation of tenure over forest resources (restitution to pre-communist era owners), the privatisation and decentralisation of commercial and related activities in the woods, the redefinition of the role of the State in oversight, management and planning, and the development of a supportive institutional context for the growth of small and medium private enterprise throughout the forestry production process. This paper discusses the legal, institutional, economic and environmental implications of forest restitution. The author argues that the particular Bulgarian solution to the reform of forestry tenure structures, based on a mix of private and public ownership, arises out of the crucible of Bulgarian historical geography and the requirements of contemporary neoliberal models of transition. On the basis of the analysis, a number of important implications for Bulgarian, and indeed all post-communist forestry sectors, are raised for major related processes, such as the development of a robust private forestry sector, the limitation of the role of the State to conservation, management and oversight, and the reconfiguration of timber as a resource for local economic development.     

A multivariate statistical analysis of surface water chemistry data--the Ankobra Basin, Ghana

R-mode hierarchical cluster and principal component analysis (PCA) were simultaneously applied to surface water hydrochemical data from three different locations, Ankwaso, Dominase and Prestea, along the Ankobra Basin, Ghana, to extract principal factors corresponding to the different sources of variation in the hydrochemistry, with the objective of defining the main controls on the hydrochemistry at the basin scale. Using the Kaiser criterion, principal components (PC) were extracted from the data and rotated using varimax normalization, for each location. The varimax rotation ensured that variation in the data was maximized for easy interpretation of the results. The analysis reduced 30, 33 and 33 data points, respectively, for Ankwaso, Dominase and Prestea to four, three and four PC representing the sources of variation in the hydrochemistry at the three different locations. Though the PC analysis proved to be more robust at unveiling the sources of variation in the hydrochemistry than the R-mode hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), the combined use of both techniques resulted in more reliable interpretations of the hydrochemistry. On the basis of these analyses, the hydrochemistry of the basin is controlled largely by the weathering of minerals (silicates, carbonates, gypsum and apatite) from the underlying meta-sediments of the Birimian and Tarkwaian Systems, and the decay of organic matter from the heavily forested regions. Concentrations of the major chemical parameters are within naturally acceptable limits and do not pose threats to the local ecology and humans. There is no strong evidence of high anthropogenic impacts on the major anions and cations used for this research, though there are variations at the different locations studied. The hydrochemistry at Ankwaso is principally controlled by the weathering of silicate minerals, whereas those of Dominase and Prestea are, respectively, influenced by precipitation and domestic wastewaters, and the decay of organic matter.     

Scientific research, stakeholders, and policy: continuing dialogue during research on radionuclides on Amchitka Island, Alaska

It is increasingly clear that a wide range of stakeholders should be included in the problem formulation phase of research aimed at solving environmental problems; indeed the inclusion of stakeholders at this stage has been formalized as an integral part of ecological risk assessment. In this paper, we advocate the additional inclusion of stakeholders in the refinement of research methods and protocols and in the execution of the research, rather than just at the final communication and reporting phase. We use a large study of potential radionuclide levels in marine biota around Amchitka Island as a case study. Amchitka Island, in the Aleutian Island Chain of Alaska, was the site of three underground nuclear tests (1965-1971). The overall objective of the biological component of the study was to collect a range of marine biota for radionuclide analysis that could provide data for assessing current food safety and provide a baseline for developing a plan to monitor human and ecosystem health in perpetuity. Stakeholders, including regulators (State of Alaska), resource trustees (US Fish and Wildlife Service, State of Alaska), representatives of the Aleut and Pribilof Island communities, the Department of Energy (DOE), and others, were essential for plan development. While these stakeholders were included in the initial problem formulation and approved science plan, we also included them in the refinement of protocols, selection of bioindicators, selection of a reference site, choice of methods of collection, and in the execution of the study itself. Meetings with stakeholders resulted in adding (or deleting) bioindicator species and tissues, prioritizing target species, refining sampling methods, and recruiting collection personnel. Some species were added because they were important subsistence foods for the Aleuts, and others were added because they were ecological equivalents to replace species deleted because of low population numbers. Two major refinements that changed the research thrust were (1) the inclusion of Aleut hunters and fishers on the biological expedition itself to ensure that subsistence foods and methods were represented, and (2) the addition of a fisheries biologist on a NOAA research trawler to allow sampling of commercial fishes. Although the original research design called for the collection of biota by Aleut subsistence fishermen, and by a commercial fishing boat, the research was modified with continued stakeholder input to actually include Aleuts and a fisheries biologist on the expeditions to ensure their representation. The inclusion of stakeholders during the development of protocols and the research itself improved the overall quality of the investigation, while making it more relevant to the interested and affected parties. Final responsibility for the design and execution of the research and radionuclide analysis rested with the researchers, but the process of stakeholder inclusion made the research more valuable as a source of credible information and for public policy decisions.     

高校党政办公室工作的创新与实践

党政办公室在高校的发展与建设中承担着组织、协调、服务、督办等重要的职能与作用.面对新形势、新任务、新要求,党政办公室要跟上时代的步伐,就必须不断开拓进取,建立一种新的、现代的、更加先进的工作理念、工作方式、工作机制,充分调动工作人员的创造性和积极性,提高高校党政办公室工作的效率,建设一流部门,争创一流业绩.     

Valuation of externalities of selected waste management alternatives: A comparative review and analysis

Accessible and transparent data on the social costs of externalities is crucial to waste management researchers, decision-makers, and managers, if waste management strategies are to be successfully analyzed and implemented. The primary objective of this study, which is based on a thorough review of existing literature and research, was to assist the abovementioned in their decision-making with reliable recent data, by mapping, gathering, analyzing, and comparing different valuation results of external costs associated with various types of pollution and disamenities related to landfilling and incineration of solid waste.The second objective was to assess the suitability and reliability of various valuation methods and techniques that were implemented in the reviewed valuation studies, as well as the transferability of valuations across sites.The paper focuses on studies conducted since 1990, because in dynamic fields such as the waste sector, externalities, and valuation, it is essential to stay current with the most recent information and valuations.We discuss the issues and the limits of the valuation techniques and analyze the estimates of all the studies, presenting the results in the form of intervals and averages of damage costs. In spite of the inconsistencies evident in the variability in the results we reviewed, the outcome of this first comprehensive critical analysis is significant and the valuations obtained in this study provide estimates of orders of magnitude of external costs that can be used by decision makers in the waste sector to address important policy questions associated with social welfare.