生态条件和瘤胃菌丛密度与纤维分解的关系

在自行设计装配的人工模拟瘤胃发酵装置内，用90523-1瘤胃菌丛进行瘤胃体外发酵试验，结果表明纤维素的分解与瘤胃细菌的密度及其类群变化有着密切关系，都受生态环境条件的制约。在发酵温度40℃，搅拌速度为60～70r／min的条件下搅动20min／h，C／N为10：1的生态条件环境中的细菌密度和纤维素分解率都高于相同生态条件的其它梯度组。     

不同生境下瘤胃菌丛菌体密度与VFA的关系

在温度，搅动强度和Ｃ／Ｎ经３个生态因素发生梯度变化的情况下，本文在人工瘤胃装置内对瘤胃菌从９５０２３－１进行了连续发酵试验，逐日测定瘤肋细菌数量和ＶＦＡ产量的变化，对两者之间的关系进行了相关和回归分析。     

一株纤维素分解茵利用枳实废渣产酶条件的研究

以枳实废渣为碳源，对产纤维素酶G2茵进行固体发酵，通过测定FPA、CMC、C1酶活的大小，对其产酶条件进行优化研究。结果表明产酶最适条件为：枳实在发酵前需进行酸处理；氮源为硫酸铵；含水率为70％；初始pH为5～6；发酵周期为6天。在以上最适条件下，G2菌酶活力为FPA：31．8IU／ml，CMC：11．86IU／ml，C1：15．79IU／ml。     

絮凝沉降法降低饲料酵母二次废水污染的研究

发酵工业废水是我国轻工行业污染治理的重点，目前，谷氨酸发酵废水的治理方案较多，治理效果差异较大，本文通过对絮凝沉降，减少废水污染的研究，可在生产饲料酵母降低废水污染的基础上，再降低５０％使谷氨酸废水总污染物减少８０％以上，ＣＯＤ含量由６００００ｍｇ／Ｌ，降低到１１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，同时，还可增加饲料酵母的产量。     

人工瘤胃发酵饲料新工艺在成都通过专家鉴定

由四川省科委下达,四川省自然资源研究所承担的重点研究项目“人工瘤胃发酵饲料工业生产技术研究”于5月22日在成都通过专家鉴定。人工瘤胃发酵饲料新工艺是在70年代农业部组织全国联合攻关的研究基础上,又经过3年一系列严格科学实验和中间试验而形成的整套技术。其特点是:采用富纤维培养基试管密封法筛选和保存瘤胃纤维分解菌系,经扩大继代和特制压块机生产瘤胃微生物块曲。在厌氧保温发酵罐中     

增压流化床燃烧联合循环的环保特性

本文分析了增压流化床燃烧联合循环中ＮＯｘ，ＳＯｘ，ＣＯ、ＣＯ２的形 成过程，介绍了控制增压流化床燃烧联合循环的ＮＯｘ，ＳＯｘ，ＣＯ、ＣＯ２和粉尘排放的最新研究成果。     

美国降低燃用低反应性煤电站锅炉氮氧化物排放经验

介绍美国ＮＥＰ（Ｎｅｗ Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄ Ｐｏｗｅｒ）电力公司所属Ｓａｌｅｍ Ｈａｒｂｏｒｅ热电厂ＮＯ．１炉（８７ＭＷ）及ＮＯ．３炉（１５５ＭＷ）燃用低反应性煤时装用新型“低害”（低污染）燃烧器结合使用沿炉膛高度不同标高处注入尿素溶液（ＨＮ３）的ＳＮＣＲ（非选择性催化还原）系统和两段（级）燃烧技术经验，使ＮＯｘ排放浓度达到美国麻省州环保部有害气体允许排放标准（３８０ｍｇ／ｍ＾３，当Ｏ２＝６％时）。     

燃料电池法去除空气中的CO2

：以Ｐｔ／Ｃ作电极，石棉作电池隔膜，组装成去除ＣＯ２用电池，试验了各种工作条件对电池性能的影响。实验结果证明了电化学方法去除空气中ＣＯ２的可行性。     

奶牛场废水处理技术研究

本文对奶牛场废水处理工艺进行了研究。结果表明,奶牛场废水经混凝处理后,ＣＯＤｃｒ 从２０１０ ｍｇ／Ｌ 下降到５６３ｍｇ／Ｌ～６９１ ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＮＨ３ － Ｎ 可从７１ ｍｇ／Ｌ 下降到２５ ｍｇ／Ｌ～３３ ｍｇ／Ｌ,ＣＭ 从１８０ 度下降到４０ 度～７０ 度。如采用混凝表面曝气处理工艺,可使奶牛场废水达到国家排放标准,且处理工艺简单、投资少、运行费低、易操作管理     

环境条件分类与环境试验的联系与转换(IEC 60721-3与IEC 60068)导则──概述

前言 本文译自国际电工委员会 ＴＣ１０４于１９９９年１０月发的ＩＥＣ ６０７２１－４－０／ＣＤＶ文件。 早在１９９７年６月，ＩＥＣ ＴＣ １０４决定，原ＴＣ５０／７５联合工作组起草的本草案将以技术报告的形式出版。技术报告不同于标准，并且无年限限制。 系列标准 ＩＥＣ ６０７２１－４－１至 ＩＥＣ　６０７２１－４－７已于１９９９年底出版。本文包含了该系列标准的所有概述。１ 范围和对象 环境条件是指产品所曝露的一系列典型的条件。在 ＩＥＣ ６０７２１－３中被规定为气候、动力、生物条件及化学、机械活性物质的表现。在…     

Relevance of organic matter fractions as predictors of wastewater sludge mineralization in soil

Seventeen different wastewater sludges were characterized using both chemical and organic matter fractionation methods (water extraction, Van Soest method, and acid hydrolysis) and 6-mo incubation studies to assess their decomposition in soil. Simple correlation and multiple factor analysis (MFA) were then performed to establish relationships between composition and C and N mineralization of sludges. Carbon and N concentrations covered a wide range of values, but organic carbon (C(o)) to organic nitrogen (N(o)) ratios were relatively low (from 5 to 19). Carbon and N were mainly distributed in the most soluble fractions of the Van Soest method and in the water-insoluble fraction at 100 degrees C. Carbon mineralization varied from 180 to 661 g C kg(-1) organic C added during the 168-d incubation. The addition of sludges led to different inorganic N dynamics: from -3.3 to +120.0 g N kg(-1) sludge organic C mineralized after the 168-d incubation. Fractionation studies showed that the most discriminating method was acid hydrolysis. Carbon mineralization was linked with the proportion of sludge N and C present in the lignin-like fraction (r = -0.68 and -0.65, respectively). Significant relationships were established between N mineralization and N(o) to C(o) ratio (0.88 < r < 0.95) and the C(o) to N(o) ratio of sludges, the C to N ratio of the soluble fraction obtained by the Van Soest method, the water-soluble fraction at 100 degrees C, and the C and N present in the acid-hydrolyzable fraction. Finally, multiple factor analysis also enabled establishing a sludge typology using five clusters based on composition and mineralization characteristics.     

Soil nitrous oxide emissions following band-incorporation of fertilizer nitrogen and swine manure

Treatment of liquid swine manure (LSM) offers opportunities to improve manure nutrient management. However, N2O fluxes and cumulative emissions resulting from application of treated LSM are not well documented. Nitrous oxide emissions were monitored following band-incorporation of 100 kg N ha(-1) of either mineral fertilizer, raw LSM, or four pretreated LSMs (anaerobic digestion; anaerobic digestion + flocculation: filtration; decantation) at the four-leaf stage of corn (Zea mays L.). In a clay soil, a larger proportion of applied N was lost as N2O with the mineral fertilizer (average of 6.6%) than with LSMs (3.1-5.0%), whereas in a loam soil, the proportion of applied N lost as N2O was lower with the mineral fertilizer (average of 0.4%) than with LSMs (1.2-2.4%). Emissions were related to soil NO3 intensity in the clay soil, whereas they were related to water-extractable organic C in the loam soil. This suggests that N2O production was N limited in the clay soil and C limited in the loam soil, and would explain the interaction found between N sources and soil type. The large N2O emission coefficients measured in many treatments, and the contradicting responses among N sources depending on soil type, indicate that (i) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value (1%) may seriously underestimate N2O emissions from fine-textured soils where fertilizer N and manure are band-incorporated, and (ii) site-specific factors, such as drainage conditions and soil properties (e.g., texture, organic matter content), have a differential influence on emissions depending on N source.     

Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization from biosolids and other organic materials: relationship with initial chemistry

Biosolids are effective forest fertilizers. In order to facilitate their use it is important that one be able to predict the amount and rate of mineralization of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, and the relationship between substrate chemistry and N release. We examined the relationships between substrate quality and nitrogen release in a variety of organic materials. Rates of decomposition and net N mineralization from four biosolids, wheat straw, paper fines, and Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] needle litter were measured during 391-d incubations in a greenhouse, and at two field sites in wet coastal and dry interior forests. Decomposition rates were best predicted by a model incorporating the ratio of carbon to organic matter. The decomposition model extrapolated well to the field when site-specific correction factors were applied. There was a weak relationship between rates of decomposition and net N mineralization. Rates of net N mineralization were best predicted by a model incorporating the initial organic N concentration and the proportion of phenolic C determined from solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The mineralization model extrapolated less well to the field, but the effect of substrate chemistry was still apparent. Among the four biosolids there was a strong correlation between organic N concentration and indices or protein determined from 13C NMR, suggesting that these protein indices may be useful for predicting N mineralization from biosolids. There was some evidence that the protein content and N mineralization in biosolids may be predictable from the sewage treatment process employed.     

生活垃圾与市政污泥R-SACT混合堆肥技术

由于生活垃圾与市政污泥的各自特点具有互补性,使堆肥技术应用于二者混合物料处置成为可能。根据R—SACT工艺的流程、特点,通过实验研究得到温度、含水率、pH、C／N、通风量、配比等工艺参数结论,并且给出了典型项目的技术经济分析。最后通过技术、经济和社会三个层面说明了该技术是适合中国国情的固废处置技术。     

Solid-state nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of biologically reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene in a soil slurry remediation

Soil contaminated with 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and spiked with [14C]- and [15N3]-TNT was subjected to an anaerobic-aerobic soil slurry treatment and subsequently analyzed by radiocounting and solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This treatment led to a complete disappearance of extractable radioactivity originating from TNT and almost all of the radioactivity was recovered in the insoluble soil fraction. As revealed by solid-state 15N NMR, a major fraction of partially reduced metabolites of TNT was immobilized into the soil during the early stage of the anaerobic treatment, although some of the compounds (i.e., aminodinitrotoluenes and azoxy compounds) were extractable by methanol. Considerable 15N intensity was assigned to condensation products of TNT metabolites. A smaller signal indicated the formation of azoxy N. This signal and the signal for nitro groups were not observed at the end of the anaerobic phase, revealing further reduction and/or transformation of their corresponding compounds. An increase of the relative proportion of the condensation products occurred with increasing anaerobic incubation. Aerobic incubation resulted in a further decrease of aromatic amines, presumably due to oxidative transformations or their involvement in further condensation reactions. The results of the study demonstrate that the anaerobic-aerobic soil slurry treatment represents an efficient strategy for immobilizing reduced TNT in soils.     

Tillage, cropping systems, and nitrogen fertilizer source effects on soil carbon sequestration and fractions

Quantification of soil carbon (C) cycling as influenced by management practices is needed for C sequestration and soil quality improvement. We evaluated the 10-yr effects of tillage, cropping system, and N source on crop residue and soil C fractions at 0- to 20-cm depth in Decatur silt loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Paleudults) in northern Alabama, USA. Treatments were incomplete factorial combinations of three tillage practices (no-till [NT], mulch till [MT], and conventional till [CT]), two cropping systems (cotton [Gossypium hirsutum L.]-cotton-corn [Zea mays L.] and rye [Secale cereale L.]/cotton-rye/cotton-corn), and two N fertilization sources and rates (0 and 100 kg N ha(-1) from NH(4)NO(3) and 100 and 200 kg N ha(-1) from poultry litter). Carbon fractions were soil organic C (SOC), particulate organic C (POC), microbial biomass C (MBC), and potential C mineralization (PCM). Crop residue varied among treatments and years and total residue from 1997 to 2005 was greater in rye/cotton-rye/cotton-corn than in cotton-cotton-corn and greater with NH(4)NO(3) than with poultry litter at 100 kg N ha(-1). The SOC content at 0 to 20 cm after 10 yr was greater with poultry litter than with NH(4)NO(3) in NT and CT, resulting in a C sequestration rate of 510 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1) with poultry litter compared with -120 to 147 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1) with NH(4)NO(3). Poultry litter also increased PCM and MBC compared with NH(4)NO(3). Cropping increased SOC, POC, and PCM compared with fallow in NT. Long-term poultry litter application or continuous cropping increased soil C storage and microbial biomass and activity compared with inorganic N fertilization or fallow, indicating that these management practices can sequester C, offset atmospheric CO(2) levels, and improve soil and environmental quality.     

Monitoring and optimizing the co-composting of dewatered sludge: a mixture experimental design approach

The management of dewatered wastewater sludge is a major issue worldwide. Sludge disposal to landfills is not sustainable and thus alternative treatment techniques are being sought. The objective of this work was to determine optimal mixing ratios of dewatered sludge with other organic amendments in order to maximize the degradability of the mixtures during composting. This objective was achieved using mixture experimental design principles. An additional objective was to study the impact of the initial C/N ratio and moisture contents on the co-composting process of dewatered sludge. The composting process was monitored through measurements of O(2) uptake rates, CO(2) evolution, temperature profile and solids reduction. Eight (8) runs were performed in 100 L insulated air-tight bioreactors under a dynamic air flow regime. The initial mixtures were prepared using dewatered wastewater sludge, mixed paper wastes, food wastes, tree branches and sawdust at various initial C/N ratios and moisture contents. According to empirical modeling, mixtures of sludge and food waste mixtures at 1:1 ratio (ww, wet weight) maximize degradability. Structural amendments should be maintained below 30% to reach thermophilic temperatures. The initial C/N ratio and initial moisture content of the mixture were not found to influence the decomposition process. The bio C/bio N ratio started from around 10, for all runs, decreased during the middle of the process and increased to up to 20 at the end of the process. The solid carbon reduction of the mixtures without the branches ranged from 28% to 62%, whilst solid N reductions ranged from 30% to 63%. Respiratory quotients had a decreasing trend throughout the composting process.     

IABR-IBAF工艺处理猪场稳定塘废水的实验研究

难降解有机物含量高且碳氮比失调是造成养猪场稳定塘废水难于处理的主要原因。本文采用基于固定化微生物技术的厌氧折流板（IABR）与曝气生物滤池（IBAF）组合工艺处理稳定塘废水,对比了IABR-IABF组合工艺与单一IBAF工艺的处理效果,研究了碱度和碳源对硝化反硝化过程的影响。组合工艺平均进水COD1532．6mg／L,平均出水为332．7mg／L,去除率为78％,NH3-N平均进水538．6mg／L,平均出水为12．3mg／L,去除率97．7％。以新鲜废水做反硝化阶段的碳源时TN去除率93％,可有效解决脱氮过程中的碳源成本问题。